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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Terra nova 9 (1997), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-3121
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: An extraordinarily large and geographically extensive 3D dataset has allowed us to relate permeability to detailed geological features. Permeability data derived from several thousand pumptests in Quaternary sediments (thickness 〈 120 m) of the Upper Rhine valley vary from K= 4.5 × 10−7 m s−1 to K= 2.7 × 10−1 m s−1. The geometric mean of the data is K= 2.25 × 10−3 m s−1. The permeability distribution maps for four different stratigraphic levels show that the highest values are found in sections beneath recent and historic fluvial systems. Fossil fans of small rivers from the Black Forest can be identified in the Rhine valley on the basis of the permeability pattern. The average hydraulic conductivity decreases S–N along the flow direction which corresponds to a decrease in grain-size of the fluvial sediments.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Aquatic geochemistry 3 (1997), S. 43-60 
    ISSN: 1573-1421
    Keywords: crystalline rocks ; hydraulic properties ; hydrochemical properties ; Black Forest
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Investigations were carried out to determine the hydraulic and hydrochemical properties of crystalline rocks in the Black Forest of Germany and neighbouring regions. Rock permeabilities (K) were determined to a depth of 3500 m. These parameters range from K = 3.5 × 10-10 ms-1 to K = 8.7 × 10-5 ms-1; and can increase up to an order of magnitude which is typical for porous aquifers. It is shown that on an average, granites are more pervious than gneisses and only the permeabilities of gneisses decrease with depth. The geochemistry of natural waters in crystalline rocks is not constant, but varies with depth and location. The concentration increases with depth and the water-type changes from a Ca–-Na–-HCO 3-type (or Na–-Ca–-HCO3–-) at shallow depths to a Na–-Cl-type at greater depths. Thermal springs are found only in granitic rocks with on average higher permeabilities than in gneisses. Thermal waters are welling up in valleys at the bottom of steep mountains. The chemical composition of thermal spring water is identical to that of water found at greater depths. Using geothermometers it is found, that the depth of the deposits of thermal spring water in the crystalline basement rocks of the Black Forest is some 1000 m below the surface. The topographic relief in the mountains induces a deep circulation of infiltrating rain-water with an upwelling as thermal springs in the valleys.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1435-0157
    Keywords: Key words crystalline rocks ; salt-water plume ; geophysical methods ; geologic fabric
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé De l'eau salée s'écoule d'un système de failles du socle cristallin de la Forêt Noire dans un aquifère alluvial de la vallée de la rivière Kinzig, près d'Ohlsbach, dans la vallée supérieure du Rhin (sud-ouest de l'Allemagne). L'eau salée (minéralisation : 16 g/kg) remonte d'un réservoir situéà plus de 3 km de profondeur. Une fois qu'elle pénètre dans l'aquifère alluvial, l'eau salée profonde se mélange avec l'eau souterraine douce et suit les axes d'écoulement vers le centre de la vallée du Rhin. Là, le panache d'eau salée d'origine naturelle arrive dans une zone où s'infiltre une eau riche en chlorures d'origine humaine, le long du Rhin. Le panache a été cartographié en utilisant (1) les données des chlorures tirées des observations dans les puits, et (2) les données de résistivité de sondages électriques. Les teneurs naturelles de base en chlorures sont de l'ordre de 7 mg/kg. Dans la partie centrale du panache, la concentration en chlorures dépasse 200 mg/kg. Une zone continue où les teneurs en Cl dépassent 50 mg/kg est identifiée depuis la faille de décharge vers le Rhin sur une distance de plus de 12 km. La gamme des résistivités s'étend de plus de 50 Ω, dans les régions non contaminées, à moins de 7 Ω dans la zone centrale du panache, longue de 700 m. Un panache de faible résistivité (7 à 10 Ω) se développe dans la vallée du Rhin sur plus de 7 km. Les cartes des deux panaches sont en bon accord.
    Abstract: Resumen Existe una descarga de agua salina desde una zona fracturada del basamento cristalino de la Selva Negra hacia un acuífero en el valle del Río Kinzig, cerca de Ohlsbach, en el Valle Alto del Rhin (sudoeste de Alemania). El agua salina (con un Total de Sales Disueltas de 16 g/kg) asciende desde una profundidad superior a los 3 km. Una vez se ha producido la descarga al acuífero, el agua salina se mezcla con agua dulce y se transporta hacia la zona central del Valle del Rhin. Allí este penacho natural se junta con otro penacho, este de origen antrópico, también rico en cloruros. El penacho final se pudo delinear a partir de datos tanto de concentración de cloruro en pozos de observación como de resistividad geoeléctrica. Los valores de fondo para el cloruro son de 7 mg/kg, mientras que en la parte central del penacho se registran valores superiores a los 200 mg/kg. Se distingue una zona con valores de Cl superiores a los 50 mg/kg, extendiéndose desde el punto de descarga y unos 12 km hacia el interior. Las resistividades oscilan desde  1 50 Ω en las regiones no contaminadas, hasta 〈7 Ω en la parte central del penacho, de unos 700 m de longitud. Una zona de baja resistividad (valores de 7–10 Ω) se extiende más de 7 km hacia el Valle del Rhin. Los dos penachos dibujados presentan una buena correspondencia.
