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  • 1
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    Modelling the Upwelling off Mauritania (2007)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-01-31
    Type: Conference or Workshop Item , NonPeerReviewed
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    OceanRep: Talk
  • 2
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    A Dynamically Consistent Closure for Zonally Averaged Ocean Models (2011)
    AMS (American Meteorological Society)
    In:  Journal of Physical Oceanography, 41 (11). pp. 2242-2258.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-04-12
    Description: Simple idealized layered models and primitive equation models show that the meridional gradient of the zonally averaged pressure has no direct relation with the meridional flow. This demonstrates a contradiction in an often-used parameterization in zonally averaged models. The failure of this parameterization reflects the inconsistency between the model of Stommel and Arons and the box model of Stommel, as previously pointed out by Straub. A new closure is proposed. The ocean is divided in two dynamically different regimes: a narrow western boundary layer and an interior ocean; zonally averaged quantities over these regions are considered. In the averaged equations three unknowns appear: the interior zonal pressure difference Delta p(i), the zonal pressure difference Delta p(b) of the boundary layer, and the zonal velocity us at the interface between the two regions. Here Delta p(i) is parameterized using a frictionless vorticity balance, Delta p(b), by the difference of the mean pressure in the interior and western boundary, and u(delta) by the mean zonal velocity of the western boundary layer. Zonally resolved models, a layer model, and a primitive equation model validate the new parameterization by comparing with the respective zonally averaged counterparts. It turns out that the zonally averaged models reproduce well the buoyancy distribution and the meridional flow in the zonally resolved model versions with respect to the mean and time changes.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
    DOI: 10.1175/JPO-D-11-021.1
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    OceanRep: Article in a Scientific Journal - peer-reviewed
  • 3
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    Stability analysis of the Labrador Current (2014)
    AMS (American Meteorological Society)
    In:  Journal of Physical Oceanography, 44 (2). pp. 445-463.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-08-04
    Description: Mooring observations and model simulations point to an instability of the Labrador Current (LC) during winter, with enhanced eddy kinetic energy (EKE) at periods between 2 to 5 days, and much less EKE during other seasons. Linear stability analysis using vertical shear and stratification from the model reveals three dominant modes of instability in the LC: - a balanced interior mode with along-flow wavelengths of about 30–45 km, phase velocities of 0.3 m/s, maximal growth rates of 1 d−1 and surface intensified, but deep reaching amplitudes, - a balanced shallow mode with along-flow wavelengths of about 0.3–1.5 km, about three times larger phase speeds and growth rates, but amplitudes confined to the mixed layer (ML), - and an unbalanced symmetric mode with largest growth rates, vanishing phase speeds and along-flow structure, and very small cross-flow wavelengths, also confined to the ML. Both balanced modes are akin to baroclinic instability, but operate at moderate to small Richardson numbers Ri with much larger growth rates as for the quasi-geostrophic limit of Ri ≫ 1. The interior mode is found to be responsible for the instability of the LC during winter. Weak stratification and enhanced vertical shear due to local buoyancy loss and the advection of convective water masses from the interior result in small Ri within the LC, and to three times larger growth rates of the interior mode in March compared to summer and fall conditions. Both the shallow and the symmetric mode are not resolved by the model, but it is suggested that they might also play an important role for the instability in the LC and for lateral mixing.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
    Format: text
    DOI: 10.1175/JPO-D-13-0121.1
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    OceanRep: Article in a Scientific Journal - peer-reviewed
  • 4
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    Neutral Density Revisited (1999)
    Elsevier
    In:  Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, 46 . pp. 33-54.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-09-23
    Description: The possibilities of defining and computing an approximately neutral density variable are reexamined in this paper. There are three desirable properties that a neutral density variable should possess. Firstly, the isosurfaces of this variable should coincide with (approximately) neutral surfaces. This would facilitate the analysis of hydrographic data on the most appropriate mixing and spreading surfaces. Secondly, the horizontal gradients of the neutral density should agree with the gradients of the in situ density, and thirdly the vertical gradient of the neutral density variable should be proportional to the static stability of the water column. A density variable that approximates the latter two properties can be used in ocean circulation models based on layer coordinates, and would reduce substantial errors in present isopycnal models due to the use of a potential density variable. No variable can possess all the three properties simultaneously. The variable γn introduced by Jackett and McDougall (1997, J. Phys. Oceanogr. 27, 237–263) satisfies the first of the properties exactly but is not designed for the use in models. Based on climatological data in the North Atlantic, an alternative neutral density variable ν̃(S, Θ) is defined, which is shown to approximate the two gradient criteria much better than any potential density. We suggest that this neutral density variable may be useful in isopycnal ocean models as an alternative to potential density, since it could significantly reduce errors in thermal wind relation and vertical stability
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
    DOI: 10.1016/S0967-0645(98)00113-1
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    OceanRep: Article in a Scientific Journal - peer-reviewed
  • 5
