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  • 1
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    Simulating the Agulhas system in global ocean models – nesting vs. multi-resolution unstructured meshes (2018)
    Elsevier
    In:  Ocean Modelling, 121 . pp. 117-131.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-02-08
    Description: Highlights: • Comparison of global NEMO and FESOM configurations with emphasis on the Agulhas system. • Both models simulate a reasonable and comparable large-scale circulation. • Both models have individual strengths and weaknesses to match the observations of the WBC system. • The numerical cost of FESOM is twice the one of NEMO. Abstract: Many questions in ocean and climate modelling require the combined use of high resolution, global coverage and multi-decadal integration length. For this combination, even modern resources limit the use of traditional structured-mesh grids. Here we compare two approaches: A high-resolution grid nested into a global model at coarser resolution (NEMO with AGRIF) and an unstructured-mesh grid (FESOM) which allows to variably enhance resolution where desired. The Agulhas system around South Africa is used as a testcase, providing an energetic interplay of a strong western boundary current and mesoscale dynamics. Its open setting into the horizontal and global overturning circulations also requires global coverage. Both model configurations simulate a reasonable large-scale circulation. Distribution and temporal variability of the wind-driven circulation are quite comparable due to the same atmospheric forcing. However, the overturning circulation differs, owing each model's ability to represent formation and spreading of deep water masses. In terms of regional, high-resolution dynamics, all elements of the Agulhas system are well represented. Owing to the strong nonlinearity in the system, Agulhas Current transports of both configurations and in comparison with observations differ in strength and temporal variability. Similar decadal trends in Agulhas Current transport and Agulhas leakage are linked to the trends in wind forcing. Although the number of 3D wet grid points used in FESOM is similar to that in the nested NEMO, FESOM uses about two times the number of CPUs to obtain the same model throughput (in terms of simulated model years per day). This is feasible due to the high scalability of the FESOM code.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
    Format: text
    DOI: 10.1016/j.ocemod.2017.12.002
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    OceanRep: Article in a Scientific Journal - peer-reviewed
  • 2
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    Quantitative estimate of the paleo-Agulhas leakage (2014)
    AGU (American Geophysical Union) | Wiley
    In:  Geophysical Research Letters, 41 (4). pp. 1238-1246.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-10
    Description: The Indian-Atlantic water exchange south of Africa (Agulhas leakage) is a key component of the global ocean circulation. No quantitative estimation of the paleo-Agulhas leakage exists. We quantify the variability in interocean exchange over the past 640,000 years, using planktic foraminiferal assemblage data from two marine sediment records to define an Agulhas leakage efficiency index. We confirm the validity of our new approach with a numerical ocean model that realistically simulates the modern Agulhas leakage changes. Our results suggest that, during the past several glacial-interglacial cycles, the Agulhas leakage varied by ~10 sverdrup and more during major climatic transitions. This lends strong credence to the hypothesis that modifications in the leakage played a key role in changing the overturning circulation to full strength mode. Our results are instrumental for validating and quantifying the contribution of the Indian-Atlantic water leakage to the global climate changes.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed , info:eu-repo/semantics/article
    Format: text
    DOI: 10.1002/2014GL059278
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    OceanRep: Article in a Scientific Journal - peer-reviewed
  • 3
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    Ocean currents generate large footprints in marine palaeoclimate proxies (2015)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  Nature Communications, 6 (6521).
