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  • 1
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    Benthic foraminifera living in Gulf of Mexico bathyal and abyssal sediments : community analysis and comparison to metazoan meiofaunal biomass and density (2009)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © Elsevier B.V., 2008. This is the author's version of the work. It is posted here by permission of Elsevier B.V. for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography 55 (2008): 2617-2626, doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2008.07.011.
    Description: Benthic foraminiferal biomass, density, and species composition were determined at ten sites in the Gulf of Mexico. During June 2001 and June 2002, sediment samples were collected with a GoMex boxcorer. A 7.5-cm diameter subcore was taken from a box core collected at each site and sliced into 1-cm or 2-cm sections to a depth of 2 or 3 cm; the 〉63-mm fraction was examined shipboard for benthic foraminifera. Individual foraminifers were extracted for adenosine triphosphate (ATP) using a luciferin-luciferase assay, which indicated the total ATP content per specimen; that data was converted to organic carbon. Foraminiferal biomass and density varied substantially (~2-53 mg C m-2; ~3,600-44,500 individuals m-2, respectively) and inconsistently with water depth. For example, although two ~1000-m deep sites were geographically separated by only ~75 km, the foraminiferal biomass at one site was relatively low (~9 mg C m-2) while the other site had the highest foraminiferal biomass (~53 mg C m-2). Although most samples from Sigsbee Plain (〉3000 m) had low biomass, one Sigsbee site had 〉20 mg foraminiferal C m-2. The foraminiferal community from all sites (i.e., bathyal and abyssal locales) was dominated by agglutinated, rather than calcareous or tectinous, species. Foraminiferal density never exceeded that of metazoan meiofauna at any site. Foraminiferal biomass, however, exceeded metazoan meiofaunal biomass at five of the ten sites, indicating that foraminifera constitute a major component of the Gulf’s deep-water meiofaunal biomass.
    Description: Funded by Minerals Management Service contract 1435-01-99-CT-30991 to G.T. Rowe (Texas A&M University).
    Keywords: Foraminifera ; Meiofauna ; Biomass ; Deep sea ; USA ; Gulf of Mexico
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 2
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    Impact of intentionally injected carbon dioxide hydrate on deep-sea benthic foraminiferal survival (2009)
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © The Authors, 2009. This is the author's version of the work. It is posted here by permission of Blackwell for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Global Change Biology 15 (2009): 2078-2088, doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01822.x.
    Description: Sequestration of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the ocean is being considered as a feasible mechanism to mitigate the alarming rate in its atmospheric rise. Little is known, however, about how the resulting hypercapnia and ocean acidification may affect marine fauna. In an effort to understand better the protistan reaction to such an environmental perturbation, the survivorship of benthic foraminifera, which is a prevalent group of protists, was studied in response to deep-sea CO2 release. The survival response of calcareous, agglutinated, and thecate foraminifera was determined in two experiments at ~3.1 and 3.3 km water depth in Monterey Bay (California, USA). Approximately five weeks after initial seafloor CO2 release, in situ incubations of the live-dead indicator CellTracker Green were executed within seafloor-emplaced pushcores. Experimental treatments included direct exposure to CO2 hydrate, two levels of lesser exposure adjacent to CO2 hydrate, and controls, which were far removed from the CO2 hydrate release. Results indicate that survivorship rates of agglutinated and thecate foraminifera were not significantly impacted by direct exposure but the survivorship of calcareous foraminifera was significantly lower in direct exposure treatments compared to controls. Observations suggest that, if large scale CO2 sequestration is enacted on the deep-sea floor, survival of two major groups of this prevalent protistan taxon will likely not be severely impacted, while calcareous foraminifera will face considerable challenges to maintain their benthic populations in areas directly exposed to CO2 hydrate.
    Description: This work was funded by the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute (project 200002; to JPB), US Department of Energy grant # DE-FG02-03ER63696 (to J. P. Kennett and J.M.B.), and NSF OCE-0725966 (to J.M.B.).