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    Towards the impact of eddies on the response of the Southern Ocean to climate change (2010)
    Elsevier
    In:  Ocean Modelling, 34 (3-4). pp. 150-165.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-01-23
    Description: The sensitivity of the meridional overturning circulation (MOC) of the Southern Ocean (SO) to wind stress changes is discussed. Using an idealised SO model in both non- and eddy-permitting configurations, we assess the effects of both, coarsening the horizontal resolution and implementing different parameterisations for the lateral eddy diffusivity appropriate to the Gent and McWilliams (1990) parameterisation, K. We find that the MOC is characterised by an eddy-driven part ψ* which generally opposes the wind-driven part and that the increase of the MOC diminishes with amplifying winds, with the possibility that the MOC in the SO may become completely insensitive to wind stress changes. However, for moderate wind stress, the MOC is still significantly increasing in our configuration. The diagnosed lateral eddy diffusivity K in the eddy-permitting version shows strong spatial variability and is increasing with increasing wind stress. Similar to the MOC (but in contrast to ψ*) the increase of K diminishes with amplifying winds. It turns out that a small increase in the isopycnal slopes is also relevant in order to capture the correct sensitivity of ψ* on wind stress. This relation also holds in model configurations with coarser but still eddy-permitting horizontal resolution: decreasing the horizontal resolution decreases K, but increases the isopycnal slopes such that the strength of the MOC including its sensitivity to wind stress is almost unchanged. The parameterisations are able to reproduce the MOC for certain wind stresses, but all parameterisations underestimate the sensitivity of K and thus overestimate the sensitivity of the MOC on wind stress. Our results show that it is indispensable to incorporate the correct sensitivity of K into climate models in order to reproduce the correct sensitivity of the MOC to wind stress and that up-to-date parameterisations for K are only partially successful.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
    Format: text
    DOI: 10.1016/j.ocemod.2010.05.005
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    OceanRep: Article in a Scientific Journal - peer-reviewed
  • 6
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    Lagrangian and Eulerian lateral diffusivities in zonal jets (2011)
    Elsevier
    In:  Ocean Modelling, 39 (1-2). pp. 114-124.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-02-06
    Description: Meridional diffusivities from Lagrangian particle dispersion and Eulerian diffusivities from a flux-gradient relationship are estimated in an idealized primitive equation channel model featuring eddy-driven zonal jets. The Eulerian estimate shows an increase with depth and clear minima of meridional diffusivities within the zonal jets, indicating mixing barriers. The Lagrangian estimates agree with the Eulerian method on the vertical variation and also show indications of meridional mimima, although meridional variations are poorly resolved. We found early maxima in the particle spreading rates which should not be related to diffusivities since they are caused by the meandering zonal jets. The meanders also produce rotational eddy fluxes, which can obscure the Eulerian diffusivity estimates. Zonal particle dispersion rates do not converge within the chosen lag interval, because of shear dispersion by the mean flow, i.e. it is not possible to estimate Lagrangian zonal diffusivities representative for regions of similar size of the zonal jet spacing. Removing the zonal mean flow, zonal and meridional dispersion rates converge and show much higher zonal than meridional diffusivities. Further, the pronounced vertical increase and indications of meridional minima in the Lagrangian meridional diffusivities disappear, pointing towards the importance of shear dispersion by the mean flow for the suppression of meridional mixing by zonal jets. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
    DOI: 10.1016/j.ocemod.2011.02.002
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    OceanRep: Article in a Scientific Journal - peer-reviewed
  • 7
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    Multidecadal CO2uptake variability of the North Atlantic (2010)
    AGU (American Geophysical Union)
    In:  Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 115 (D12). D12113.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-02-06
    Description: The multidecadal variability of air-sea CO(2)fluxes in the North Atlantic under preindustrial atmospheric CO(2) conditions is simulated, using a coupled biogeochemical/circulation model driven by long-term surface forcing reconstructed from the leading modes of sea level pressure observations from 1850 to 2000. Heat fluxes are of great importance for the multidecadal CO(2) fluctuations, about equal in magnitude to wind stress, in contrast to their less prominent role for CO(2) flux variability on interannual timescales. Another difference, compared to higher frequencies, is the dominance of the North Atlantic Oscillation in driving the variability of the air-sea CO(2) fluxes. Two spatially distinct regimes lead to large anomalies in the CO(2) fluxes but compensate to a large degree. The first regime is advective and has its clear signature southeast of Greenland while the second one, in the vicinity of the Labrador Sea and off Newfoundland, is convective. In both regimes, the multidecadal CO(2) fluctuations are driven mainly by variations in temperature, salinity, and DIC content at the sea surface while the role of the biological pump is of minor importance in this particular model. The magnitude of the simulated multidecadal CO(2) uptake changes is on the order of 0.02 Pg C/yr and amounts to 10-15% of the estimated annual anthropogenic CO(2) uptake of the North Atlantic.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
    DOI: 10.1029/2009JD012431
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    OceanRep: Article in a Scientific Journal - peer-reviewed
  • 8
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    Effects of biologically induced differential heating in an eddy-permitting coupled ocean-ecosystem model (2009)
    AGU (American Geophysical Union)
    In:  Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 114 (C6).
