Note: Cover -- Contents -- Preface to Second Edition -- Preface to First Edition -- Symbols -- Chapter 1. Introduction -- 1.1 Scope of Micrometeorology -- 1.2 Micrometeorology versus Microclimatology -- 1.3 Importance and Applications of Micrometeorology -- Problems and Exercises -- Chapter 2. Energy Budget Near the Surface -- 2.1 Energy Fluxes at an Ideal Surface -- 2.2 Energy Balance Equations -- 2.3 Energy Budgets of Bare Surfaces -- 2.4 Energy Budgets of Canopies -- 2.5 Energy Budgets of Water Surfaces -- 2.6 Applications -- Problems and Exercises -- Chapter 3. Radiation Balance Near the Surface -- 3.1 Radiation Laws and Definitions -- 3.2 Shortwave Radiation -- 3.3 Longwave Radiation -- 3.4 Radiation Balance near the Surface -- 3.5 Observations of Radiation Balance -- 3.6 Radiative Flux Divergence -- 3.7 Applications -- Problems and Exercises -- Chapter 4. Soil Temperatures and Heat Transfer -- 4.1 Surface Temperature -- 4.2 Subsurface Temperatures -- 4.3 Thermal Properties of Soils -- 4.4 Theory of Soil Heat Transfer -- 4.5 Thermal Wave Propagation in Soils -- 4.6 Measurement and Parameterization of Ground Heat Flux -- 4.7 Applications -- Problems and Exercises -- Chapter 5. Air Temperature and Humidity in the PBL -- 5.1 Factors Influencing Air Temperature and Humidity -- 5.2 Basic Thermodynamic Relations and the Energy Equation -- 5.3 Local and Nonlocal Concepts of Static Stability -- 5.4 Mixed Layers, Mixing Layers and Inversions -- 5.5 Vertical Temperature and Humidity Profiles -- 5.6 Diurnal Variations -- 5.7 Applications -- Problems and Exercises -- Chapter 6. Wind Distribution in the PBL -- 6.1 Factors Influencing Wind Distribution -- 6.2 Geostrophic and Thermal Winds -- 6.3 Friction Effects on the Balance of Forces -- 6.4 Stability Effects on the PBL Winds -- 6.5 Observed Wind Profiles -- 6.6 Diurnal Variations -- 6.7 Applications. , Problems and Exercises -- Chapter 7 An Introduction to Viscous Flows -- 7.1 Inviscid and Viscous Flows -- 7.2 Laminar and Turbulent Flows -- 7.3 Navier-Stokes Equations of Motion -- 7.4 Laminar Plane-Parallel Flows -- 7.5 Laminar Ekman Layers -- 7.6 Developing Laminar Boundary Layers -- 7.7 Heat Transfer in Laminar Flows -- 7.8 Applications -- Problems and Exercises -- Chapter 8. Fundamentals of Turbulence -- 8.1 Instability of Flow and Transition to Turbulence -- 8.2 The Generation and Maintenance of Turbulence -- 8.3 General Characteristics of Turbulence -- 8.4 Mean and Fluctuating Variables -- 8.5 Variances and Turbulent Fluxes -- 8.6 Eddies and Scales of Motion -- 8.7 Fundamental Concepts, Hypotheses, and Theories -- 8.8 Applications -- Problems and Exercises -- Chapter 9. Models and Theories of Turbulence -- 9.1 Mathematical Models of Turbulent Flows -- 9.2 Gradient-transport Theories -- 9.3 Dimensional Analysis and Similarity Theories -- 9.4 Applications -- Problems and Exercises -- Chapter 10. Near-neutral Boundary Layers -- 10.1 Velocity-profile Laws -- 10.2 Surface Roughness Parameters -- 10.3 Surface Drag and Resistance Laws -- 10.4 Turbulence -- 10.5 Applications -- Problems and Exercises -- Chapter 11. Thermally Stratified Surface Layer -- 11.1 The Monin-Obukhov Similarity Theory -- 11.2 Empirical Forms of Similarity Functions -- 11.3 Wind and Temperature Profiles -- 11.4 Drag and Heat Transfer Relations -- 11.5 Methods of Determining Momentum and Heat Fluxes -- 11.6 Applications -- Problems and Exercises -- Chapter 12. Evaporation from Homogeneous Surfaces -- 12.1 The Process of Evaporation -- 12.2 Potential Evaporation and Evapotranspiration -- 12.3 Modified Monin-Obukhov Similarity Relations -- 12.4 Micrometeorological Methods of Determining Evaporation -- 12.5 Applications -- Problems and Exercises. , Chapter 13. Stratified Atmospheric Boundary Layers -- 13.1 Types of Atmospheric Boundary Layers -- 13.2 Similarity Theories of the PBL -- 13.3 Mathematical Models of the PBL -- 13.4 Parameterization of the PBL -- 13.5 Applications -- Problems and Exercises -- Chapter 14. Nonhomogeneous Boundary Layers -- 14.1 Types of Surface Inhomogeneities -- 14.2 Step Changes in Surface Roughness -- 14.3 Step Changes in Surface Temperature -- 14.4 Air Modifications over Water Surfaces -- 14.5 Air Modifications over Urban Areas -- 14.6 Building Wakes and Street Canyon Effects -- 14.7 Other Topographical Effects -- 14.8 Applications -- Problems and Exercises -- Chapter 15. Agricultural and Forest Micrometeorology -- 15.1 Flux-profile Relations above Plant Canopies -- 15.2 Radiation Balance within Plant Canopies -- 15.3 Wind Distribution in Plant Canopies -- 15.4 Temperature and Moisture Fields -- 15.5 Turbulence in and above Plant Canopies -- 15.6 Applications -- Problems and Exercises -- References -- Index.

Note: Intro -- Introduction -- The Acoustic Wave Equation -- Sound Pressure Levels and Decibels -- The Speed of Sound in the Atmosphere -- Absorption of Sound in the Atmosphere -- Refraction of Sound in the Atmosphere -- Diffraction of Acoustic Waves in the Atmosphere -- Acoustic Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere -- See also -- Introduction -- Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Particle Properties -- Lower Troposphere -- Particle Mass -- Particle Number -- Upper Troposphere (> -- 5 km) -- See also -- Introduction -- Sampling -- Sample Collection and Analysis: Filters and Impactors -- Real-Time, -- Analysis of Aerosol Chemical Properties -- Measurement of Physical Properties -- Summary -- See also -- Introduction -- Nomenclature -- Distribution and Physical Properties -- Chemical Composition -- State of Mixture -- See also -- Introduction -- Atmospheric Particulate Matter -- