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  • 1
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    Sediment Release in the Benguela Upwelling System Dominates Trace Metal Input to the Shelf and Eastern South Atlantic Ocean (2022)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-01-21
    Description: Upwelling of subsurface waters injects macronutrients (fixed N, P, and Si) and micronutrient trace metals (TMs) into surface waters supporting elevated primary production in Eastern Boundary Upwelling Regions. The eastern South Atlantic features a highly productive shelf sea transitioning to a low productivity N‐Fe (co)limited open ocean. Whilst a gradient in most TM concentrations is expected in any off‐shelf transect, the factors controlling the magnitude of cross‐shelf TM fluxes are poorly constrained. Here, we present dissolved TM concentrations of Fe, Co, Mn, Cd, Ni, and Cu within the Benguela Upwelling System from the coastal section of the GEOTRACES GA08 cruise. Elevated dissolved Fe, Co, Mn, Cd, Ni, Cu and macronutrient concentrations were observed near shelf sediments. Benthic sources supplied 2.22 ± 0.99 μmol Fe m−2 day−1, 0.05 ± 0.03 μmol Co m−2 day−1, 0.28 ± 0.11 μmol Mn m−2 day−1 and were found to be the dominant source to shallow shelf waters compared to atmospheric depositions. Similarly, off‐shelf transfer was a more important source of TMs to the eastern South Atlantic Ocean compared to atmospheric deposition. Assessment of surface (shelf, upper 200 m) and subsurface (shelf edge, 200–500 m) fluxes of Fe and Co indicated TM fluxes from subsurface were 2–5 times larger than those from surface into the eastern South Atlantic Ocean. Under future conditions of increasing ocean deoxygenation, these fluxes may increase further, potentially contributing to a shift toward more extensive regional limitation of primary production by fixed N availability.
    Description: Key Points: Shelf sediments release redox‐sensitive trace metals (TMs) to overlying oxygen‐depleted waters in the Benguela Upwelling System. Sediment‐derived TMs are upwelled and laterally transported constituting a major source to shelf waters and to the eastern South Atlantic. Subsurface fluxes of dissolved Fe and Co from the shelf edge play an important role in supplying Fe and Co to the eastern South Atlantic.
    Description: China Scholarship Council, CSC http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100004543
    Description: GEOMAR and German Research Foundation
    Description: German DFG
    Description: German Research Foundation
    Description: https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.947275
    Keywords: ddc:551 ; dissolved trace metals ; Benguela Upwelling Systems ; fluxes ; Eastern Boundary Upwelling Systems Regions
    Language: English
    Type: doc-type:article
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  • 2
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    Variability in the Concentration of Lithium in the Indo‐Pacific Ocean (2022)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-10-04
    Description: Lithium has limited biological activity and can readily replace aluminium, magnesium and iron ions in aluminosilicates, making it a proxy for the inorganic silicate cycle and its potential link to the carbon cycle. Data from the North Pacific Ocean, tropical Indian Ocean, Southern Ocean and Red Sea suggest that salinity normalized dissolved lithium concentrations vary by up to 2%–3% in the Indo‐Pacific Ocean. The highest lithium concentrations were measured in surface waters of remote North Pacific and Indian Ocean stations that receive relatively high fluxes of dust. The lowest dissolved lithium concentrations were measured just below the surface mixed layer of the stations with highest surface water concentrations, consistent with removal into freshly forming aluminium rich phases and manganese oxides. In the North Pacific, water from depths 〉2,000 m is slightly depleted in lithium compared to the initial composition of Antarctic Bottom Water, likely due to uptake of lithium by authigenically forming aluminosilicates. The results of this study suggest that the residence time of lithium in the ocean may be significantly shorter than calculated from riverine and hydrothermal fluxes.
    Description: Key Points: Li/Na ratios vary by up to 2%–3% in the Indian and Pacific Oceans. Authigenic formation of aluminosilicates slightly deplete deep‐water lithium concentrations in the North Pacific. The residence time of lithium in the ocean is 240,000 ± 70,000 years, based on removal from North Pacific deep‐water.
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Description: MoES, Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100004814
    Description: National Science Foundation USA
    Description: https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.941888
    Keywords: ddc:551
    Language: English
    Type: doc-type:article
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  • 3
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    Authigenic Formation of Clay Minerals in the Abyssal North Pacific (2022)
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    Publication Date: 2023-07-19
    Description: Present estimates of the biogeochemical cycles of calcium, strontium, and potassium in the ocean reveal large imbalances between known input and output fluxes. Using pore fluid, incubation, and solid sediment data from North Pacific multi‐corer cores we show that, contrary to the common paradigm, the top centimeters of abyssal sediments can be an active site of authigenic precipitation of clay minerals. In this region, clay authigenesis is the dominant sink for potassium and strontium and consumes nearly all calcium released from benthic dissolution of calcium carbonates. These observations support the idea that clay authigenesis occurring over broad regions of the world ocean may be a major buffer for ocean chemistry on the time scale of the ocean overturning circulation, and key to the long‐term stability of Earth's climate.
    Description: Key Points: North Pacific red clay sediments are a sink for marine calcium, strontium, and potassium. Authigenic formation of clay minerals is prevalent in pelagic sediments throughout the North Pacific. The main mechanism for clay formation is recrystallization of aluminosilicates, neoformation can occur in biogenic silica rich sediments.
    Description: EC H2020 PRIORITY “Excellent science” H2020 European Research Council http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100010663
    Description: Blavatnik Family Foundation http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100011643
    Description: Isaac Newton Trust http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100004815
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Description: National Science Foundation http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100000001
    Description: https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.946881
    Keywords: ddc:549 ; reverse weathering ; clay authigenesis ; calcium ; potassium ; porewater ; strontium
    Language: English
    Type: doc-type:article
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  • 4
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    Trace Element Biogeochemistry in the High‐Latitude North Atlantic Ocean: Seasonal Variations and Volcanic Inputs (2021)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-07-21
    Description: We present dissolved and total dissolvable trace elements for spring and summer cruises in 2010 in the high‐latitude North Atlantic. Surface and full depth data are provided for Al, Cd, Co, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn in the Iceland and Irminger Basins, and consequences of biological uptake and inputs by the spring Eyjafjallajökull volcanic eruption are assessed. Ash from Eyjafjallajökull resulted in pronounced increases in Al, Mn, and Zn in surface waters in close proximity to Iceland during the eruption, while 3 months later during the summer cruise levels had returned to more typical values for the region. The apparent seasonal removal ratios of surface trace elements were consistent with biological export. Assessment of supply of trace elements to the surface mixed layer for the region, excluding volcanic inputs, indicated that deep winter mixing was the dominant source, with diffusive mixing being a minor source (between 13.5% [dissolved Cd, DCd] and −2.43% [DZn] of deep winter flux), and atmospheric inputs being an important source only for DAl and DZn (DAl up to 42% and DZn up to 4.2% of deep winter + diffusive fluxes) and typically less than 1% for the other elements. Elemental supply ratios to the surface mixed layer through convection were comparable to apparent removal ratios we calculated between spring and summer. Given that deep mixing dominated nutrient and trace element supply to surface waters, predicted increases in water column stratification in this region may reduce supply, with potential consequences for primary production and the biological carbon pump.
    Description: Key Points: Bio‐essential element concentrations in surface waters decreased from spring to summer with removal ratios reflecting biological uptake. Effects of volcanic inputs from Eyjafjallajökull in spring 2010 were pronounced for Al, Mn, and Zn but returned to typical levels in summer. Deep winter convection dominated trace element supply to surface waters with minor contributions from atmospheric and diffusive mixing.
    Description: GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100003153
    Description: Natural Environment Research Council http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100000270
    Keywords: 551.9
    Type: article
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  • 5
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    Nutrient co‐limitation in the subtropical Northwest Pacific (2021)
    John Wiley & Sons, Inc. | Hoboken, USA
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-04-04
    Description: Nutrients limiting phytoplankton growth in the ocean are a critical control on ocean productivity and can underpin predicted responses to climate change. The extensive western subtropical North Pacific is assumed to be under strong nitrogen limitation, but this is not well supported by experimental evidence. Here, we report the results of 14 factorial nitrogen–phosphorus–iron addition experiments through the Philippine Sea, which demonstrate a gradient from nitrogen limitation in the north to nitrogen–iron co‐limitation in the south. While nitrogen limited sites responded weakly to nutrient supply, co‐limited sites bloomed with up to ~60‐fold increases in chlorophyll a biomass that was dominated by initially undetectable diatoms. The transition in limiting nutrients and phytoplankton growth capacity was driven by a gradient in deep water nutrient supply, which was undetectable in surface concentration fields. We hypothesize that this large‐scale phytoplankton response gradient is both climate sensitive and potentially important for regulating the distribution of predatory fish.
    Description: National Natural Science Foundation of China http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001809
    Keywords: ddc:577.7 ; ddc:550.724
    Language: English
    Type: doc-type:article
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  • 6
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    El Niño-Driven Oxygenation Impacts Peruvian Shelf Iron Supply to the South Pacific Ocean (2021)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-10-15
    Description: Upwelling ocean currents associated with oxygen minimum zones (OMZs) supply nutrients fuelling intense marine productivity. Perturbations in the extent and intensity of OMZs are projected in the future, but it is currently uncertain how this will impact fluxes of redox-sensitive trace metal micronutrients to the surface ocean. Here we report seawater concentrations of Fe, Mn, Co, Cd, and Ni alongside the redox indicator iodide/iodate in the Peruvian OMZ during the 2015 El Niño event. The El Niño drove atypical upwelling of oxygen-enriched water over the Peruvian Shelf, resulting in oxidized iodine and strongly depleted Fe (II), total dissolved Fe, and reactive particulate Fe concentrations relative to non-El Niño conditions. Observations of Fe were matched by the redox-sensitive micronutrients Co and Mn, but not by non-redox-sensitive Cd and Ni. These observations demonstrate that oxygenation of OMZs significantly reduces water column inventories of redox-sensitive micronutrients, with potential impacts on ocean productivity.
    Keywords: 551 ; iron ; trace metals ; oxygen minimum zone ; El Niño ; eastern tropical south pacific ; shelf source
    Language: English
    Type: map
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  • 7
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    Nutrient regulation of late spring phytoplankton blooms in the midlatitude North Atlantic (2021)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-12-01
    Description: The duration and magnitude of the North Atlantic spring bloom impacts both higher trophic levels and oceanic carbon sequestration. Nutrient exhaustion offers a general explanation for bloom termination, but detail on which nutrients and their relative influence on phytoplankton productivity, community structure, and physiology is lacking. Here, we address this using nutrient addition bioassay experiments conducted across the midlatitude North Atlantic in June 2017 (late spring). In four out of six experiments, phytoplankton accumulated over 48–72 h following individual additions of either iron (Fe) or nitrogen (N). In the remaining two experiments, Fe and N were serially limiting, that is, their combined addition sequentially enhanced phytoplankton accumulation. Silicic acid (Si) added in combination with N + Fe led to further chlorophyll a (Chl a) enhancement at two sites. Conversely, addition of zinc, manganese, cobalt, vitamin B12, or phosphate in combination with N + Fe did not. At two sites, the simultaneous supply of all six nutrients, in combination with N + Fe, also led to no further Chl a enhancement, but did result in an additional 30–60% particulate carbon accumulation. This particulate carbon accumulation was not matched by a Redfield equivalent of particulate N, characteristic of high C:N organic exudates that enhance cell aggregation and sinking. Our results suggest that growth rates of larger phytoplankton were primarily limited by Fe and/or N, making the availability of these nutrients the main bottom-up factors contributing to spring bloom termination. In addition, the simultaneous availability of other nutrients could modify bloom characteristics and carbon export efficiency.
    Keywords: 577.7 ; mid-latitude North Atlantic ; phytoplankton ; diatom blooming ; experiments
    Language: English
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  • 8
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    Arctic – Atlantic Exchange of the Dissolved Micronutrients Iron, Manganese, Cobalt, Nickel, Copper and Zinc With a Focus on Fram Strait (2022)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-10-04
    Description: The Arctic Ocean is considered a source of micronutrients to the Nordic Seas and the North Atlantic Ocean through the gateway of Fram Strait (FS). However, there is a paucity of trace element data from across the Arctic Ocean gateways, and so it remains unclear how Arctic and North Atlantic exchange shapes micronutrient availability in the two ocean basins. In 2015 and 2016, GEOTRACES cruises sampled the Barents Sea Opening (GN04, 2015) and FS (GN05, 2016) for dissolved iron (dFe), manganese (dMn), cobalt (dCo), nickel (dNi), copper (dCu) and zinc (dZn). Together with the most recent synopsis of Arctic‐Atlantic volume fluxes, the observed trace element distributions suggest that FS is the most important gateway for Arctic‐Atlantic dissolved micronutrient exchange as a consequence of Intermediate and Deep Water transport. Combining fluxes from FS and the Barents Sea Opening with estimates for Davis Strait (GN02, 2015) suggests an annual net southward flux of 2.7 ± 2.4 Gg·a−1 dFe, 0.3 ± 0.3 Gg·a−1 dCo, 15.0 ± 12.5 Gg·a−1 dNi and 14.2 ± 6.9 Gg·a−1 dCu from the Arctic toward the North Atlantic Ocean. Arctic‐Atlantic exchange of dMn and dZn were more balanced, with a net southbound flux of 2.8 ± 4.7 Gg·a−1 dMn and a net northbound flux of 3.0 ± 7.3 Gg·a−1 dZn. Our results suggest that ongoing changes to shelf inputs and sea ice dynamics in the Arctic, especially in Siberian shelf regions, affect micronutrient availability in FS and the high latitude North Atlantic Ocean.
    Description: Plain Language Summary: Recent studies have proposed that the Arctic Ocean is a source of micronutrients such as dissolved iron (dFe), manganese (dMn), cobalt (dCo), nickel (dNi), copper (dCu) and zinc (dZn) to the North Atlantic Ocean. However, data at the Arctic Ocean gateways including Fram Strait and the Barents Sea Opening have been missing to date and so the extent of Arctic micronutrient transport toward the Atlantic Ocean remains unquantified. Here, we show that Fram Strait is the most important gateway for Arctic‐Atlantic micronutrient exchange which is a result of deep water transport at depths 〉500 m. Combined with a flux estimate for Davis Strait, this study suggests that the Arctic Ocean is a net source of dFe, dNi and dCu, and possibly also dCo, toward the North Atlantic Ocean. Arctic‐Atlantic dMn and dZn exchange seems more balanced. Properties in the East Greenland Current showed substantial similarities to observations in the upstream Central Arctic Ocean, indicating that Fram Strait may export micronutrients from Siberian riverine discharge and shelf sediments 〉3,000 km away. Increasing Arctic river discharge, permafrost thaw and coastal erosion, all consequences of ongoing climate change, may therefore alter future Arctic Ocean micronutrient transport to the North Atlantic Ocean.
    Description: Key Points: Fram Strait is the major gateway for Arctic‐Atlantic exchange of the dissolved micronutrients Fe, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu and Zn. The Arctic is a net source of dissolved Fe, Co, Ni and Cu to the Nordic Seas and toward the North Atlantic; Mn and Zn exchange are balanced. Waters of the Central Arctic Ocean, including the Transpolar Drift, are the main drivers of gross Arctic micronutrient export.
    Description: German Research Foundation
    Description: Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research
    Description: https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.859558
    Description: https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.871030
    Description: https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.868396
    Description: https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.905347
    Description: https://dataportal.nioz.nl/doi/10.25850/nioz/7b.b.jc
    Description: https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.933431
    Description: https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/718440
    Description: https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.936029
    Description: https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.936027
    Description: https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.927429
    Keywords: ddc:551.9
    Language: English
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  • 9
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    Quantifying Ice‐Sheet Derived Lead (Pb) Fluxes to the Ocean; A Case Study at Nioghalvfjerdsbræ (2022)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-11-17
    Description: Concentrations of the toxic element lead (Pb) are elevated in seawater due to historical emissions. While anthropogenic atmospheric emissions are the dominant source of dissolved Pb (dPb) to the Atlantic Ocean, evidence is emerging of a natural source associated with subglacial discharge into the ocean but this has yet to be constrained around Greenland. Here, we show subglacial discharge from the cavity underneath Nioghalvfjerdsbræ floating ice tongue, is a previously unrecognized source of dPb to the NE Greenland Shelf. Contrasting cavity‐inflowing and cavity‐outflowing waters, we constrain the associated net‐dPb flux as 2.2 ± 1.4 Mg·yr−1, of which ∼90% originates from dissolution of glacial bedrock and cavity sediments. We propose that the retreat of the floating ice tongue, the ongoing retreat of many glaciers on Greenland, associated shifts in sediment dynamics, and enhanced meltwater discharges into shelf waters may result in pronounced changes, possibly increases, in net‐dPb fluxes to coastal waters.
    Description: Plain Language Summary: Lead (Pb) is a toxic element. Hundreds of thousands of tons have historically been emitted into the atmosphere through use of leaded gasoline, ore‐smelting and coal‐combustion which led to large‐scale deposition of Pb into the ocean and onto the Greenland Ice Sheet. Since the phase‐out of leaded gasoline, concentrations of dissolved Pb in the surface ocean have declined, increasing the relative importance of other, natural sources of Pb to the marine environment. In 2016, we conducted a survey near Nioghalvfjerdsbræ, one of Greenland’s largest marine‐terminating glaciers, to investigate if Greenland Ice Sheet discharge is a source of Pb to the Northeast Greenland Shelf. We observed elevated dissolved Pb concentrations at intermediate depths within a ⁓60 km radius downstream of the Nioghalvfjerdsbræ terminus. The Pb enrichment originates from underneath the glacier’s floating ice tongue. Lead sources underneath Nioghalvfjerdsbræ likely include Pb from eroded bedrock and exchange with fjord sediments. Our calculations suggest that Nioghalvfjerdsbræ dissolved Pb discharge is comparable to that from small Arctic rivers. Given the widespread occurance of Pb‐rich minerals across Greenland, observed increases in meltwater discharge and the retreat of marine‐terminating glaciers could increase dPb supply to Greenlandic shelf regions.
    Description: Key Points: Helium and neon show strong evidence for a subglacial source of Pb discharging onto the NE Greenland Shelf. Contrasting inflowing and outflowing waters beneath the floating ice tongue of Nioghalvfjerdsbræ shows a 2‐3‐fold dPb enrichment. The dissolved Pb flux from Nioghalvfjerdsbræ (2.2 ± 1.4 Mg·yr−1) is comparable to small Arctic rivers, with ∼90% of a sedimentary origin.
