Keywords:
Coral reef biology.
;
Coral reef ecology.
;
Electronic books.
Description / Table of Contents:
This book covers a range of topics about the biology and ecology of coral reefs. It details recent developments in coral evolution and physiology and presents novel frontiers in coral reef research, from remote sensing to damaged coral reef remediation.
Type of Medium:
Online Resource
Pages:
1 online resource (540 pages)
Edition:
1st ed.
ISBN:
9789400701144
URL:
https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/geomar/detail.action?docID=666824
Language:
English
Note:
Intro -- Coral Reefs: An Ecosystemin Transition -- Preface -- Contents -- Part I:History and Perspective -- Coral Research: Past Efforts and Future Horizons -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Early Coral Reef Research -- 3 Present Areas of Research and Future Directions -- 4 Future Horizons -- References -- Part II:Geology and Evolution -- The Paleoecology of Coral Reefs -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 What Is Paleoecology? -- 1.2 A Brief History of Reefs -- 1.3 The Past, The Present, and The Future -- 2 Constraints and Influences over Coral Reef Development -- 2.1 Local Controls -- 2.2 Regional and Global: Secular -- 2.3 Latitudinal Range Limits -- 2.4 Biotic Factors -- 2.5 Autecology of Reef Organisms -- 3 Reef Paleoproductivity -- 4 Biotic Interactions -- 5 Paleo Community Ecology -- 6 Global Change: Environmental Influences on Species Distribution Patterns -- 6.1 Reef Growth and Global Change -- 6.2 Range Expansions/Contractions -- 7 Diversity Through Time: Evolutionary Ecology and Biotic Turnover -- 7.1 Cenozoic Patterns -- 7.2 Deep Time -- 8 The History of Modern Biogeographic Patterns -- 9 Reef Paleoecology, Historical Ecology, and Conservation Biology -- 10 Proxies for Environmental Change -- 11 Summary -- References -- Remote Sensing of Coral Reef Processes -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Brief History of Coral Reef Remote Sensing -- 3 Remote Sensing Basics -- 4 Coral Reef Remote Sensing Considerations -- 5 Remote Sensing of Optically Shallow Waters -- 6 Coral Reef Remote Sensing Applications -- 7 Conclusion -- References -- Coral Taxonomy and Evolution -- 1 Taxonomy -- 1.1 Traditional Concepts of Species -- 1.2 Classification -- 1.2.1 Syngameons -- 2 Variation in Species -- 2.1 Environmental Variation -- 2.2 Geographic Variation -- 2.3 Genetic Links Among Populations -- 3 Taxonomic Issues -- 3.1 Taxonomic Certainty and Geographic Range.
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3.2 Arbitrary Decisions -- 3.3 Geographic Variation in Synonymies -- 4 Natural Organization -- 5 Evolutionary Mechanisms -- 5.1 Reticulate Evolution -- 5.2 Ocean Currents and Reticulate Patterns -- 5.3 Competing Hypotheses -- 5.3.1 Darwin's Centers of Origin -- 5.3.2 Croizat's Panbiogeography -- 5.3.3 Vicariance Biogeography -- 5.3.4 Dispersion and the Founder Principle -- 5.3.5 Equilibrium Theory -- 5.3.6 Competing Hypotheses in Summary -- 5.4 Where Reticulate Evolution and Darwinian Evolution Meet -- Acknowledgments -- References -- The Coral Triangle -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Delineating the Coral Triangle -- 3 Hotspots of Biodiversity and Endemism -- 4 Characteristics of the Coral Triangle -- 5 Reasons for Existence of the Coral Triangle -- 5.1 Geological History -- 5.2 Dispersion -- 5.3 Biogeographic Patterns -- 5.4 Evolution -- 6 Future Impacts in the Coral Triangle -- References -- Part III:oral Biology: Symbiosis, Photosynthesisand Calcification -- Sexual Reproduction of Scleractinian Corals -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Coral Life Cycle and Reproduction -- 2.1 Asexual Budding and Reproduction -- 3 Historical Perspectives on Coral Reproduction -- 4 Recent Advances in Coral Reproduction Research -- 4.1 Biogeographical Patterns of Coral Reproduction -- 4.2 Environmental Influences on Coral Reproduction -- 4.3 Molecular Perspectives on Coral Reproduction -- 5 Patterns of Sexual Reproduction -- 6 Sexual Patterns -- 6.1 Systematic Trends in Sexual Patterns -- 7 Mode of Development -- 8 Summary and Conclusions -- References -- Zooxanthellae: The Yellow Symbionts Inside Animals -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Geological History -- 3 Cellular Anatomy and the Symbiosome -- 4 Division and Reproduction -- 5 Taxonomy from Morphology to Molecular Biology, Genus to Genotype -- 6 Inter- and Intrahost Transmission -- 7 Host Specificity.
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8 The Host Factor and the Nature of Translocated Compounds -- 9 Population Dynamics and Controls -- 10 Distribution Within Colony and Polyp -- 11 Photosynthesis -- 12 Ecology: Geography, Temperature, and Host Effects -- References -- Light as a Source of Information and Energy in Zooxanthellate Corals -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Underwater Light Field to Which Corals are Exposed -- 3 Light as an Informational Signal in Corals -- 4 Fluorescent Proteins -- 5 Light as an Energy Source -- 6 The Zooxanthellae-Coral Association -- 7 Photoacclimation of the Zooxanthellae -- 8 Energy and Nutrient Fluxes -- 9 Colony Architecture -- 10 Conclusions -- References -- Coral Calcification, Cells to Reefs -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Different Types of Biomineralization and the Coral Calcification -- 3 The Site of Coral Calcification: The Subcalicoblastic Extracellular Calcifying Medium -- 3.1 The Skeletogenic Tissue: The Calicoblastic Epithelium -- 3.2 The Subcalicoblastic Extracellular Calcifying Medium -- 3.3 ECM: Open or Closed Compartment? -- 3.4 Physicochemical Characteristics of the Subcalicoblastic Extracellular Calcifying Medium -- 3.5 Site of the Initial Mineral Deposition -- 4 Physiology of Coral Calcification -- 4.1 Coral Calcification: A Chemical Reaction with Four Molecules -- 4.2 Measurement of Coral Calcification -- 4.3 Ion Supply or Removal for Calcification: Paracellular and Passive or Transcellular and Active? -- 4.3.1 Ion Delivery to the Site of Mineralization: Three Possibilities -- 4.3.2 Energetic Dependence of Ion Transport -- 4.3.3 Calcium Transport -- 4.3.4 Dissolved Inorganic Carbon (DIC) -- 4.3.5 Removal of H+ -- 4.3.6 What About Other Mineralizing Organisms? -- 4.4 The First Mineral: Amorphous or Crystalline? -- 4.5 Carbonic Anhydrase: A Key Enzyme -- 4.6 The Key Role of Organic Matrix -- 4.6.1 Content in OM -- 4.6.2 Synthesis of OM.
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4.6.3 Biochemical Characterization of OM -- 4.6.4 Role of OM in Calcification -- 4.6.5 Interaction of OM and Calcium Carbonate -- 4.6.6 Comparison with OM from Other Invertebrates -- 4.6.7 Conclusions -- 4.7 The Cost of Calcification -- 5 Environmental Control of Calcification -- 5.1 Light -- 5.1.1 Background History of LEC -- 5.1.2 LEC During a Daily Cycle -- 5.1.3 Controversy on LEC -- 5.1.4 Hypothesis for LEC -- LEC and Inorganic Chemistry -- LEC and Inorganic Carbon -- LEC and Supply of Ions -- LEC and Removal of Phosphates -- LEC and Organic Chemistry -- LEC and Supply of Precursors for Organic Matrix Synthesis -- LEC and Oxygen -- LEC and Supply of ATP -- LEC and Nitrogen -- 5.1.5 Paradox of LEC -- 5.1.6 Conclusion on LEC -- 5.2 Temperature -- 6 Unity and Diversity of Coral Skeletons -- 6.1 The Basic Mechanism: Fibers and Centers of Mineralization -- 6.2 Concentric Layers: Annual, Diel Patterns -- 6.3 Nanograins as Units of Mineralization? -- 7 Conclusions -- References -- Coral Calcification Under Ocean Acidification and Global Change -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 The Ecological Importance of Coral Calcification -- 1.2 Global and Local Environmental Changes and Their Effects on Coral Reef Calcification -- 1.2.1 Global Warming and Bleaching -- 1.2.2 Eutrophication -- 1.2.3 Coral Breakage by Tourism, Boating, and Fishing -- 1.2.4 Ocean Acidification -- 2 Basics of Coral Calcification Relevant to Ocean Acidification -- 2.1 Light and Dark Calcification, the Effect of the Symbiotic Algae, and the Classical Calcification Hypothesis of Goreau -- 2.2 Direct Supply of Seawater to the Biomineralization Site -- 2.3 Information from Shell Chemistry and Isotopes -- 3 Sensitivity of Corals and Coral Reefs to Changes in the Carbonate Chemistry of the Water -- 3.1 Carbonate Chemistry of Seawater and the Use of Variable Experimental Techniques.
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3.2 The Effects of Ocean Acidification on Individual Corals and the Connection to Cell- and Tissue-Level Processes -- 3.2.1 Direct Effects on Coral Calcification -- 3.2.2 Potential Effect on Symbiotic Algae -- 3.2.3 Direct Effect of CO2 -- 3.2.4 pH-Mediated Effects -- 3.2.5 Change in the Buffering Capacity -- 3.2.6 Conclusion: Origins of the Sensitivity of Corals to Ocean Acidification -- 3.3 Ocean Acidification and Coral Reefs at the Community Level -- 3.3.1 Community Calcification as a Function of Warag -- 3.3.2 CaCO3 Dissolution in Coral Reefs -- 3.4 Implications for the Future Existence of Coral Reefs -- 4 General Conclusions -- References -- Simulating and Quantifying the Environmental Influence on Coral Colony Growth and Form -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Three-Dimensional Images of Coral Colonies Obtained Using Computer Tomography Scanning -- 3 Morphometrics of Three-Dimensional Complex-Shaped Branching Colonies -- 4 The Accretive Growth Model -- 5 Comparison Between Coral Colony Morphologies and Simulated Forms -- References -- Physiological Adaptation to Symbiosis in Cnidarians -- 1 The Coral/Zooxanthella Holobiont: A Chimera? -- 2 First Adaptation: A Marine Microalgae Living in an Intracellular Medium -- 3 Second Adaptation: The Need of a Permanent Supply of CO2 for Symbiont Photosynthesis -- 4 Third Adaptation: Withstand Hyperoxia -- 4.1 High Diversity of Enzymatic Antioxidative Defense is a Consequence of Symbiosis -- 4.2 Nonenzymatic Antioxidative Mechanisms -- 5 Fourth Adaptation: Withstand Solar Radiations -- 5.1 Ultraviolet Screens -- 5.2 Host and Symbiont Pigments -- 6 Conclusion -- References -- Part IV:The Coral Reef Ecosystem: Bacteria, Zooplankton,Algae, Invertebrates, Fishes and Model -- Biogeochemistry of Nutrients -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Summary of Reviews -- 3 Nutrient Pool Sizes -- 4 Productivity -- 5 Mass Transfer.
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6 Implications of Mass Transfer and Questions Revisited.
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