Anmerkung: SURGICAL ANATOMY OF THE HAND AND UPPER EXTREMITY -- CONTENTS -- CONTRIBUTING AUTHORS -- FOREWORD -- PREFACE -- SECTION I SYSTEMS ANATOMY -- SKELETAL ANATOMY -- MUSCLE ANATOMY -- APPENDIX 2.1. MUSCLES OF THE HAND AND FOREARM AND ARM: ORIGIN, INSERTION, ACTION,INNERVATION -- APPENDIX 2.2. MUSCLE COMPARTMENTS AND FASCIAL SPACES OF THEUPPER EXTREMITY -- PPENDIX 2.3. HUMAN FOREARM MUSCLE DIFFERENCE INDEX VALUES: A COMPARISON OF ARCHITECTURAL FEATURES OF SELECTEDSKELETAL MUSCLES OF THE UPPER EXTREMITY -- NERVE ANATOMY -- VASCULAR SYSTEMS -- SECTION II: REGIONAL ANATOMY -- ARM -- ELBOW -- FOREARM -- PART 1: FLEXOR FOREARM -- PART 2: EXTENSOR FOREARM -- WRIST -- HAND -- PART 1: PALMAR HAND -- PART 2: DORSAL HAND -- ANATOMIC SIGNS, SYNDROMES, TESTS, AND EPONYMS -- SUBJECT INDEX.

Anmerkung: Cover -- Contents -- Contributors -- Preface -- Chapter 1. Comparing the Properties of Neuronal Culture Systems: A Shopping Guide for the Cell Biologist -- I. Introduction -- II. Approaching Experimental Questions Using Neurons -- III. Choosing a Neuronal Culture System -- IV. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 2. Growing and Working with Peripheral Neurons -- I. Introduction -- II. Methods -- III. Cultures -- References -- Chapter 3. Dissection and Culturing of Chick Ciliary Ganglion Neurons: A System Well Suited to Synaptic Study -- I. General Introduction -- II. Materials -- III. Methods -- IV. Variations on Dissection, Dissociation, and Culturing Themes -- V. Concluding Comments -- References -- Chapter 4. The Culture of Chick Forebrain Neurons -- I. Introduction -- II. Growth and Development Characteristics -- III. Isolation of Single Chick Forebrain Neurons -- IV. Culture Conditions for Chick Forebrain Neurons -- References -- Chapter 5. Growing and Working with Spinal Motor Neurons -- I. Introduction -- II. Incubation of Fertilized Chicken Eggs -- III. Preparation of Chick Embryo -- IV. Dissection of Intact Spinal Cords and Isolation of Ventral Halves -- V. Enzymatic and Mechanical Dissociation of Intact Spinal Cords or Ventral Halves -- VI. Plating Motor Neurons Spinal Cord Neurons -- VII. Motor Neuron Enrichment by Density Gradient Centrifugation -- VIII. Experimental Use of Motor Neuron Cultures and Spinal Cord Cultures -- IX. Preparation of Solutions, Culture Dishes, Media, and Media Supplements -- References -- Chapter 6. Avian Purkinje Neuronal Cultures: Extrinsic Control of Morphology by Cell Type and Glutamate -- I. Introduction -- II. Methods and Systems -- III. Applications -- References -- Chapter 7. Culturing Hippocampal and Cortical Neurons -- I. Introduction -- II. Acquisition of Hippocampal and Cortical Neurons. , III. Short-Term Culture Methods -- IV. Long-Term Culture Methods -- V. Summary -- References -- Chapter 8. Working with Xenopus Spinal Neurons in Live Cell Culture -- I. Introduction -- II. Neuronal Labeling -- III. Culturing Xenopus Spinal Neurons -- IV. Live Cell Imaging and Manipulations -- V. Summary -- References -- Chapter 9. Culturing Neurons from the Snail Helisoma -- I. Introduction -- II. Maintaining Animals -- III. Initial Dissection -- IV. Culturing Nerve Cells -- References -- Chapter 10. The Tibial-1 Pioneer Pathway. An in Vivo Model for Neuronal Outgrowth and Guidance -- I. Introduction -- II. Development of the Tibial-1 (Ti1) Pathway -- III. Guidance of Ti1 Axons -- IV. Analysis of Axon Guidance Mechanisms in Grasshopper Procedures -- V. Laboratory Protocols -- References -- Chapter 11. Techniques to Dissect Cellular and Subcellular Function in the Drosophila Nervous System -- I. Introduction -- II. Background Sources of Information -- III. Drosophila as a Genetic Model System for Molecular Neurobiology -- IV. Biochemistry of the Drosophila Nervous System -- V. Cell Biology Techniques in the Drosophila Nervous System -- VI. Functional Analysis Techniques in the Drosophila Nervous System -- VII. Drosophila Electrophysiology -- References -- Chapter 12. PC12 Cells as a Model for Studies of Regulated Secretion in Neuronal and Endocrine Cells -- I. Introduction -- II. Propagation and Culture of PC12 Cells -- III. Studying Secretion Using PC12 Cells -- IV. Immunocytochemical Detection of Proteins in Intact and Permeable PC12 Cells -- References -- Chapter 13. B35 Neuroblastoma Cells: An Easily Transfected, Cultured Cell Model of Central Nervous System Neurons -- I. Introduction -- II. Applications Utilizing B35 and B50 Cells -- III. Protocols -- References -- Chapter 14. Live-Cell Imaging of Slow Axonal Transport in Cultured Neurons. , I. Introduction -- II. Culturing Neurons from Superior Cervical Ganglia -- III. Transfecting Neurons by Nuclear Injection -- IV. Injecting Neurons with Fluorescent Proteins -- V. Observing Movement -- VI. Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 15. Making Proteins into Drugs: Assisted Delivery of Proteins and Peptides into Living Neurons -- I. Introduction -- II. Principles -- III. Materials -- IV. Methods -- V. Conclusions and Perspectives -- References -- Chapter 16. Tranfection of Primary Central and Peripheral Nervous System Neurons by Electroporation -- I. Introduction -- II. Electroporation Theory and Principles -- III. Electroporation Protocol for Chick Primary Neurons -- IV. Rationale for Setting Electroporation Parameters -- V. Discussion -- References -- Chapter 17. Biolistic Transfection -- I. Introduction -- II. Parameters that Affect Success of the Method -- III. Factors that May Affect Performance but Have Not Been Tested -- IV. Future Developments or Improvements -- V. Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 18. Expression of Transgenes in Primary Neurons from Chick Peripheral and Central Nervous Systems by Retroviral Infection of Early Embryos -- I. Introduction -- II. Building Retroviral Vectors and Growing Functional Virus -- III. Infecting Early Chick Embryos by Injection -- IV. Dissecting Embryos and Culturing Neurons -- V. Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 19. Production and Use of Replication-Deficient Adenovirus for Transgene Expression in Neurons -- I. Introduction -- II. Preparing Adenoviral Expression Vectors -- III. Production of Adenovirus in HEK293 Cells -- IV. Purification and Storage of Adenovirus Stocks -- V. Titer Assays -- VI. Safety Issues -- VII. Infection of Primary Neurons -- VIII. Conclusions and Perspectives -- References -- Index -- Volume in Series.

Anmerkung: Cover -- Contents -- Preface to Second Edition -- Preface to First Edition -- Symbols -- Chapter 1. Introduction -- 1.1 Scope of Micrometeorology -- 1.2 Micrometeorology versus Microclimatology -- 1.3 Importance and Applications of Micrometeorology -- Problems and Exercises -- Chapter 2. Energy Budget Near the Surface -- 2.1 Energy Fluxes at an Ideal Surface -- 2.2 Energy Balance Equations -- 2.3 Energy Budgets of Bare Surfaces -- 2.4 Energy Budgets of Canopies -- 2.5 Energy Budgets of Water Surfaces -- 2.6 Applications -- Problems and Exercises -- Chapter 3. Radiation Balance Near the Surface -- 3.1 Radiation Laws and Definitions -- 3.2 Shortwave Radiation -- 3.3 Longwave Radiation -- 3.4 Radiation Balance near the Surface -- 3.5 Observations of Radiation Balance -- 3.6 Radiative Flux Divergence -- 3.7 Applications -- Problems and Exercises -- Chapter 4. Soil Temperatures and Heat Transfer -- 4.1 Surface Temperature -- 4.2 Subsurface Temperatures -- 4.3 Thermal Properties of Soils -- 4.4 Theory of Soil Heat Transfer -- 4.5 Thermal Wave Propagation in Soils -- 4.6 Measurement and Parameterization of Ground Heat Flux -- 4.7 Applications -- Problems and Exercises -- Chapter 5. Air Temperature and Humidity in the PBL -- 5.1 Factors Influencing Air Temperature and Humidity -- 5.2 Basic Thermodynamic Relations and the Energy Equation -- 5.3 Local and Nonlocal Concepts of Static Stability -- 5.4 Mixed Layers, Mixing Layers and Inversions -- 5.5 Vertical Temperature and Humidity Profiles -- 5.6 Diurnal Variations -- 5.7 Applications -- Problems and Exercises -- Chapter 6. Wind Distribution in the PBL -- 6.1 Factors Influencing Wind Distribution -- 6.2 Geostrophic and Thermal Winds -- 6.3 Friction Effects on the Balance of Forces -- 6.4 Stability Effects on the PBL Winds -- 6.5 Observed Wind Profiles -- 6.6 Diurnal Variations -- 6.7 Applications. , Problems and Exercises -- Chapter 7 An Introduction to Viscous