    Keywords: Carbon dioxide sequestration ; CO2 injection ; Climate change ; Foraminifera ; Experiment ; Hypercapnia ; Meiofauna ; Monterey Bay ; Ocean acidification ; Protist
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 3
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    Combined carbonate carbon isotopic and cellular ultrastructural studies of individual benthic foraminifera : method description (2010)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2010. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Paleoceanography 25 (2010): PA2211, doi:10.1029/2009PA001846.
    Description: Carbon isotopes of foraminiferal tests provide a widely used proxy for past oceanographic environmental conditions. This proxy can be calibrated using live specimens, which are reliably identified with observations of cell ultrastructure. Observations of ultrastructures can also be used for studies of biological characteristics such as diet and presence of symbionts. Combining biological and isotopic studies on individual foraminifera could provide novel information, but standard isotopic methods destroy ultrastructures by desiccating specimens and observations of ultrastructure require removal of carbonate tests, preventing isotope measurements. The approach described here preserves cellular ultrastructure during isotopic analyses by keeping the foraminifera in an aqueous buffer (Phosphate Buffered Saline (PBS)). The technique was developed and standardized with 36 aliquots of NBS-19 standard of similar weight to foraminiferal tests (5 to 123 μg). Standard errors ranged from ± 0.06 to ± 0.85‰ and were caused by CO2 contaminants dissolved in the PBS. The technique was used to measure δ13C values of 96 foraminifera, 10 of which do not precipitate carbonate tests. Calcareous foraminiferal tests had corrected carbon isotope ratios of −8.5 to +3.2‰. This new technique allows comparisons of isotopic compositions of tests made by foraminifera known to be alive at the time of collection with their biological characteristics such as prey composition and presence or absence of putative symbionts. The approach may be applied to additional biomineralizing organisms such as planktonic foraminifera, pteropods, corals, and coccolithophores to elucidate certain biological controls on their paleoceanographic proxy signatures.
    Description: Support was provided by NSF grants OCE‐0550396 (to J.B.M.), OCE‐0551001 (to J.M.B.), and OCE‐ 0550401 (to A.E.R.).
    Keywords: Foraminifera ; Ultrastructure ; Carbon isotopes
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 4
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    Active eukaryotes in microbialites from Highborne Cay, Bahamas, and Hamelin Pool (Shark Bay), Australia (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © The Author(s), 2013. This is the author's version of the work. It is posted here by permission of Nature Publishing Group for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in The ISME Journal 8 (2014): 418–429, doi:10.1038/ismej.2013.130.
    Description: Microbialites are organosedimentary structures that are formed through the interaction of benthic microbial communities and sediments and include mineral precipitation. These lithifying microbial mat structures include stromatolites and thrombolites. Exuma Sound in the Bahamas, and Hamelin Pool in Shark Bay, Western Australia are two locations where significant stands of modern microbialites exist. Although prokaryotic diversity in these structures is reasonably well documented, little is known about the eukaryotic component of these communities and their potential to influence sedimentary fabrics through grazing, binding and burrowing activities. Accordingly, comparisons of eukaryotic communities in modern stromatolitic and thrombolytic mats can potentially provide insight into the coexistence of both laminated and clotted mat structures in close proximity to one another. Here we examine this possibility by comparing eukaryotic diversity based on Sanger and high-throughput pyrosequencing of small subunit ribosomal RNA (18S rRNA) genes. Analyses were based on total RNA extracts as template to minimize input from inactive or deceased organisms. Results identified diverse eukaryotic communities particularly stramenopiles, Alveolata, Metazoa, Amoebozoa, and Rhizaria within different mat types at both locations, as well as abundant and diverse signatures of eukaryotes with 〈80% sequence similarity to sequences in GenBank. This suggests presence of significant novel eukaryotic diversity, particularly in hypersaline Hamelin Pool. There was evidence of vertical structuring of protist populations and foraminiferal diversity was highest in bioturbated/clotted thrombolite mats of Highborne Cay.
    Description: This work was funded by grant OCE-0926421 to JMB and VPE and OCE-0926372 to RES.
    Keywords: Eukaryote ; Protist ; Stromatolite ; Microbialite ; Thrombolite ; 18S rRNA ; Diversity ; Foraminifera ; Hamelin Pool ; Highborne Cay
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  • 5
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    An endobiont-bearing allogromiid from the Santa Barbara Basin : implications for the early diversification of foraminifera (2006)
    American Geophysical Union
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2006. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Geophysical Research 111 (2006): G03002, doi:10.1029/2005JG000158.
    Description: Our current understanding of paleoecology and paleoceanography is largely based on the superb Phanerozoic fossil record of foraminiferan protists. The early history of the group is unresolved, however, because basal foraminiferans (allogromiids) are unmineralized and thus fossilize poorly. Molecular-clock studies date foraminiferal origins to the Neoproterozoic, but the deep sea – one of Earth’s most extensive habitats and presently a significant fraction of basal foraminiferal diversity— was probably anoxic at that time and, until now, anaerobic allogromiids were unknown. Molecular, cell and ecological analyses reveal the presence of a previously unknown allogromiid inhabiting anoxic, sulfidic deep-sea sediments (Santa Barbara Basin, California, USA). The fact that the new foraminifer harbors prokaryotic endobionts implicates symbiogenesis as a driving force in early foraminiferal diversification.
    Description: The Wadsworth Center’s Electron Microscopy, Biochemistry, and Molecular Genetics Core facilities, as well as its National Biotechnology Resource for the Visualization of Biological Complexity (supported by a NIH BRTP/NCRR grant) are gratefully acknowledged. Funded by NASA Exobiology NRA-01-01-EXB-057 (to J.M.B.); W. Storrs Cole Memorial Research Award (Geological Society of America, to J.M.B.); NSF DEB0445181 (to S.S.B.).
    Keywords: Foraminifera ; Santa Barbara Basin ; Symbiosis
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 6
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    Foraminiferal ultrastructure: A perspective from fluorescent and fluorogenic probes (2019)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-10-26
    Description: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2019. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Geophysical Research-Biogeosciences 124 (2019): 2823-2850, doi:10.1029/2019JG005113.
    Description: Microscopy techniques have been widely applied to observe cellular ultrastructure. Most of these techniques, such as transmission electron microscopy, produce high‐resolution images, but they may require extensive preparation, hampering their application for in vivo examination. Other approaches, such as fluorescent and fluorogenic probes, can be applied not only to fixed specimens but also to living cells when the probes are nontoxic. Fluorescence‐based methods, which are generally relatively easy to use, allow visual and (semi)quantitative studies of the ultrastructural organization and processes of the cell under natural as well as manipulated conditions. To date, there are relatively few published studies on the nearly ubiquitous marine protistan group Foraminifera that have used fluorescent and fluorogenic probes, despite their huge potential. The aim of the present contribution is to document the feasible application of a wide array of these probes to foraminiferal biology. More specifically, we applied fluorescence‐based probes to study esterase activity, cell viability, calcium signaling, pH variation, reactive oxygen species, neutral and polar lipids, lipid droplets, cytoskeleton structures, Golgi complex, acidic vesicles, nuclei, and mitochondria in selected foraminiferal species.
    Description: The authors are very grateful to the Editor‐in‐Chief Miguel Goni and two anonymous reviewers for their thoughtful and valuable comments that have greatly improved the paper. Markus Raitzsch and Karina Kaczmarek from the AWI, Jakub Kordas from the ZOO Wrocław sp. z o. o. (Poland), and Max Janse from The Royal Burgers' Zoo (Arnhem, the Netherlands) are gratefully acknowledged. The authors declare that no competing interests exist. All the data are included within the paper or the supporting information accompanying it. The research for this paper was partially supported by the Ministero dell'Istruzione, dell'Università e della Ricerca (PRIN 2010‐2011 protocollo 2010RMTLYR) to R.C., the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science KAKENHI Grant (Numbers: JP18H06074, JP17H02978, JP19H02009, JP19H03045) to T.T. and Y.N., the WHOI Investment in Science Program to J.M.B, the Polish National Science Center (Grant DEC‐2015/19/B/ST10/01944) J.T. and J.G. and the Kuwait Foundation for the Advancement of Sciences (EM084C) to E.A‐E.
