Note: Intro -- Coral Reefs: An Ecosystemin Transition -- Preface -- Contents -- Part I:History and Perspective -- Coral Research: Past Efforts and Future Horizons -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Early Coral Reef Research -- 3 Present Areas of Research and Future Directions -- 4 Future Horizons -- References -- Part II:Geology and Evolution -- The Paleoecology of Coral Reefs -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 What Is Paleoecology? -- 1.2 A Brief History of Reefs -- 1.3 The Past, The Present, and The Future -- 2 Constraints and Influences over Coral Reef Development -- 2.1 Local Controls -- 2.2 Regional and Global: Secular -- 2.3 Latitudinal Range Limits -- 2.4 Biotic Factors -- 2.5 Autecology of Reef Organisms -- 3 Reef Paleoproductivity -- 4 Biotic Interactions -- 5 Paleo Community Ecology -- 6 Global Change: Environmental Influences on Species Distribution Patterns -- 6.1 Reef Growth and Global Change -- 6.2 Range Expansions/Contractions -- 7 Diversity Through Time: Evolutionary Ecology and Biotic Turnover -- 7.1 Cenozoic Patterns -- 7.2 Deep Time -- 8 The History of Modern Biogeographic Patterns -- 9 Reef Paleoecology, Historical Ecology, and Conservation Biology -- 10 Proxies for Environmental Change -- 11 Summary -- References -- Remote Sensing of Coral Reef Processes -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Brief History of Coral Reef Remote Sensing -- 3 Remote Sensing Basics -- 4 Coral Reef Remote Sensing Considerations -- 5 Remote Sensing of Optically Shallow Waters -- 6 Coral Reef Remote Sensing Applications -- 7 Conclusion -- References -- Coral Taxonomy and Evolution -- 1 Taxonomy -- 1.1 Traditional Concepts of Species -- 1.2 Classification -- 1.2.1 Syngameons -- 2 Variation in Species -- 2.1 Environmental Variation -- 2.2 Geographic Variation -- 2.3 Genetic Links Among Populations -- 3 Taxonomic Issues -- 3.1 Taxonomic Certainty and Geographic Range. , 3.2 Arbitrary Decisions -- 3.3 Geographic Variation in Synonymies -- 4 Natural Organization -- 5 Evolutionary Mechanisms -- 5.1 Reticulate Evolution -- 5.2 Ocean Currents and Reticulate Patterns -- 5.3 Competing Hypotheses -- 5.3.1 Darwin's Centers of Origin -- 5.3.2 Croizat's Panbiogeography -- 5.3.3 Vicariance Biogeography -- 5.3.4 Dispersion and the Founder Principle -- 5.3.5 Equilibrium Theory -- 5.3.6 Competing Hypotheses in Summary -- 5.4 Where Reticulate Evolution and Darwinian Evolution Meet -- Acknowledgments -- References -- The Coral Triangle -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Delineating the Coral Triangle -- 3 Hotspots of Biodiversity and Endemism -- 4 Characteristics of the Coral Triangle -- 5 Reasons for Existence of the Coral Triangle -- 5.1 Geological History -- 5.2 Dispersion -- 5.3 Biogeographic Patterns -- 5.4 Evolution -- 6 Future Impacts in the Coral Triangle -- References -- Part III:oral Biology: Symbiosis, Photosynthesisand Calcification -- Sexual Reproduction of Scleractinian Corals -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Coral Life Cycle and Reproduction -- 2.1 Asexual Budding and Reproduction -- 3 Historical Perspectives on Coral Reproduction -- 4 Recent Advances in Coral Reproduction Research -- 4.1 Biogeographical Patterns of Coral Reproduction -- 4.2 Environmental Influences on Coral Reproduction -- 4.3 Molecular Perspectives on Coral Reproduction -- 5 Patterns of Sexual Reproduction -- 6 Sexual Patterns -- 6.1 Systematic Trends in Sexual Patterns -- 7 Mode of Development -- 8 Summary and Conclusions -- References -- Zooxanthellae: The Yellow Symbionts Inside Animals -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Geological History -- 3 Cellular Anatomy and the Symbiosome -- 4 Division and Reproduction -- 5 Taxonomy from Morphology to Molecular Biology, Genus to Genotype -- 6 Inter- and Intrahost