Flows -- 7.1 Inviscid and Viscous Flows -- 7.2 Laminar and Turbulent Flows -- 7.3 Navier-Stokes Equations of Motion -- 7.4 Laminar Plane-Parallel Flows -- 7.5 Laminar Ekman Layers -- 7.6 Developing Laminar Boundary Layers -- 7.7 Heat Transfer in Laminar Flows -- 7.8 Applications -- Problems and Exercises -- Chapter 8. Fundamentals of Turbulence -- 8.1 Instability of Flow and Transition to Turbulence -- 8.2 The Generation and Maintenance of Turbulence -- 8.3 General Characteristics of Turbulence -- 8.4 Mean and Fluctuating Variables -- 8.5 Variances and Turbulent Fluxes -- 8.6 Eddies and Scales of Motion -- 8.7 Fundamental Concepts, Hypotheses, and Theories -- 8.8 Applications -- Problems and Exercises -- Chapter 9. Models and Theories of Turbulence -- 9.1 Mathematical Models of Turbulent Flows -- 9.2 Gradient-transport Theories -- 9.3 Dimensional Analysis and Similarity Theories -- 9.4 Applications -- Problems and Exercises -- Chapter 10. Near-neutral Boundary Layers -- 10.1 Velocity-profile Laws -- 10.2 Surface Roughness Parameters -- 10.3 Surface Drag and Resistance Laws -- 10.4 Turbulence -- 10.5 Applications -- Problems and Exercises -- Chapter 11. Thermally Stratified Surface Layer -- 11.1 The Monin-Obukhov Similarity Theory -- 11.2 Empirical Forms of Similarity Functions -- 11.3 Wind and Temperature Profiles -- 11.4 Drag and Heat Transfer Relations -- 11.5 Methods of Determining Momentum and Heat Fluxes -- 11.6 Applications -- Problems and Exercises -- Chapter 12. Evaporation from Homogeneous Surfaces -- 12.1 The Process of Evaporation -- 12.2 Potential Evaporation and Evapotranspiration -- 12.3 Modified Monin-Obukhov Similarity Relations -- 12.4 Micrometeorological Methods of Determining Evaporation -- 12.5 Applications -- Problems and Exercises. , Chapter 13. Stratified Atmospheric Boundary Layers -- 13.1 Types of Atmospheric Boundary Layers -- 13.2 Similarity Theories of the PBL -- 13.3 Mathematical Models of the PBL -- 13.4 Parameterization of the PBL -- 13.5 Applications -- Problems and Exercises -- Chapter 14. Nonhomogeneous Boundary Layers -- 14.1 Types of Surface Inhomogeneities -- 14.2 Step Changes in Surface Roughness -- 14.3 Step Changes in Surface Temperature -- 14.4 Air Modifications over Water Surfaces -- 14.5 Air Modifications over Urban Areas -- 14.6 Building Wakes and Street Canyon Effects -- 14.7 Other Topographical Effects -- 14.8 Applications -- Problems and Exercises -- Chapter 15. Agricultural and Forest Micrometeorology -- 15.1 Flux-profile Relations above Plant Canopies -- 15.2 Radiation Balance within Plant Canopies -- 15.3 Wind Distribution in Plant Canopies -- 15.4 Temperature and Moisture Fields -- 15.5 Turbulence in and above Plant Canopies -- 15.6 Applications -- Problems and Exercises -- References -- Index.

Anmerkung: Intro -- The Volcanoes of Mars -- Copyright -- Contents -- About the authors -- Preface -- On the cover -- Chapter 1: Introduction: Welcome to Mars! -- 1.1. Introduction -- 1.2. Learning about Mars -- 1.3. Geology -- 1.4. Volcanism -- 1.5. Plate tectonics -- 1.6. Samples from Mars -- 1.7. Chronology -- 1.8. Outline of the book -- References -- Chapter 2: Areography -- 2.1. Introduction -- 2.2. Physiography -- 2.3. Background: Martian volcanoes -- 2.4. Geologic mapping of Martian volcanoes -- 2.5. Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 3: The Tharsis Province -- 3.1. Introduction -- 3.2. Volcanic constructs -- 3.2.1. Summits -- 3.2.2. Flank morphology -- 3.3. Unique features of Olympus Mons -- 3.3.1. Basal escarpment -- 3.3.2. Aureole materials -- 3.3.3. Collapsed volcanoes -- 3.4. Central plains of Tharsis -- 3.4.1. Lava flows -- 3.4.2. Fissures and other vents -- 3.4.3. Dikes -- 3.5. Explosive volcanism? -- 3.6. The role of glaciation -- 3.6.1. Subglacial birth of Olympus Mons -- 3.6.2. Western fan deposits -- 3.6.3. Summit glaciers -- 3.7. The uniqueness of Tharsis -- 3.8. Tharsis as the source for SNC meteorites -- 3.9. Summary and conclusions -- References -- Chapter 4: The Elysium Province -- 4.1. Introduction -- 4.2. Volcanic constructs -- 4.2.1. Elysium Mons -- 4.2.2. Hecates Tholus -- 4.2.3. Albor Tholus -- 4.3. Volcanic flows -- 4.4. The role