    Notes: Abstract  Salt-water discharges from a fault system in the crystalline basement of the Black Forest into the gravel aquifer of the Kinzig River valley near Ohlsbach, upper Rhine River valley, southwestern Germany. The salt water (TDS, 16 g/kg) ascends from a reservoir at  1 3 km depth. Once discharged into the gravel aquifer, the saline deep water mixes with fresh groundwater and is carried along the groundwater flow path to the middle of the Rhine River valley. There, the natural geogene salt-water plume merges with a man-made chloride-rich infiltration zone along the Rhine River. The plume was mapped using (1) chloride data from groundwater observation wells, and (2) resistivity data from geoelectric sounding. Background chloride is about 7 mg/kg. In the central region of the plume, chloride concentration exceeds 200 mg/kg. A continuous area of Cl  1 50 mg/kg is distinguished from the discharge fault to the Rhine River over a distance of 12 km. Resistivities range from  1 50 Ω in uncontaminated regions to 〈7 Ω in the 700 m-long central region of the plume. A low resistivity plume (7–10 Ω) stretches for  1 7 km into the Rhine River valley. The two plume maps are in good agreement.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-1165
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract In the Black Forest, mineral waters from five wells in crystalline basement (granite and gneisses), their probable source rocks and the experimental leachates were evaluated for rare earth elements (REE), yttrium contents, and lead isotope ratios. The distribution of REE and Y, and the Pb-isotope ratios are powerful tools to identify the most likely type of rock that controls cation contents of the mineral water. Granites and gneisses lead to REE patterns with varying negative europium anomalies in waters; i. e., gneisses have a tendency for positive or only slightly negative europium anomalies in fluids, whereas granites exhibit negative anomalies. The comparison of REE and Y in the leachates and waters shows that these elements are characteristically redistributed during water-rock inter-action between rock-forming and accessory minerals, surface layers and adsorption films. REE and Y are leachable in the aquifer rocks, in which light REE are partially impoverished. REE and Y in samples from surface outcrops show enhanced leachable fractions. In alterated rocks, large fractions of 206 Pb are definitely leached from other solid phases than 207 Pb and 208 Pb.
    Notes: Kurzfassung Seltenerdelement(SEE)- und Yttrium(Y)-Gehalte sowie Bleiisotopen-Verhältnisse wurden in den potentiellen Aquifergesteinen, deren experimentellen Laugungslösungen und den Mineralwässern ermittelt. Für diese Studie wurden Mineralwässer aus fünf Bohrungen im kristallinen Grundgebirge (Granit und Gneis) des Schwarzwaldes ausgewählt. Die Verteilung der Lanthaniden, des Yttriums und der Bleiisotope sind geeignete Mittel, um das Gestein zu erkennen, das den Kationengehalt der Mineralwässern dominant prägt. Gneise und Granite führen zu Lanthanidenmustern mit unterschiedlichen Europium-Anomalien; Wässer aus Gneisen sind eher durch positive, aus Graniten häufig durch negative Europium-Anomalien charakterisiert. Der Vergleich der SEE- und Y-Gehalte in den Laugungslösungen mit denen der Wässer zeigt auf, wie sich in den Wasserleitern die Einbindung dieser Elemente in den Mineralen und Akzessorien, ihren Oberflächenzonen und Adsorbatfilmen gegenüber den weniger alterierten Gesteinen der Umgebung verändert hat. SSE und Y sind in den Wasserleitern gut laugbar, teilweise sind diese bereits an den leichten SEE verarmt, während die SEE- und Y-Gehalte in den Gesteinsproben von Oberflächenaufschlüssen insgesamt höher und insbesondere an leichten SEE nicht verarmt sind. 206 Pb wird zu einem erheblichen Teil aus anderen Festphasen als 207 Pb und 208 Pb gelaugt.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1432-1165
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Deep groundwater in fractured crystalline basement has been reported from deep mines and scientific wells. Highly saline brines have been described from several km depth in the continental basement worldwide. The origin of salinity is unknown and many different possibilities have been presented ( Emmermann et al. 1995, Pauwels et al. 1993, Edmunds &: Savage 1991, Frape &: Fritz 1987, Kozlovsky 1984, Banks et al. 1996, Stober 1986, 1995, Kanz 1987, Stober & Bucher 1999). We compare the compositional evolution of deep waters in the Black Forest basements, SW-Germany, with those of other deep crystalline waters and use the halogen systematics (e. g. Cl/Br ratios) and other parameters of the waters to deduce the origin of their salinity. In teh Black Forest the composition of deep thermal waters results from chemical interaction of surface water with the rock matrix and from mixing of the reacted water with stagnant saline deep water of marine origin.
    Notes: Kurzfassung Die Herkunft der Salinität in Grundgebirgswässern wird in der internationalen Literatur heftig diskutiert. Für eine Anreicherung von Chlorid gibt es mehrere Möglichkeiten: Herkunft aus dem Gestein (Mineralgitter, Fluideinschlüsse, Korngrenzen) aus benachbarten salinaren Ablagerungen, aus einer Intrusion von Meerwasser. Anhand der Cl/Br-Systematik wird gezeigt, dass die hohe Salinität der Thermalwässer des Schwarzwaldkristallins im Gegensatz zu anderen Kristallinwässern genetisch hauptsächlich auf einer Intrusion von Meerwasser beruht. Ein Eintrag aus salinaren Ablagerungen des Tertiär im Oberrheingraben oder aus dem Muschelkalk kann ausgeschlossen werden. Die marine Herkunft belegen auch die molaren Verhältnisse von Na und Cl, die Beziehung zwischen Na bzw. Cl und TDS im Vergleich zur Meerwasserverdünnungslinie. Einen entscheidenden Beitrag zur Wasserchemie aller Grundgebirgswässer liefert die Verwitterung von Plagioklas, insbesondere seiner vergleichsweise gut löslichen Anorthitkomponenten. Zum Chemismus der Grundgebirgswässer tragen weiterhin die Verwitterung von Biotit mit Freisetzung von Li, F und K sowie die Wechselwirkung des Wassers mit K-Feldspat bei.
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2020-10-13
    Keywords: ddc:300
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: German
    Type: report , doc-type:report
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