Transmission -- 7 Host Specificity. , 8 The Host Factor and the Nature of Translocated Compounds -- 9 Population Dynamics and Controls -- 10 Distribution Within Colony and Polyp -- 11 Photosynthesis -- 12 Ecology: Geography, Temperature, and Host Effects -- References -- Light as a Source of Information and Energy in Zooxanthellate Corals -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Underwater Light Field to Which Corals are Exposed -- 3 Light as an Informational Signal in Corals -- 4 Fluorescent Proteins -- 5 Light as an Energy Source -- 6 The Zooxanthellae-Coral Association -- 7 Photoacclimation of the Zooxanthellae -- 8 Energy and Nutrient Fluxes -- 9 Colony Architecture -- 10 Conclusions -- References -- Coral Calcification, Cells to Reefs -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Different Types of Biomineralization and the Coral Calcification -- 3 The Site of Coral Calcification: The Subcalicoblastic Extracellular Calcifying Medium -- 3.1 The Skeletogenic Tissue: The Calicoblastic Epithelium -- 3.2 The Subcalicoblastic Extracellular Calcifying Medium -- 3.3 ECM: Open or Closed Compartment? -- 3.4 Physicochemical Characteristics of the Subcalicoblastic Extracellular Calcifying Medium -- 3.5 Site of the Initial Mineral Deposition -- 4 Physiology of Coral Calcification -- 4.1 Coral Calcification: A Chemical Reaction with Four Molecules -- 4.2 Measurement of Coral Calcification -- 4.3 Ion Supply or Removal for Calcification: Paracellular and Passive or Transcellular and Active? -- 4.3.1 Ion Delivery to the Site of Mineralization: Three Possibilities -- 4.3.2 Energetic Dependence of Ion Transport -- 4.3.3 Calcium Transport -- 4.3.4 Dissolved Inorganic Carbon (DIC) -- 4.3.5 Removal of H+ -- 4.3.6 What About Other Mineralizing Organisms? -- 4.4 The First Mineral: Amorphous or Crystalline? -- 4.5 Carbonic Anhydrase: A Key Enzyme -- 4.6 The Key Role of Organic Matrix -- 4.6.1 Content in OM -- 4.6.2 Synthesis of OM. , 4.6.3 Biochemical Characterization of OM -- 4.6.4 Role of OM in Calcification -- 4.6.5 Interaction of OM and Calcium Carbonate -- 4.6.6 Comparison with OM from Other Invertebrates -- 4.6.7 Conclusions -- 4.7 The Cost of Calcification -- 5 Environmental Control of Calcification -- 5.1 Light -- 5.1.1 Background History of LEC -- 5.1.2 LEC During a Daily Cycle -- 5.1.3 Controversy on LEC -- 5.1.4 Hypothesis for LEC -- LEC and Inorganic Chemistry -- LEC and Inorganic Carbon -- LEC and Supply of Ions -- LEC and Removal of Phosphates -- LEC and Organic Chemistry -- LEC and Supply of Precursors for Organic Matrix Synthesis -- LEC and Oxygen -- LEC and Supply of ATP -- LEC and Nitrogen -- 5.1.5 Paradox of LEC -- 5.1.6 Conclusion on LEC -- 5.2 Temperature -- 6 Unity and Diversity of Coral Skeletons -- 6.1 The Basic Mechanism: Fibers and Centers of Mineralization -- 6.2 Concentric Layers: Annual, Diel Patterns -- 6.3 Nanograins as Units of Mineralization? -- 7 Conclusions -- References -- Coral Calcification Under Ocean Acidification and Global Change -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 The Ecological Importance of Coral Calcification -- 1.2 Global and Local Environmental Changes and Their Effects on Coral Reef Calcification -- 1.2.1 Global Warming and Bleaching -- 1.2.2 Eutrophication -- 1.2.3 Coral Breakage by Tourism, Boating, and Fishing -- 1.2.4 Ocean Acidification -- 2 Basics of Coral Calcification Relevant to Ocean Acidification -- 2.1 Light and Dark Calcification, the Effect of the Symbiotic Algae, and the Classical Calcification Hypothesis of Goreau -- 2.2 Direct Supply of Seawater to the Biomineralization Site -- 2.3 Information from Shell Chemistry and Isotopes -- 3 Sensitivity of Corals and Coral Reefs to Changes in the Carbonate Chemistry of the Water -- 3.1 Carbonate Chemistry of Seawater and the Use of Variable Experimental Techniques. , 