of ice -- 4.5. Recent activity -- 4.6. Unanswered questions and future studies -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 5: The Circum-Hellas Province -- 5.1. Introduction -- 5.2. Spacecraft exploration -- 5.2.1. Mariner 9 -- 5.2.2. Viking -- 5.3. Central volcanoes -- 5.3.1. Tyrrhenus Mons -- 5.3.2. Hadriacus Mons -- 5.3.3. Amphitrites and Peneus Paterae -- 5.3.4. Melae and Pityusa Paterae -- 5.4. Post-Viking geologic investigations -- 5.5. Volcanic history -- 5.6. Future research -- References. , Chapter 6: Syrtis Major and small highland volcanoes -- 6.1. Introduction -- 6.2. Regional geography and geology -- 6.3. Tectonic and volcanic history -- 6.4. Composition of Syrtis Major deposits -- 6.5. Exploration of Jezero crater -- 6.6. Small highland volcanoes -- 6.7. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 7: Medusae Fossae Formation and the northern lowlands -- 7.1. Introduction -- 7.2. Observations of MFF -- 7.3. Interpretations of MFF -- 7.4. Explosive eruptions on Mars -- 7.5. Recent studies of MFF -- 7.6. Apollinaris Mons -- 7.7. Volcanic explosions in the northern lowlands -- 7.8. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 8: Igneous composition -- 8.1. Introduction -- 8.2. Why is composition important? -- 8.3. Composition at a distance (remote sensing) -- 8.4. Composition from the Martian surface (in situ) -- 8.5. Combining orbital and surface data -- 8.6. Martian meteorites -- 8.7. Synthesis -- 8.8. What does it all mean? -- References -- Chapter 9: Lava worlds: Cosmic cousins -- 9.1. Introduction -- 9.2. Earth -- 9.3. The Moon -- 9.4. Venus -- 9.5. Mercury -- 9.6. Io -- 9.7. Asteroids and silicate volcanism -- 9.8. Cryovolcanism -- 9.9. Summary -- References -- Chapter 10: What's next? -- 10.1. Introduction -- 10.2. InSight -- 10.3. Mars 2020 ``Perseverance´´ rover (NASA) -- 10.4. ExoMars 2022 rover (ESA) -- 10.5. Other near-term Mars missions -- 10.6. Mars Sample Return (MSR) -- 10.7. Humans to Mars ( eventually ) -- 10.8. The allure of Mars -- References -- Appendix -- USGS geologic maps of Mars including Martian volcanoes -- Small-scale geologic maps (Fig. A.1) -- Mariner 9 geologic maps (1:5,000,000-scale -- subset of full series) -- Tharsis lava flow maps (1:2,000,000-scale) -- Miscellaneous and large-scale maps -- New geologic maps of Martian volcanic regions (Fig. A.2) -- Index.

Anmerkung: Intro -- Contents -- Figures and Tables -- Preface -- CHAPTER 1 Introduction -- PART I The Natural and Human Environments -- CHAPTER 2 Agriculture and Soil -- CHAPTER 3 Forests, Trees, and Floral Diversity -- CHAPTER 4 Wildlife -- CHAPTER 5 Water and Water-Related Resources -- CHAPTER 6 Sanitation and Disease- The Human Environment -- PART II Wealth and Resources -- CHAPTER 7 The Environment, Rich and Poor -- CHAPTER 8 Wealth andthe Environment Quantified -- CHAPTER 9 Sustainable Development versus Resource Multiplication -- PART III Politics and the Environment -- CHAPTER 10 Causes of Public Confusion -- CHAPTER 11 Regulations and Environmental Priorities -- CHAPTER 12 The Cultural-Environmental War -- PART IV Toward a Better Environment -- CHAPTER 13 Some Environmental Principles -- CHAPTER 14 Toward a Better World for Future Generations -- Selected Bibliography -- Index.

Anmerkung: Cover -- CONTENTS -- 1. Pressure and Its Measurement -- 2. Atmospheric and Alveolar Pressures -- 3. Hydrostatic Pressure -- 4. Doctor Dolittle Visits a Sitting Case -- 5. In the Loop-Left Ventricular Pressures -- 6. What Goes Around Comes Around-Venous Return -- 7. Pushmi-Pullyu and the Right Atrium -- 8. Pressure and Flow-Chickens and Eggs -- 9. Down But Not Out-Circulatory Arrest Pressures -- 10. Starling's Riddle of the Broken Heart -- 11. Oxygen and the Gradients of Life -- 12. The Two Doctors Fick -- 13. A Breath of Fresh Air-Ventilation -- 14. Pulmonary Function Tests -- 15. Where Breath Meets Blood-Lung Perfusion -- 16. Bird Brains and Bird Breath -- 17. Diffusion Limitation-Montana Style -- 18. Man, Machine, and Homeostasis -- 19. Putting It All Together-Manned Space Flight -- INDEX -- A -- B -- C -- D -- E -- F -- G -- H -- I -- L -- M -- N -- O -- P -- R -- S -- T -- U -- V -- W -- Z.