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Description: Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100002347
    Description: Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100005074
    Description: Swiss Polar Foundation
    Description: https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.871028
    Description: https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.871030
    Description: https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.879197
    Description: https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.905347
    Description: https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.933431
    Description: https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.931336
    Description: https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-8-543-2016
    Keywords: ddc:551 ; Greenland ice sheet ; Arctic ; marine‐terminating glacier ; Nioghalvfjerdsbrae ; lead fluxes ; GEOTRACES
    Language: English
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  • 10
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    Dissolved, Labile, and Total Particulate Trace Metal Dynamics on the Northeast Greenland Shelf (2022)
    Chen, Xue‐Gang ; Krisch, Stephan ; Al‐Hashem, Ali ; [et al.]
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-22
    Description: We present high‐resolution profiles of dissolved, labile, and total particulate trace metals (TMs) on the Northeast Greenland shelf from GEOTRACES cruise GN05 in August 2016. Combined with radium isotopes, stable oxygen isotopes, and noble gas measurements, elemental distributions suggest that TM dynamics were mainly regulated by the mixing between North Atlantic‐derived Intermediate Water, enriched in labile particulate TMs (LpTMs), and Arctic surface waters, enriched in Siberian shelf‐derived dissolved TMs (dTMs; Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Ni) carried by the Transpolar Drift. These two distinct sources were delineated by salinity‐dependent variations of dTM and LpTM concentrations and the proportion of dTMs relative to the total dissolved and labile particulate ratios. Locally produced meltwater from the Nioghalvfjerdsbræ (79NG) glacier cavity, distinguished from other freshwater sources using helium excess, contributed a large pool of dTMs to the shelf inventory. Localized peaks in labile and total particulate Cd, Co, Fe, Mn, Ni, Cu, Al, V, and Ti in the cavity outflow, however, were not directly contributed by submarine melting. Instead, these particulate TMs were mainly supplied by the re‐suspension of cavity sediment particles. Currently, Arctic Ocean outflows are the most important source of dFe, dCu, and dNi on the shelf, while LpTMs and up to 60% of dMn and dCo are mainly supplied by subglacial discharge from the 79NG cavity. Therefore, changes in the cavity‐overturning dynamics of 79NG induced by glacial retreat, and alterations in the transport of Siberian shelf‐derived materials with the Transport Drift may shift the shelf dTM‐LpTM stoichiometry in the future.
    Description: Plain Language Summary: Trace metals (TMs) including cobalt (Co), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), and nickel (Ni) are essential micronutrients for marine productivity. The Northeast Greenland shelf is a climatically sensitive region, influenced by both outflowing Arctic waters and local glacier melting. We lack knowledge on how these Arctic surface waters affect TM dynamics on the Greenland shelf and how climatic shifts may influence TM dynamics. Here, we distinguish local submarine meltwater from Arctic surface waters using distinct tracers; noble gases and radium isotopes. We show that the TM dynamics on the shelf are largely controlled by the intrusion of Arctic surface waters which creates a near‐surface plume of dissolved and labile particulate TMs. Conversely, submarine meltwater creates a subsurface plume enriched in dissolved TMs but depleted in particulate TMs, which is exported from underneath a floating ice tongue. In the future, increasing Arctic river discharge and local glacial melting may both significantly change shelf micronutrient ratios demonstrating downstream impacts of a changing cryosphere on marine biogeochemical cycles.
    Description: Key Points: The overall dissolved and particulate trace metal (TM) dynamics were mainly regulated by the mixing with Arctic surface waters. Resuspension of cavity sediments is a major localized source of labile and total particulate Cd, Co, Fe, Mn, Ni, Cu, Al, V, and Ti. Whilst dissolved and particulate TMs are mostly coupled on the Greenland shelf, cavity outflow decouples both phases.
    Description: Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
    Description: https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.871030
    Description: https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.871030
    Description: https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.871028
    Description: https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.905347
    Description: https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.933431
    Description: https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.948466
    Description: https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.936029
    Description: https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.936027
    Description: https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.931336
    Keywords: ddc:551.9 ; Arctic ; trace metals ; labile particulate ; glacier ; meltwater ; GEOTRACES
    Language: English
    Type: doc-type:article
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