3.2 The Effects of Ocean Acidification on Individual Corals and the Connection to Cell- and Tissue-Level Processes -- 3.2.1 Direct Effects on Coral Calcification -- 3.2.2 Potential Effect on Symbiotic Algae -- 3.2.3 Direct Effect of CO2 -- 3.2.4 pH-Mediated Effects -- 3.2.5 Change in the Buffering Capacity -- 3.2.6 Conclusion: Origins of the Sensitivity of Corals to Ocean Acidification -- 3.3 Ocean Acidification and Coral Reefs at the Community Level -- 3.3.1 Community Calcification as a Function of Warag -- 3.3.2 CaCO3 Dissolution in Coral Reefs -- 3.4 Implications for the Future Existence of Coral Reefs -- 4 General Conclusions -- References -- Simulating and Quantifying the Environmental Influence on Coral Colony Growth and Form -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Three-Dimensional Images of Coral Colonies Obtained Using Computer Tomography Scanning -- 3 Morphometrics of Three-Dimensional Complex-Shaped Branching Colonies -- 4 The Accretive Growth Model -- 5 Comparison Between Coral Colony Morphologies and Simulated Forms -- References -- Physiological Adaptation to Symbiosis in Cnidarians -- 1 The Coral/Zooxanthella Holobiont: A Chimera? -- 2 First Adaptation: A Marine Microalgae Living in an Intracellular Medium -- 3 Second Adaptation: The Need of a Permanent Supply of CO2 for Symbiont Photosynthesis -- 4 Third Adaptation: Withstand Hyperoxia -- 4.1 High Diversity of Enzymatic Antioxidative Defense is a Consequence of Symbiosis -- 4.2 Nonenzymatic Antioxidative Mechanisms -- 5 Fourth Adaptation: Withstand Solar Radiations -- 5.1 Ultraviolet Screens -- 5.2 Host and Symbiont Pigments -- 6 Conclusion -- References -- Part IV:The Coral Reef Ecosystem: Bacteria, Zooplankton,Algae, Invertebrates, Fishes and Model -- Biogeochemistry of Nutrients -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Summary of Reviews -- 3 Nutrient Pool Sizes -- 4 Productivity -- 5 Mass Transfer. , 6 Implications of Mass Transfer and Questions Revisited.

Note: Intro -- All Flesh Is Grass -- Table of Contents -- Introduction To AL FLESH IS GRAS:PLANT-ANIMAL INTERACTIONS -- LIST OF AUTHORS AND THEIR ADDRESes -- Part 1:EVOLUTION of Plant ani malrel ation ship -- EVOLUTION OF PLANT-ANIMAL INTERACTIONS -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Evolution of the Microbial World in the Proterozoic-Early Phanerozoic -- 2.1. THE TREE OF LIFE AND LAST UNIVERSAL COMMON ANCESTOR -- 2.2. EVIDENCE FOR THE PRECURSORS OF PLANTS AND ANIMALS -- 2.3. THE EVOLUTION OF TROPHIC RELATIONS SINCE THE ARCHEAN -- 2.4. METABOLIC DIVERSIFICATION -- 3. Cellular Evolution and the Dichotomy Plants-Animals -- 3.1. THE ROLE OF SYMBIOSIS IN EVOLUTION -- 3.2. EFFECTS OF SYMBIOSIS BETWEEN AUTOTROPHSAND HETEROTROPHS -- 3.3. THE ROLE OF THE ENVIRONMENT IN COEVOLUTION -- 4. Evolution in the Cretaceous and Tertiary of the Trieste Karst -- 4.1. EXAMPLES OF PLANT-ANIMAL INTERACTIONS -- 4.2. HYPOTHETICAL ENVIRONMENTAL SCENARIOS -- 4.2.1. Low-hydrodynamism Lagoons (Inner Lagoons) -- 4.2.2. High-hydrodynamism Lagoons (Open Lagoons) -- 4.2.3. Peritidal Settings -- 4.2.4. Open Marine Settings -- 4.3. SYMBIOSIS SCENARIOS -- 5. Interaction of Plants and Animals Since the Appearance of Hominins -- 5.1. THE FIRST HOMININS -- 5.2. THE INFLUENCE OF CLIMATE -- 5.3. ISOTOPIC SIGNATURES OF PLANT-ANIMAL INTERACTIONS -- 6. Discussion and Perspectives -- 6.1. WHAT HAVE WE LEARNT SO FAR? -- 6.2. NEW PERSPECTIVES ON EVOLUTION -- 8. References -- Part 2:INSECTS INTERA CTIONS -- INTESTINAL SPIROCHETES OF TERMITES -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Detection of an Ancient Association -- 3. Morphology -- 4. Phylogeny -- 5. Properties of Isolated Spirochete Species -- 6. Microhabitats -- 7. Maintenance -- 8. Physiology -- 9. Genomics -- 10. Perspectives -- 12. References -- THE PLANT-APHID UNIVERSE -- 1. Taxonomy -- 2. Anatomy. , 3. Reproduction as a Function of Adaptation to Seasons and Climate Changes -- 4. Evolution -- 5. Relations with Ants -- 6. Mutualism with the Intracellular Bacteria Buchnera aphidicola -- 7. Relationships with Predators and Parasites -- 8. Relationship with Humans -- 8.1. DESTRUCTIVE PESTS OF AGRICULTURAL CROPS -- 8.2. BENEFITS TO HUMANS -- 9. Aphids in the Bible -- 10. Summary -- 11. References -- INSECT-PLANT INTERACTIONS: THE GALL FACTOR -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Species Richness and Patterns of Adaptive Radiation -- 3. Gall and Its Induction -- 4. Gall Initiation and Growth -- 5. Gall Shapes and Morphogenetic Responses in Plants: Examples from the Indian Subcontinent -- 6. Why Galls Develop? -- 7. Adaptations in the Plant Towards Nutrition of the Insect -- 8. Rapid Differentiation of the Nutritive Tissue and Measures of Susceptibility -- 9. Conclusion -- 10. References -- THE LEAF-CUTTING ANT-PLANT INTERACTION FROM A MICROBIAL ECOLOGY PERSPECTIVE -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Foraging Behavior of LCA -- 2.1. PREFERENCES AND PLANT SELECTION -- 2.1.1. Morphological Characteristics of Selectivity -- 2.1.2. Chemical Characteristics of Selectivity -- 2.2. FORAGING BEHAVIOR SYNTHESIS -- 3. Characteristics of the Fungus Garden -- 3.1. TAXONOMY OF THE FUNGUS -- 3.2. OTHER MICROORGANISMS OCCURRINGIN THE FUNGUS GARDEN -- 3.3. MICROORGANISM METABOLIC ROLESIN THE FUNGUS GARDEN -- 3.4. FUNGUS GARDEN SYNTHESIS -- 4. Refuse Characteristics -- 4.1. BALANCE OF NUTRIENT COMPOUNDS -- 4.2. BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY IN REFUSE MATERIAL -- 4.3. SYNTHESIS OF REFUSE CHARACTERISTICS -- 5. New Insight into the Functioning of the Plant-Fungus-Ant Interaction -- 5.1. FUNGUS CULTURING -- 5.2. END OF THE FUNGUS GARDEN -- 5.3. ECOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS -- 6. References -- Part 3:POLLINAT ION AND SEED DISPERSAL -- ANTS AS POLLINATORS OF PLANTS AND THE ROLE OF FLORAL SCENTS -- 1. Introduction. , 2. Ants as Pollinators -- 3. The Role of Floral Scents -- 4. How Common Is Ant Pollination? -- 5. Conclusions -- 6. References -- CROP POLLINATION IN MODERN AGRICULTURE -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The Economic Value of Crop Pollination -- 3. Honeybee Management for Crop Pollination -- 3.1. TIMING OF COLONY INTRODUCTION TO THE CROP -- 3.2. ATTRACTANTS -- 3.3. GENETIC BACKGROUND FOR POLLINATION EFFICIENCY -- 4. Pollination in Enclosures -- 5. Bees as Vectors of Biological Agents -- 6. Alternative Pollinators -- 7. Genetically Modified (GM) Crops -- 8. Pesticide and Pollination -- 9. Concluding Remarks -- 10. References -- BEE COGNITION AND CROP POLLINATION: PROVEN AND POTENTIAL APPLICATIONS -- 1. Benefits of Bees to Agriculture -- 2. Cognitive Ecology of Pollination -- 3. Advances in Bee Cognition -- 3.1. ODOR PERCEPTION -- 3.2. VISUAL PERCEPTION -- 3.3. OPTIMAL FORAGING THEORY -- 3.4. WEBER'S LAW -- 3.5. CONTEXT-DEPENDENT CHOICE -- 3.5.1. Background Context -- 3.5.2. Local Context -- 3.6. RISKY CHOICE -- 3.7. CROP-LOADING DECISIONS -- 3.8. COLONY-LEVEL DECISIONS -- 4. Application of Bee Cognition in Crop Pollination -- 4.1. SEQUENTIAL INTRODUCTION OF HONEY-BEE COLONIES -- 4.2. POTENTIAL APPLICATIONS -- 4.2.1. Increasing the Number of Bee Visits -- 4.2.2. Increasing Cross-pollination -- 4.2.3. Breeding of Selected Bee Lines -- 5. References -- ZOOCHORY: THE DISPERSAL OF PLANTS BY ANIMALS -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Epizoochory -- 3. Endozoochory -- 4. Synzoochory -- 5. Myrmecochory -- 6. Ornithochores - Dispersal by Birds -- 7. Human and Dispersal Plants -- 8. References -- Part 4:ANIMALS AND HUMANSINVOLVEMENT -- GRAZING LIVESTOCK, OUR CONNECTION TO GRASS: A MEDITERRANEAN INSIGHT -- 1. Domesticating Grazing Animal as Means to Collect Grass -- 