Anmerkung: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- Figures -- Tables -- Part IIntroduction -- 1 Introduction -- Part IIDune BasicsDune BasicsDune BasicsDune BasicsDune BasicsDune BasicsDune Basics -- 2 Sand -- 2.1…Sand Size and Shape -- 2.2…Compositional Considerations -- 3 Winds and Atmospheres -- 3.1…Atmospheres -- 3.2…The Planetary Boundary Layer -- 3.3…Planetary Wind Patterns -- 3.4…Wind Speed Statistics -- 3.5…Wind Direction: The Wind Rose -- 3.6…Turbulence -- 4 Mechanics of Sand Transport -- 4.1…Styles of Particle Motion -- 4.2…Fluid Forces on Particles -- 4.3…The Boundary Layer -- 4.4…Launching the Sand -- 4.5…Sand Grain Trajectories -- 4.6…Influence of Saltation on the Boundary Layer -- 4.7…The Saturation Length and Controls on Dune Size -- 5 Deposits of Sand: Ripples Versus Dunes -- 5.1…Flow Separation and Recirculation -- 5.2…Angle of Repose: The slip face -- 5.3…Grain Sorting -- 5.4…Dunes Versus Ripples -- 5.5…Controls on Feature Scale -- 5.6…Sedimentation and Dune Structure -- 5.7…Niveo-Aeolian Processes -- 6 Basic Types of Dunes -- 6.1…Dome -- 6.2…Barchan -- 6.3…Barchanoid Ridge -- 6.4…Transverse Ridge -- 6.5…Linear or Longitudinal (Sief) -- 6.6…Reversing -- 6.7…Star -- 7 Other Dunes and Other Sand Deposits -- 7.1…Sheet -- 7.2…Streak -- 7.3…Shadow Dune (Lee Dune) -- 7.4…Climbing Dunes (and Falling Dunes) -- 7.5…Echo Dune (Reflection Dune) -- 7.6…Lunette -- 7.7…Nebka -- 7.8…Parabolic Dune -- 7.9…Blowout Dune -- 7.10…Compound Dunes and Complex Dunes -- 8 Dune Fields, Sand Seas and Transport Pathways -- 8.1…Sand Sources and Sinks -- 8.2…Dune Stabilization -- 9 Rates of Geomorphic Change -- 9.1…The Sand Rose -- 9.2…Sand Fluxes -- 9.3…Observed Dune Migration Rates -- 9.4…Ripple Migration Rates -- 10 Booming or Singing Dunes -- Part IIIDune WorldsDune WorldsDune WorldsDune WorldsDune WorldsDune WorldsDune Worlds -- 11 Earth Dunes -- 11.1…Introduction. , 11.2…The Terrestrial Atmosphere -- 11.3…Major Deserts and Dune Fields -- 11.3.1 Sahara -- 11.3.2 Rub' al Khali -- 11.3.3 Taklamakan -- 11.3.4 Gobi/Badain Jaran -- 11.3.5 Namib -- 11.3.6 Kalahari -- 11.3.7 Atacama -- 11.3.8 Lençóis Maranhenses -- 11.3.9 Great Victoria -- 11.3.10 Simpson -- 11.3.11 Great Sand Dunes -- 11.3.12 White Sands -- 11.3.13 Bruneau -- 11.4…Snow Dunes and Megadunes -- 11.5…The Role of Vegetation in Dune Motion -- 11.6…Links Between Sand Dunes and Climate -- 12 Mars Dunes -- 12.1…Introduction -- 12.2…The Martian Atmosphere -- 12.3…Sediments on Mars -- 12.4…Types of Dunes on Mars -- 12.5…Examples of Dune Localities on Mars -- 12.6…Dunes in Relation to Topography -- 12.7…Links Between Dunes and Climate? -- 12.8…Dune and Ripple Migration -- 12.9…Future Possibilities -- 13 Titan Dunes -- 13.1…Pre-Cassini Expectations -- 13.2…Cassini Observations -- 13.3…Sand Source, Amount and Composition -- 13.4…Implications for Meteorology -- 13.5…Future Exploration of Titan -- 14 Venus Dunes -- 14.1…Introduction -- 14.2…History of Venus Exploration -- 14.3…Venus Dunes -- 14.4…Aeolian Transport Under Venus Conditions: Experiments -- 14.5…Aeolian Transport Under Venus Conditions: Theory -- 14.6…Venus Winds -- 14.7…Venus Sand -- 14.8…Future Exploration of Venus -- 15 Other Dune Worlds -- 15.1…Triton -- 15.2…Io -- Part IVDune StudiesDune StudiesDune StudiesDune StudiesDune StudiesDune StudiesDune Studies -- 16 Field Studies -- 16.1…Sand Measurements in the Field -- 16.2…Dune Shape and Structure -- 16.2.1 GPS -- 16.2.2 Imaging -- 16.2.3 Thermal Imaging -- 16.2.4 Laser Scanning -- 16.2.5 Ground Penetrating Radar -- 16.2.6 Gravity and Other Geophysical Methods -- 16.3…Measuring Wind -- 16.3.1 Cup and Propeller Anemometers -- 16.3.2 Hot Wire and Hot Film -- 16.3.3 Pitot Tubes -- 16.3.4 Ultrasound -- 16.3.5 Optical Tracer Methods. , 16.3.6 Large-Scale Tracer Methods -- 16.4…Measuring Saltation -- 16.5…Data Acquisition -- 16.6…Aeolian Abrasion -- 16.7…In Situ Spacecraft Observations -- 17 Laboratory Studies -- 17.1…Sand Studies -- 17.2…Process: Terrestrial Wind Tunnels -- 17.3…Process: Planetary Wind Tunnels -- 17.4…Water Tank Experiments -- 17.5…Abrasion Experiments -- 17.6…Avalanching and Granular Flow -- 18 Remote Sensing -- 18.1…Aerial Photography -- 18.2…Orbital Imaging -- 18.3…Thermal Imaging -- 18.4…Hyperspectral Imaging -- 18.5…Topography From Imaging -- 18.6…Radar Studies of Dunes -- 19 Numerical Models -- 19.1…Modeling the Wind -- 19.2…Modeling the Sand -- 19.3…Dynamics at the Dune and Ripple Level: Pattern Formation -- 19.4…Summary -- Part VWhy Dunes MatterWhy Dunes MatterWhy Dunes MatterWhy Dunes MatterWhy Dunes MatterWhy Dunes Matter -- 20 Dunes as Physical Systems -- 21 Dunes and Climate -- 22 Moving on Sand -- 22.1…Walking on Dunes -- 22.2…Driving on Dunes -- 22.3…Vehicles for Dune Driving -- 22.4…Getting Unstuck -- 22.5…Getting Stuck and Unstuck on Mars or Titan -- 23 Dunes and People -- 24 Fictional Dune Worlds -- 24.1…Arrakis -- 24.2…Tatooine -- Part VIConclusions -- 25 Conclusions -- References -- Index.