    Description: 2020-02-22
    Keywords: Protist ; Organelles ; Confocal laser scanning microscopy ; Probes ; Foraminifera
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 7
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    Effects of lead pollution on Ammonia parkinsoniana (foraminifera) : ultrastructural and microanalytical approaches (2015)
    PAGEPress
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2015. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in European Journal of Histochemistry 59 (2015): 2460, doi:10.4081/ejh.2015.2460.
    Description: The responses of Ammonia parkinsoniana (Foraminifera) exposed to different concentrations of lead (Pb) were evaluated at the cytological level. Foraminifera-bearing sediments were placed in mesocosms that were housed in aquaria each with seawater of a different lead concentration. On the basis of transmission electron microscopy and environmental scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive spectrometer analyses, it was possible to recognize numerous morphological differences between untreated (i.e., control) and treated (i.e., lead enrichment) specimens. In particular, higher concentrations of this pollutant led to numerical increase of lipid droplets characterized by a more electron-dense core, proliferation of residual bodies, a thickening of the organic lining, mitochondrial degeneration, autophagosome proliferation and the development of inorganic aggregates. All these cytological modifications might be related to the pollutant-induced stress and some of them such as the thickening of organic lining might suggest a potential mechanism of protection adopted by foraminifera.
    Description: This research was partially supported by the PRIN 2010-2011 Ministero dell’Istruzione, dell’Università e della Ricerca (MIUR) (protocollo 2010RMTLYR) to R.C. and by US NSF grant OCE-1219948 to J.M.B.
    Keywords: Foraminifera ; Pollution ; Ultrastructure ; Mesocosm
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 8
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    Combined carbonate carbon isotopic and cellular ultrastructural studies of individual benthic foraminifera : 2. Toward an understanding of apparent disequilibrium in hydrocarbon seeps (2010)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2010. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Paleoceanography 25 (2010): PA4206, doi:10.1029/2010PA001930.
    Description: Numerous previous studies show disequilibrium between stable carbon isotope ratios of foraminiferal calcite and pore water dissolved inorganic carbon in hydrocarbon seeps, calling into question the utility of this widely used paleoceanographic tracer as a proxy. We use a recently developed method to compare stable carbon isotope ratios of foraminiferal carbonate with cell ultrastructural observations from individual benthic foraminifera from seep (under chemosynthetic bivalves) and nonseep habitats in Monterey Bay, California, to better understand control(s) of benthic foraminiferal carbon isotope ratios. Two attributes previously proposed to cause the isotopic offsets are diet and symbionts. Ultrastructural analysis shows that positive staining with Rose Bengal indicates presence of foraminiferal cytoplasm, bacterial biomass, or a combination of both and, thus, is not an unequivocal indicator of viability. We also show for the first time that some living seep foraminifera have endobionts. Results from our unique, yet limited, data set are consistent with suggestions that, in our sites, several foraminiferal species collected from seep clam beds may not survive there, diet and symbiont presence do not appear to be major contributors to disequilibrium, little calcification of seep-tolerant foraminiferal species occurs while seep conditions prevail, and microscale variability in habitats could influence δ13C of benthic foraminiferal carbonate. Results further suggest that our knowledge of benthic foraminiferal ecology and biomineralization, especially in extreme habitats such as seeps, must be bolstered before we fully understand the fidelity of paleoenvironmental records derived from benthic foraminiferal test δ13C data.
    Description: This collaborative research was supported by NSF Marine Geology and Geophysics Program (OCE‐0551001 (to J.M.B), OCE‐0550396 (to J.B.M.), and OCE‐0550401 (to A.E.R.)).
    Keywords: Clam Flats ; Monterey Bay ; Carbon isotopes ; Disequilibrium ; Foraminifera ; Cold seep
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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