2. Browsers, Grazers and What Is In Between -- 2.1. A HISTORICAL SCOPE ON FORAGING BEHAVIOR. , 2.2. FORAGING BEHAVIOR: WHY SIZE MATTERS -- 2.3. THE DAILY DILEMMA OF WHAT TO EAT -- 2.3.1. Learning the Hard Way: Individual Food Aversions -- 2.3.2. Foraging Skills: Mothers as Vectors of Foraging Cultures -- 2.3.3. More Than a Hint That Grazing Livestock Can Self-Medicate Against Parasites -- 3. What They Graze Is What They Are, and What They Are Is What We Eat -- 3.1. MILK AND CHEESE FROM GRASS, HEALTHIER? -- 3.2. FLESH FROM GRASS -- 4. Conclusions -- 5. References -- HERBIVORE-PLANT INTERACTIONS AND DESERTIFICATION IN ARID LANDS -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Herbivory - Plant Architecture -- 3. Herbivory - Plant Vigor and Mortality -- 4. Herbivory and Graminivory -- 5. Indirect Effects of Animals on Plants -- 6. References -- MICROSCOPIC IN SIZE: MACROSCOPIC IN IMPACT. DIATOM-HUMAN INTERACTIONS -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1. OVERVIEW -- 1.2. LIFE HISTORY -- 1.3. STATIC CELL WALLS AND POLYMORPHISM -- 1.4. DISTRIBUTION -- 1.5. DIVERSITY AND CLASSIFICATION -- 2. Diatoms and the Aquatic Food Chain -- 3. Diatoms and Global Carbon, Oxygen, and Silica Cycles -- 4. Poisonous Diatoms -- 5. Fossil Diatoms -- 5.1. DIATOMACEOUS EARTH -- 5.2. EVALUATING ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE -- 5.3. COMMUNITY STRUCTURE AND ECOLOGICAL REPLACEMENT -- 5.4. PALEOECOLOGY -- 6. Evolution -- 6.1. EXTINCTION -- 6.2. GIGANTISM -- 6.3. ADAPTIVE RADIATION -- 6.4. TEMPO OF EVOLUTION -- 7. Archeology -- 8. Assessment of Modern Environmental Conditions -- 9. Fuels of the Future -- 10. Nanotechnology -- 11. Forensic Sciences -- 12. References -- Part 5:PLANT DEFENSES -- BIOCHEMICAL PLANT DEFENSES AGAINST HERBIVORES -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Current Status -- 2.1. REPELLENTS -- 2.2. FEEDING DETERRENTS -- 2.3. TOXINS -- 2.4. PLANT PROTEINS INHIBITING INSECT GROWTH -- 2.5. PLANT NONPROTEIN ALLELOCHEMICALS INHIBITING INSECT GROWTH -- 2.6. GLANDULAR TRICHOME ADHESIVES. , 2.7. ALLELOCHEMICALS INDUCED BY INSECT HERBIVORY -- 3. Major Recent Developments -- 4. Future Research Foci -- 5. References -- THE XANTHIUM GENUS -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The Cocklebur (Xanthium spp.) -- 3. The Beneficial Features of Xanthium as a Medicinal Plant -- 4. Photoperiodism in Plants and Animals -- 4.1. PHOTOPERIOD IN PLANTS -- 4.2. PHOTOPERIOD AMONG ANIMALS -- 5. Summary and Conclusions -- 6. References -- Part 6:MAR INE ENVIRONMENTS -- THE DIVERSITY OF EPIZOIC DIATOMS -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Host Diversity -- 2.1. PORIFERA -- 2.2. HYDROZOANS -- 2.3. MOLLUSKS -- 2.4. ARTHROPODS -- 2.5. BRYOZOANS -- 3. Ecology -- 3.1. ABUNDANCES -- 3.2. SPECIFICITY -- 3.3. SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION -- 4. Conclusions -- 5. References -- EPIZOIC DIATOMS ON GASTROPOD SHELLS -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1. THE DIATOMS -- 1.2. EPIZOIC DIATOMS: GLASS CELLS LIVING ON WET FLESH -- 2. Diatom-Gastropod Interactions -- 2.1. GASTROPOD SHELLS AS SELECTIVE MICROENVIRONMENTS FOR DIATOM COMMUNITIES -- 2.1.1. How Substrate Complexity Influences Community Structure -- 3. Chapter's Conclusions -- 4. References -- MANAGING THE INTERACTIONS BETWEEN PLANTS AND ANIMALS IN MARINE MULTI-TROPHIC AQUACULTURE -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Aquaculture in the Tropics -- 2.1. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF SHRIMP FARMING -- 2.2. INTEGRATED MULTI-TROPHIC AQUACULTURE -- 3. Integrated Multi-trophic Aquaculture: Gracilaria cornea/Farfantepenaeus brasiliensis -- 4. Development of Integrated Multi-trophic Aquaculture:Gracilaria cornea/Sea cucumber -- 5. Conclusions -- 6. References -- MARINE MICROALGAE/CYANOBACTERIA-INVERTEBRATE SYMBIOSIS -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Scleractinia - Hard Corals -- 3. Hexacorallia - Sea Anemones -- 4. Octocorallia - Soft Corals -- 5. Mollusca, Bivalvia, Clams -- 6. Mollusca, Nudibranchs, Sea Slugs -- 7. Foraminifera -- 8. Sponges -- 9. Future -- 11. References. , THE ROLE OF RHODOLITH BEDS IN THE RECRUITMENT OF INVERTEBRATE SPECIES FROM THE SOUTHWESTERN GULF OF CALIFORNIA, MEXICO.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- Contributors -- Part I: Geology, Chemical and Physical Oceanography -- 1: The Geological Origins and Paleoceanographic History of the Mediterranean Region: Tethys to Present -- Introduction -- A Brief Synthesis of the Geological Evolution of the Mediterranean Region -- Paleoecology of Tethyan Carbonate Platforms as Trackers of Its Geological Evolution and Associated Paleoceanographic Changes -- After the Mediterranean Closure -- The Anoxic Events (Sapropels) -- References -- 2: A Channeled Shelf Fan Initiated by Flooding of the Black Sea -- Introduction -- Prior Observations -- Shelf Fan Morphology -- Seismic Stratigraphy -- Litho- and Bio-Stratigraphy -- Methods -- New Results -- Survey Area 1-2 -- Survey Area 4 -- Survey Area 3 -- Transit Line -- Discussion -- Hypothesis to Be Evaluated for the Origin of the Shelf Fan -- Lowstand River Delta -- Construction Delayed After the Initial Mediterranean Connection -- Initiated with the Entry of Mediterranean Water Coincident with a Lowstand Lake -- Examples of Other Flooding Events -- Combination of Processes -- Conclusions -- References -- 3: Past, Present and Future Patterns of the Thermohaline Circulation and Characteristic Water Masses of the Mediterranean Sea -- Introduction -- Past and Present Status of the Thermohaline Circulation -- The Open Thermohaline Cell -- Atlantic Water -- Levantine Intermediate Water -- The Closed Thermohaline Cells -- Eastern Mediterranean Deep Water -- Western Mediterranean Deep Water -- Climate Transient Events -- Eastern Mediterranean Transient -- Western Mediterranean Transition -- The Mediterranean Outflow -- Long-Term Hydrological Changes -- Future Projections of the Thermohaline Circulation -- Implications of Thermohaline Circulation and Hydrological Changes on Mediterranean Marine Ecosystems -- Summary -- References. , 4: Past, Present and Future Patterns in the Nutrient Chemistry of the Eastern Mediterranean -- Introduction -- General and Mesoscale Circulation and Changes in the Circulation -- Description of the Present Distribution of Nutrients and Dissolved Oxygen and Changes Over the Past 25 years -- Description of Typical Vertical Profiles of Nutrients and Dissolved Oxygen -- Cross Basin Distribution and How They Have Changed with Time -- Dissolved and Particulate Organic Carbon and Nutrients -- Biogeochemical and Nutrient Cycling Processes -- Processes Related to the Unusually High N:P Ratio in the EMS -- Nitrate: Phosphate Ratio in the Deep Water -- The Eastern Mediterranean as a P Starved System -- Seasonal Changes in Primary Production and Nutrient Limitation -- Is the Nutrient Uptake in the Surface Waters Redfieldian? -- Nitrogen Fixation -- Physics Induced Bio-chemical Processes -- Use of Nutrient Budgets to Define Biogeochemical Processes -- Oceanic, Terrestrial and Atmospheric Nutrient Inputs -- Changes in External Nutrient Fluxes into the EMS with Time -- Changes in the Nutrient Supply from 1950 to 2000 -- What Was the Level of Nutrient Supply Prior to Anthropogenic Inputs? -- Possible Factors Which Will Influence Future Changes in Nutrient Distribution -- Future Circulation Changes That Might Affect Nutrient Distribution -- Is the EMS Particularly Vulnerable to Climate and Environmental Change? -- References -- 5: Marine Chemosynthesis in the Mediterranean Sea -- Introduction -- Modern Mediterranean Chemosynthetic Habitats -- Hydrothermal Vents -- Cold Seeps -- Historical Legacy of Chemosynthesis -- Threats to Mediterranean Chemosynthetic Habitats -- A Call for Protecting Chemosynthetic Habitats in the Mediterranean Past and Present -- MPAs for Extant Habitats -- Geosites -- References -- Part II: Ecology: Taxa and Trophic Levels. , 6: Microbial Components -- Introduction -- Main Groups and Trophic Roles of Microbial Plankton -- Fertilization Mechanisms in the Mediterranean -- Overview of Diversity of the Main Microbial Groups -- Phytoplankton -- Temporal Distribution and Vertical Organization of Phytoplankton Biomass -- Phytoplankton Composition -- Cyanobacteria -- Diatoms (Bacillariophyceae) -- Dinoflagellates (Dinophyceae) -- Prymnesiophyceae -- Other Groups -- Generalities on Phytoplankton Community Structure and Function -- The Seasonal Succession of Phytoplankton -- Harmful Algal Blooms in the Mediterranean -- Long-Term Temporal Variability -- Viruses and Heterotrophic Microbes -- Viruses -- Heterotrophic Prokaryotes -- Heterotrophic Pico- and Nanoflagellates -- Ciliates -- Microbial and Classical Food Webs. The Example of the Catalan Sea -- References -- 7: The Mediterranean Sea - Primary Productivity -- The Past - Paleoecology: Fossil Records -- The Mediterranean Sea Today: Ecology -- The Primary Producers in the Mediterranean Sea -- Spacial Aspect of Primary Production in the Mediterranean -- Seasonal Hydrodynamics of the Water Column and Nutrient Control -- Light Control -- Future Scenarios - Ecological Effects -- References -- 8: Autochthonous Seaweeds -- Introduction: What It Is Seaweed? -- How Many Different Seaweeds Are There in the Mediterranean Sea? -- The Origin of Seaweeds in the Mediterranean Sea -- Spatial Patterns of Seaweed Richness in the Mediterranean Sea -- Potential Effects of Climatic and Non- climatic Drivers on Mediterranean Seaweeds -- Temperature and Carbon Sink -- Ocean Acidification and Photosynthetic Metabolism -- UV Radiation -- Interactive Effect of Climate Change Variables: Temperature, UV Radiation and Acidification -- Sea Level Rise -- Future Research to Evaluate the Vulnerability of the Macrophytes to Climate Change. , Present Status of Mediterranean Seaweeds Communities and Its Relation to the Ecological Status of Coastal Waters -- References -- 9: Autochthonous Seagrasses -- Introduction -- Mediterranean Seagrass Species: Distribution, Biology and Ecology -- Posidonia oceanica (Linnaeus) Delile -- Cymodocea nodosa (Ucria) Ascherson -- Zostera marina Linnaeus -- Zostera noltii Hornemann -- Disturbances in Seagrass Meadows -- Anthropogenic Non-climatic Causes -- Mechanical Habitat Destruction -- Eutrophication -- Introduced Species -- Climate Change Potential Causes -- CO2 Increase and Acidification -- Temperature -- Sea Level Rise, Coastal Erosion and Climatic Extremes -- Interaction Between Non-climatic Anthropogenic and Climatic Drivers -- Management and Conservation of Mediterranean Seagrasses -- Protection and Management Measures -- Restoration Measures -- References -- 10: Alien Benthic Algae and Seagrasses in the Mediterranean Sea and Their Connection to Global Warming -- Alien Invasion in the Mediterranean -- Alien Algae and Seagrasses in the Mediterranean Sea -- Alien Seaweeds and Their Impact in the Israeli Mediterranean -- Halophila stipulacea - An Old-Timer Invasive Alien Seagrass in the Mediterranean -- Shellfish Transfer and Alien Seaweed Invasion: A Study Case from the Gulf of Lion -- Global Warming and Alien Seaweed Introduction in the Mediterranean -- How Should We Deal with the Alien Invasion in the Mediterranean Sea? -- References -- 11: The Zooplankton -- Introduction -- The Physical Framework for Zooplankton -- Driving Mechanisms for Plankton Production -- Seasonal Patterns -- Vertical Structure -- Near-Bottom Zooplanktonic Communities -- Horizontal