Anmerkung: Intro -- Introduction -- The Acoustic Wave Equation -- Sound Pressure Levels and Decibels -- The Speed of Sound in the Atmosphere -- Absorption of Sound in the Atmosphere -- Refraction of Sound in the Atmosphere -- Diffraction of Acoustic Waves in the Atmosphere -- Acoustic Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere -- See also -- Introduction -- Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Particle Properties -- Lower Troposphere -- Particle Mass -- Particle Number -- Upper Troposphere (> -- 5 km) -- See also -- Introduction -- Sampling -- Sample Collection and Analysis: Filters and Impactors -- Real-Time, -- Analysis of Aerosol Chemical Properties -- Measurement of Physical Properties -- Summary -- See also -- Introduction -- Nomenclature -- Distribution and Physical Properties -- Chemical Composition -- State of Mixture -- See also -- Introduction -- Atmospheric Particulate Matter -- Water Content of Aerosols -- Aerosol Interactions with Liquid-Phase Clouds -- Aerosol Interactions with Cold Clouds -- Effects of Anthropogenic Activities -- see also -- Introduction -- Scattering and Absorption of Light -- Effects of Surface Reflection -- Interactions with Thermal Radiation -- See also -- Introduction -- Fundamental Principles -- Instrumentation, Measurements, and Networks -- Modeling and Theory -- Manipulating Microclimates to Enhance Productivity and Reduce Risk -- Agriculture Meteorology Forecasts -- Climate Data -- Education and Training -- Future Issues -- See also -- Introduction -- Methods for Determining -- and -- River Inflow -- Climatology of -- Derived from Satellite Data -- Discussion and Conclusion -- See also -- Introduction -- The Two-Film Model of Gas Exchange -- Chemical Enhancement -- Laboratory Experiments with Wind/Wave Tanks -- Measurements of Gas Transfer Rates -- Parameterizations of Transfer Velocity -- Air-Sea Fluxes of Carbon Dioxide. , Air-Sea Fluxes of Other Gases -- see also -- Introduction -- Definition of the Fluxes -- Measuring the Fluxes -- Sources of Flux Data -- The Regional and Seasonal Variation of the Momentum Flux -- The Regional and Seasonal Variation of the Heat Fluxes -- Discussion: Accuracy of Flux Estimates and Future Trends -- See also -- Introduction -- History of SST Measurements and Applications -- Satellite SST -- SST Climatology -- Skin SST -- Measurement of Skin SST -- Summary and Conclusions -- See also -- Introduction and Definitions -- Storm Surge Equations -- Generation and Dynamics of Storm Surges -- Areas Affected by Storm Surges -- Storm Surge Prediction -- Interactions with Wind Waves -- Data Assimilation -- Related Issues -- Climate Changes Effects -- See also -- Introduction -- Wave Dynamics -- Wave Prediction -- Marine and Oceanic Surface Layers -- Air-Sea Fluxes and Surface Waves -- Air-Wave-Sea Coupled Modeling -- Turbulence Closure -- Wind-Wave-Turbulence-Current Relations -- See also -- Introduction -- Aircraft Exhaust Products -- Impacts on Carbon Dioxide and Water -- Impacts on Ozone and Methane -- Impacts on Clouds -- Impact Summary: Present and Future -- Acknowledgements -- See also -- Glossary -- Introduction -- Effects on an Aircraft -- Severity and Intensity of Icing -- Types of Icing -- Location and Frequency of Icing Conditions -- Relation of Icing to Weather Features -- Microphysical Characteristics -- Supercooled Large Droplet Icing -- Detection of Icing Conditions -- Forecasting Icing Conditions -- see also -- Glossary -- Introduction -- Axial Angular Momentum in Regions -- Global Atmospheric Angular Momentum -- Quasi-Biennial Oscillation in Atmospheric Angular Momentum and Stratospheric Winds -- ENSO Influence on Angular Momentum -- Torques Across Atmosphere's Lower Boundary. , Concurrent Changes in Atmospheric Angular Momentum and Length of Day -- Models and Historical Series of Atmospheric Angular Momentum -- Atmospheric Angular Momentum in the Equatorial Plane and Polar Motion -- see also -- Introduction -- The Antarctic Continent -- Weather Systems in the Antarctic -- The Role of Sea Ice -- The Temperature Field -- The Wind Field -- Clouds and Precipitation -- Climate Variability and Change -- Introduction -- Structure -- Dynamics -- Climatology -- Blocking -- Impact -- See also -- Introduction -- Key Physical Features -- Atmospheric Circulation -- Surface Energy Budget -- Air Temperature and Boundary Layer -- Hydrologic Budget -- Variability and Change in Arctic Climate -- Introduction -- Seasonal and Geographic Variations of the Arctic Haze and Meteorological Transport -- Chemistry of the Arctic Haze -- Optical Transparency and Climatic Effects -- Ecological Implications -- Introduction -- Migrating Solar Tides -- Nonmigrating