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-01-15
    Description: On the basis of integrations of an eddy-permitting coupled physical-biological model of the tropical Pacific we explore changes in the simulated mean circulation as well as its intraseasonal to interannual variability driven by the biologically modulated vertical absorption profiles of solar radiation. Three sensitivity ocean hind-cast experiments, covering the period from 1948 to 2003, are performed. In the first one, simulated chlorophyll affects the attenuation of light in the water column, while in the second experiment, the chlorophyll concentration is kept constant in time by prescribing an empirically derived spatial pattern. The third experiment uses a spatially and temporally constant value for the attenuation depth. The biotically induced differential heating is generated by increased absorption of light in the surface layers, leading to a surface warming and subsurface cooling. The effect is largest in the eastern equatorial Pacific. However, the initial vertical redistribution of heat leads to considerable changes of the near-surface ocean circulation subsequently influencing the near-surface temperature structure. In general, including biophysical coupling improves the model performance in terms of temperature and ocean circulation patterns. In particular, the upwelling in the eastern equatorial Pacific is enhanced, the mixed layer becomes shallower, the warm bias in the eastern Pacific is reduced, and the zonal temperature gradient increases. This leads to stronger La Niña events and an associated increase in the variability of the Niño3 SSTA time series. Furthermore, the eddy kinetic energy (EKE) associated with mesoscale eddies in the eastern equatorial Pacific increases by almost 100% because of enhanced EKE production due to enhanced horizontal and vertical shear of the mean currents.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
    DOI: 10.1029/2008JC004936
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    OceanRep: Article in a Scientific Journal - peer-reviewed
  • 9
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    On the Driving Mechanism of the Annual Cycle of the Florida Current Transport (2012)
    AMS (American Meteorological Society)
    In:  Journal of Physical Oceanography, 42 (5). pp. 824-839.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-04-12
    Description: The mechanisms involved in setting the annual cycle of the Florida Current transport are revisited using an adjoint model approach. Adjoint sensitivities of the Florida Current transport to wind stress reproduce a realistic seasonal cycle with an amplitude of ~1.2 Sv (1 Sv ≡ 106 m3 s−1). The annual cycle is predominantly determined by wind stress forcing and related coastal upwelling (downwelling) north of the Florida Strait along the shelf off the North American coast. Fast barotropic waves propagate these anomalies southward and reach the Florida Strait within a month, causing an amplitude of ~1 Sv. Long baroclinic planetary Rossby waves originating from the interior are responsible for an amplitude of ~0.8 Sv but have a different phase. The sensitivities corresponding to the first baroclinic mode propagate westward and are highly influenced by topography. Considerable sensitivities are only found west of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, with maximum values at the western shelf edge. The second baroclinic mode also has an impact on the Florida Current variability, but only when a mean flow is present. A second-mode wave train propagates southwestward from the ocean bottom on the western side of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge between ~36° and 46°N and at Flemish Cap, where the mean flow interacts with topography, to the surface. Other processes such as baroclinic waves along the shelf and local forcing within the Florida Strait are of minor importance.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
    DOI: 10.1175/JPO-D-11-0109.1
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    OceanRep: Article in a Scientific Journal - peer-reviewed
  • 10
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    Interpreting eddy fluxes (2007)
    AMS (American Meteorological Society)
    In:  Journal of Physical Oceanography, 37 . pp. 1282-1296.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-08-04
    Description: A generalization of the transformed Eulerian and temporal residual means is presented. The new formulation uses rotational fluxes of buoyancy, and the full hierarchy of statistical density moments, to reduce the cross-isopycnal eddy flux to the physically relevant component associated with the averaged water mass properties. The resulting eddy-induced diapycnal diffusivity vanishes for adiabatic, statistically steady flow, and is related to either the growth or decay of mesoscale density variance and/or the covariance between small-scale forcing (mixing) and density fluctuations, such as that associated with the irreversible removal of density variance by dissipation. The relationship between the new formulation and previous approaches is described and is illustrated using results from an eddying channel model. The formalism is quite general and applies to all kinds of averaging and to any tracer (not just density).
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
    DOI: 10.1175/JPO3050.1
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    OceanRep: Article in a Scientific Journal - peer-reviewed
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