Distribution Patterns at the Mesoscale -- Long-Term Changes -- The Time Series at Station Point B off Villefranche-sur-Mer -- The Time Series at Station Marechiara Off Naples. , The Time Series at the Baleares Station off Mallorca -- General Remarks -- Jellyfish Blooms and Changes in Fauna -- References -- 12: Zoobenthos -- Introduction -- Environmental Gradients -- Spatial Trends and Variability -- Zoobenthic Assemblages and Communities on Hard Substrata -- Supralittoral -- Mediolittoral -- Infralittoral -- Circalittoral -- Bathyal -- Zoobenthic Assemblages and Communities on Soft-Bottoms -- Infralittoral -- Circalittoral -- Deep-Sea -- Bathyal and Abyssal -- Cold Seeps -- Ecological Strategies -- Temporal Variability -- Plankton and Benthic-Pelagic Coupling -- Algae Dominated Communities and Sea-Grass Communities -- Vagile Fauna -- Animal-Dominated Communities -- Tendencies -- Directly Man-Induced Pressures -- Fishing Activity -- Nutrient Increase -- Harvesting -- Local Impacts -- Natural and/or Indirectly Man-Induced Pressures -- Increasing Temperature -- Ocean Acidification -- Easterly Wind-Storms -- Biological Invasions -- References -- 13: Foraminifera -- Introduction -- What Are Foraminifera? -- How Foraminifera Can Be Used in Applied Science -- Ecology of Benthic Foraminifera -- The Early Works on Mediterranean Foraminifera -- The Last 30 Years of Efforts in the Study of Benthic Foraminifera -- Problems in the Sampling Methodology -- The Hard vs. Soft Shelled Foraminifera Issue -- The Last Frontier in the Study of Foraminifera -- Concluding Remarks -- References -- 14: Mediterranean Corals Through Time: From Miocene to Present -- Introduction -- Mediterranean Coral Fauna in the Miocene -- Early-Middle Miocene -- Late Miocene -- Coral Responses to a Cooling Mediterranean: From the Pliocene to the Glacial Ages -- Pliocene -- Pleistocene -- Present Coral Fauna: NE Atlantic Relict -- Corals Other than Scleractinians -- Corals as Palaeoceanographic Archives -- Biodiversity of Tomorrow -- Discussion and Final Remarks. , References.

Note: Literaturangaben

Note: Literaturangaben

Note: Formerly CIP Uk. - Includes bibliographical references and index , Coral research : past efforts and future horizons , Remote sensing of coral reef processes , Coral taxonomy and evolution , The coral triangle , Sexual reproduction of scleractinian corals , Zooxanthellae : the yellow symbionts inside animals , Light as a source of information and energy in zooxanthellate corals , Coral calcification, cells to reefs , Coral calcification under ocean acidification and global change , Simulating and quantifying the environmental influence on coral colony growth and form , Physiological adaptation to symbiosis in cnidarians , Biogeochemistry of nutrients , The role of dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) in coral biology and reef ecology , The role of plankton in coral trophodynamics , Fish or germs? : microbial dynamics associated with changing trophic structures on coral reefs , Coral reef algae , Invertebrates and their roles in coral reef ecosystems , Coral reef fishes : opportunities, challenges and concerns , Competition among sessile organisms on coral reefs , Scaling up models of the dynamics of coral reef ecosystems : an approach for science-based management of global change , The impact of climate change on coral reef ecosystems , Coral bleaching : causes and mechanisms , The potential for temperature acclimatisation of reef corals in the face of climate change , Reef bioerosion : agents and processes , Microbial diseases of corals : pathology and ecology , Coral reef diseases in the Atlantic-Caribbean , Factors determining the resilience of coral reefs to eutrophication : a review and conceptual model , The resilience of coral reefs and its implications for reef management