Tides -- Lunar Tides -- See also -- Introduction -- Atmospheric Gravity Currents -- Microbursts -- Vertical Wind Shear and Gravity/Shear Waves -- Icing -- Terrain-induced Turbulence -- Thunderstorms -- Aircraft Wake Vortices -- Altimeter Errors -- Concluding Remarks -- See also -- Introduction -- An Illustrative Model -- Classical View -- Potential Vorticity View -- Normal Modes -- Nonmodal Growth -- Other Issues -- See also -- Introduction -- Relation between Beaufort Force and Wind Velocity: A Problem of Physics and Regression Interpretation -- One-Sided Regressions -- Two-Sided Regressions -- An Optimized Beaufort Equivalent Scale -- Discussion of Heights for Equivalent Wind Velocities -- Discussion of Other Scales -- Time Dependence of Beaufort Estimates -- Unresolved Issues -- Geological Sources of Carbon -- Reservoirs and Fluxes of Carbon in the Ocean-Atmosphere-Biosphere System. , Global Carbon Cycles -- Global Distribution of Carbon Dioxide -- Methane and Carbon Monoxide -- Introduction -- Sources -- Transport and Transformation -- Deposition -- Mercury -- Biogeochemical Significance of Atmospheric Transport of Trace Metals -- see also -- Introduction -- Key Atmospheric Nitrogen Compounds -- The Role of Nitrogen in Today's Atmosphere -- see also -- Glossary -- Introduction -- Sulfur -- Evolution of the Sulfur Cycle -- Volcanic Sources of Sulfur -- Marine Sulfur Sources -- Terrestrial Sulfur Sources -- Biological Sinks for Sulfur -- Anthropogenic Sulfur Sources -- Atmospheric Sulfur Chemistry -- Chemistry of Sulfur in Rain and Cloud Water -- Acidification -- Aersosol Sulfur and Climate -- Introduction -- The Stationary, Horizontally Homogeneous Atmospheric Boundary Layer Over Flat Terrain -- Eddy Structure in Boundary Layers Over Very Rough and Inhomogeneous Terrain -- Coherent Structures at the Small Scales -- Significance of Coherent Structures for Practical Problems -- See also -- Introduction -- Notation -- Changing Surface Cover -- Topography -- Summary -- see also -- Introduction -- Mean Vertical Structure -- Vertical Fluxes in the CBL -- Turbulence Structure in the CBL -- Large Eddy Structure in the CBL -- Departures from the Idealized CBL -- See also -- Introduction -- Background -- Atmospheric Boundary-Layer Structure -- Modeling -- A Diagnostic Local Mixing Parameterization -- Prognostic Mixing Parameterizations -- Non-Local Mixing Parameterizations -- Final Remarks -- See also -- Introduction -- Simplified Equations of Motion for the PBL -- Wind-Profile Laws - Scaling of the Momentum Equations -- Observations -- The Momentum Equations and the Ekman Spiral - Simple Solutions -- Introduction -- Active Remote Sensing Techniques -- Passive Remote Sensing Techniques -- See also -- Introduction. , The Atmospheric Surface Layer -- Atmospheric Sensors -- Radiation Sensors -- Types of Field Site -- Experimental Procedures -- See also -- Introduction -- Characteristics -- Solar Heating -- Air-sea Fluxes -- Langmuir Cells -- Deep Convection -- Numerical Models -- See also -- Introduction -- Theoretical Framework -- Types of Boundary Layer -- Practical Boundary Layer Models -- Summary and Challenges -- see also -- Introduction -- Basics -- Weak Stability -- Strong Stability -- Low-level Jet and Elevated Turbulence -- Mesoscale Variations -- Vegetation Canopy -- Enhanced Influence of Surface Heterogeneity -- See also -- Introduction -- Surface Layer Turbulence -- Similarity Theory and Bulk Aerodynamic Relations -- Applications of MOS Theory to Sampling of the Surface Layer -- Trace Gas Exchange -- Flux Profile Relations for Quasi-inhomogeneous Conditions -- Challenges and New Directions -- See also -- Introduction -- Bow Echoes -- Derechoes -- Bow Echo and Derecho Environments and Climatology -- Numerical and Dynamical Studies -- See also -- Introduction -- Optical Observations -- Lidar Measurements -- Image Measurements -- Interferometry, Photometry, and Spectrometry Measurements -- See also -- Introduction -- Buoyancy -- Buoyancy Waves -- see also -- Introduction -- Geological History of Atmospheric CO2 -- Controls of Modern Atmospheric CO2 -- CO2 in the Industrial Era -- Future CO2 Concentrations -- Summary -- See also -- Reaction Kinetics and Atmospheric Chemistry -- Rate Laws -- Order, Molecularity and Rate Constant -- The Arrhenius Equation -- The Theories of Elementary Gas-Phase Bimolecular Reaction Steps -- Multistep Reactions and the Stationary State Hypothesis -- Theories of Unimolecular and Termolecular Reactions -- Condensed-Phase, Surface, and Heterogeneous Reactions -- See also -- Introduction. , Hydroxyl Radical-Initiated Oxidation of Methane and Carbon Monoxide, and Ozone Chemistry in the Remote Troposphere.