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-02-25
    Description: Fossils of marine microorganisms such as planktic foraminifera are among the cornerstones of palaeoclimatological studies. It is often assumed that the proxies derived from their shells represent ocean conditions above the location where they were deposited. Planktic foraminifera, however, are carried by ocean currents and, depending on the life traits of the species, potentially incorporate distant ocean conditions. Here we use high-resolution ocean models to assess the footprint of planktic foraminifera and validate our method with proxy analyses from two locations. Results show that foraminifera, and thus recorded palaeoclimatic conditions, may originate from areas up to several thousands of kilometres away, reflecting an ocean state significantly different from the core site. In the eastern equatorial regions and the western boundary current extensions, the offset may reach 1.5 °C for species living for a month and 3.0 °C for longer-living species. Oceanic transport hence appears to be a crucial aspect in the interpretation of proxy signals.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
    DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7521
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    OceanRep: Article in a Scientific Journal - peer-reviewed
  • 4
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    Sentinels to climate change. The need for monitoring at South Africa’s Subantarctic laboratory (2014)
    NOAA
    In:  South African Journal of Science, 110 (1/2). pp. 1-4.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-01-24
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
    DOI: 10.1590/sajs.2014/a0044
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    OceanRep: Article in a Scientific Journal - peer-reviewed
  • 5
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    Prevalence of strong bottom currents in the greater Agulhas system (2013)
    AGU (American Geophysical Union) | Wiley
    In:  Geophysical Research Letters, 40 (9). pp. 1772-1776.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-05-24
    Description: Deep current meter data and output from two high-resolution global ocean circulation models are used to determine the prevalence and location of strong bottom currents in the greater Agulhas Current system. The two models and current meter data are remarkably consistent, showing that benthic storms, with bottom currents greater than 0.2 m s(-1), occur throughout the Agulhas retroflection region south of Africa more than 20% of the time. Furthermore, beneath the mean Agulhas Current core and the retroflection front, bottom currents exceed 0.2 m s(-1) more than 50% of the time, while away from strong surface currents, bottom currents rarely exceed 0.2 m s(-1). Implications for sediment transport are discussed and the results are compared to atmospheric storms. Benthic storms of this strength (0.2 m s(-1)) are comparable to a 9 m s(-1) (Beaufort 5) windstorm, but scaling shows that benthic storms may be less effective at lifting and transporting sediment than dust storms.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed , info:eu-repo/semantics/article
    Format: text
    DOI: 10.1002/grl.50400
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    OceanRep: Article in a Scientific Journal - peer-reviewed
  • 6
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    Advective timescales and pathways of Agulhas leakage (2013)
    AGU (American Geophysical Union) | Wiley
    In:  Geophysical Research Letters, 40 (15). pp. 3997-4000.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-06-20
    Description: Current research indicates an increase in Agulhas leakage for the past and coming decades. This change potentially alters the strength of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation, in particular, through advection of positive density anomalies into the North Atlantic. To explore the fate of Agulhas leakage, results from a Lagrangian analysis were evaluated, with virtual floats advected within an eddy-permitting ocean model (ORCA025). A considerable fraction of Agulhas leakage reached the subtropical North Atlantic: of a mean Agulhas leakage transport of 15.3 Sv entering the South Atlantic, 9.7, 7.7, and 6.1 Sv crossed sections at 6 degrees S, 6 degrees N, and 26 degrees N, respectively. The most probable transit time of leakage to reach the respective latitudes is one to two decades. We suggest that changes in Agulhas leakage could manifest in the Gulf Stream regime most probably within two decades. These results were supported by an eddy-resolving implementation of the ocean model (INALT01)
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed , info:eu-repo/semantics/article
    Format: text
    DOI: 10.1002/grl.50782
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    OceanRep: Article in a Scientific Journal - peer-reviewed
  • 7
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    Agulhas Leakage Predominantly Responds to the Southern Hemisphere Westerlies (2013)
    AMS (American Meteorological Society)
    In:  Journal of Physical Oceanography, 43 (10). pp. 2113-2131.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-08-04
    Description: The Agulhas Current plays a crucial role in the thermohaline circulation through its leakage into the South Atlantic. Under both past and present climates, the trade winds and westerlies could have the ability to modulate the amount of Indian-Atlantic inflow. Compelling arguments have been put forward suggesting that trade winds alone have little impact on the magnitude of Agulhas leakage. Here, employing three ocean models for robust analysis – a global coarse resolution, a regional eddy-permitting and a nested high-resolution eddy-resolving configuration – and systematically altering the position and intensity of the westerly wind belt in a series of sensitivity experiments, it is shown that the westerlies, in particular their intensity, control the leakage. Leakage responds proportionally to the westerlies intensity up to a certain point. Beyond this, through the adjustment of the large-scale circulation, energetic interactions occur between the Agulhas Return Current and the Antarctic Circumpolar Current that result in a state where leakage no longer increases. This adjustment takes place within 1 to 2 decades. Contrary to previous assertions, our results further show that an equatorward (poleward) shift in westerlies increases (decreases) leakage. This occurs due to the redistribution of momentum input by the winds. It is concluded that the reported present-day leakage increase could therefore reflect an unadjusted oceanic response mainly to the strengthening westerlies over the last few decades.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed , info:eu-repo/semantics/article