Anmerkung: Terpenoids and Steroids -- Contents -- Part 1 Terpenoids -- Chapter 1 Sesquiterpenoids -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Farnesane -- 3 Bicyclofarnesane -- 4 Bisabolane, Sesquicarane -- 5 Sesquipinane, Sesquicamphane -- 6 Cuparane, Trichothecane -- 7 Chamigrane, Widdrane, Thujopsane, -- 8 Acorane, Cedrane, Carotane, Zizaane -- 9 Cadinane, Muurolane, Copaane, Cyclosesquifenchane, Sativane, Copacamphane, Picrotaxane -- 10 Himachalane, Longipinane, Longifolane -- 11 Caryophyllane, Humulane, Africane, Illudalane, Protoilludane, Hirsutane, Vellerane, Pentalane, Senoxydane -- 12 Germacrane -- 13 Elemane -- 14 Eudesmane -- 15 Vetispirane -- 16 Eremophilane, Nootkatane, Ishwarane -- 17 Guaiane, Pseudoguaiane, Seycheilane, Patchoulane -- 18 Aromadendrane, Maaliane -- 19 Miscellaneous -- Chapter 2 Diterpenoids -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Acyclic and Related Diterpenoids -- 3 Bicyclic Diterpenoids -- Labdanes -- Clerodanes -- 4 Tricyclic Diterpenoids -- Naturally Occurring Substances -- Chemistry of the Tricyclic Diterpenoids -- 5 Tetra- and Penta-cyclic Diterpenoids -- Kaurenoid Diterpenoids -- Beyerene Diterpenoids -- Atiserene Diterpenoids -- Trachylobane Diterpenoids -- Gibberellins -- Grayanotoxins -- Diterpenoid Alkaloids -- 6 Macrocyclic Diterpenoids and their Cyclization Products -- 7 Miscellaneous Diterpenoids -- 8 Diterpenoid Total Synthesis -- Chapter 3 Triterpenoids -- 1 Squalene group -- 2 Fusidane-Lanostane Group -- 3 Dammarane-Euphane Group -- Tetranortriterpenoids -- Pentanortriterpenoids -- Quassinoids -- 4 Shionane-Baccharane Group -- 5 Lupane Group -- 6 Oleanane Group -- 7 Ursane Group -- 8 Hopane Group -- 9 Stictane Group -- Chapter 4 Carotenoids and Polyterpenoids -- 1 Carotenoids -- Reviews -- New Structures and Stereochemistry -- New Carotenoid Structures -- Apocarotenoids -- New Stereochemical Assignments. , New Natural Products Related to Carotenoids -- Carotenoid\??\Protein Complexes -- Synthesis and Reactions -- Carotenoids -- Retinoids -- Degraded Carotenoids -- Physical Methods -- Separation and Assay -- N.M.R. Spectroscopy -- Mass Spectrometry -- Chiroptical Methods -- Electronic Absorption Spectroscopy -- Infrared and Resonance Raman Spectroscopy -- Other Spectroscopic Techniques -- Miscellaneous Physical Chemistry -- Photoreceptor Pigments -- Biosynthesis and Metabolism -- Stereochemistry -- Enzyme Systems -- Inhibition and Regulation -- 2 Polyterpenoids and Quinones -- Polyterpenoids -- Isoprenylated Quinones -- Chemistry -- Separation and Assay -- Biosynthesis -- Part II Steroids -- Chapter 1 Physical Methods -- 1 Structure and Conformation -- 2 N.M.R. Spectroscopy -- 3 Chiroptical Phenomena -- 4 Mass Spectrometry -- 5 Miscellaneous Physical Properties -- 6 Analytical Methods -- Immunoassay of Steroids -- Chromatography -- Miscellaneous -- Chapter 2 Steroid Reactions and Partial Syntheses -- Section A : Steroid Reactions -- 1 Alcohols and Carboxylic Acids and their Derivatives, Halides, and Epoxides -- Substitution and Epimerization -- Oxidation and Reduction -- Epoxide Ring Opening -- Ethers, Esters, and Carboxylic Acids -- 2 Unsaturated Compounds -- Electrophilic Addition -- Other Addition Reactions -- Other Reactions of Olefinic Steroids -- Aromatic Compounds -- 3 Carbonyl Compounds -- Reduction -- Other Reactions -- Reactions Involving Enols or Enolic Derivatives -- 4 Compounds of Nitrogen, Sulphur, Selenium, and Tellurium -- 5 Molecular Rearrangements -- Backbone Rearrangements and Double Bond Isomerizations -- Miscellaneous Rearrangements -- 6 Functionalization of Non-activated Positions -- 7 Photochemical Reactions -- Section B : Partial Syntheses -- 8 Cholestane Derivatives and Analogues. , 9 Vitamin D and its Metabolites and Related Compounds -- 10 Pregnanes -- 11 Androstanes and Oestranes -- 12 Cardenolides -- 13 Heterocyclic Steroids -- 14 Microbiological Oxidations -- 15 Miscellaneous Syntheses -- Errata -- Author Index.

Anmerkung: Preliminary -- Chromatiales ord. nov. -- Acidithiobacillalesord. nov. -- Xanthomonadalesord. nov. -- Cardiobacterialesord. nov. -- Thiotrichalesord. nov. -- Legionellalesord. nov. -- Methylococcalesord. nov. -- Oceanospirillalesord. nov. -- Pseudomonadales Orla-Jensen 1921, 270AL -- Alteromonadalesord. nov. -- "Vibrionales" -- Aeromonadalesord. nov. -- "Enterobacteriales" -- Pasteurellalesord. nov. -- Back matter.