    Format: text
    Format: text
    DOI: 10.1175/JPO-D-13-047.1
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    OceanRep: Article in a Scientific Journal - peer-reviewed
  • 8
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    First oceanographic survey of the entire continental shelf adjacent to the northern Agulhas Current (2010)
    Academy of Science of South Africa
    In:  South African Journal of Science, 106 (9/10). pp. 7-9.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-05-26
    Description: Reports on a major, multi-disciplinary cruise was organised to cover the full extent of the landward border of the northern Agulhas Current for the first time. This was done under the auspices of the African Coelacanth Ecosystem Programme as a South African contribution to the international Agulhas and Somali Current Large Marine Ecosystem.Reports on the cruise objectives, observations and some preliminary results.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
    DOI: 10.4102/sajs.v106i9/10.410
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    OceanRep: Article in a Scientific Journal - peer-reviewed
  • 9
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    Anti-cyclonic eddy imprint on calcite geochemistry of several planktonic foraminiferal species in the Mozambique Channel (2014)
    Elsevier
    In:  Marine Micropaleontology, 113 . pp. 20-33.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-06-21
    Description: Highlights: • We coupled LA-ICP-MS Me/Ca single-chamber composition of four planktonic foraminifera with eddy induced hydrographic changes • The Mg/Ca-based temperature difference between N. dutertrei and G. scitula are likely to be an eddy proxy suitable for down-core application • Near-surface dwelling species inhabit well oxygenated surface waters and show lower test Mn/Ca values, compared to deeper dwelling species • Planktonic foraminifera Mn/Ca test values are in line with water column variability in dissolved Mn concentrations Hydrographic conditions in the Mozambique Channel are dominated by the passing of large anticyclonic eddies, propagating poleward into the upstream Agulhas area. Further south, these eddies have been found to control the shedding of Agulhas rings into the Atlantic ocean, thereby playing a key role in Indo-Atlantic Ocean exchange. The element composition of several planktonic foraminifera species collected from sediment trap samples, was compared to in situ water column data from the Mozambique Channel. Single-chamber trace element composition of these foraminifera reveals a close coupling with hydrographic changes induced by anticyclonic eddies. Obtained Mg/Ca values for the surface dwelling Globigerinoides ruber as well as the thermocline dwelling Neogloboquadrina dutertrei follow temperature changes and reduced temperature stratification during eddy conditions. At greater depth. Globorotalia scitula and Pulleniatina obliquiloculata record stable temperatures and thus respond to hydrographic changes with a deepening in habitat depth. Furthermore, test Mn/Ca values indicate a close relationship between water column oxygenation and Mn incorporation in these planktonic foraminiferal species
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: other
    Format: other
    Format: text
    DOI: 10.1016/j.marmicro.2014.09.001
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    OceanRep: Article in a Scientific Journal - peer-reviewed
  • 10
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    Decay of eddies at the South-West Indian Ridge (2011)
    NOAA
    In:  South African Journal of Science, 107 (11/12).
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-01-24
    Description: The South-West Indian Ridge in the Indian sector of the Southern Ocean is a region recognised for the creation of particularly intense eddy disturbances in the mean flow of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current. Eddies formed at this ridge have been extensively studied over the past decade using hydrographic, satellite, drifter and float data and it is hypothesised that they could provide a vehicle for localised meridional heat and salt exchange. The effectiveness of this process is dependent on the rate of decay of the eddies. However, in order to investigate eddy decay, logistically difficult hydrographic monitoring is required. This study presents the decay of cold eddies at the South-West Indian Ridge, using outputs from a high-resolution ocean model. The model’s representation of the dynamic nature of this region is fully characteristic of observations. On average, 3–4 intense and well-defined cold eddies are generated per year; these eddies have mean longevities of 5.0±2.2 months with average advection speeds of 5±2 km/day. Most simulated eddies reach their peak intensity within 1.5–2.5 months after genesis and have depths of 2000 m – 3000 m. Thereafter they dissipate within approximately 3 months. The decay of eddies is generally characterised by a decrease in their sea surface height signature, a weakening in their rotation rates and a modification in their temperature–salinity characteristics. Subantarctic top predators are suspected to forage preferentially along the edges of eddies. The process of eddy dissipation may thus influence their feeding behaviour.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
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    DOI: 10.4102/sajs.v107i11/12.673
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    OceanRep: Article in a Scientific Journal - peer-reviewed
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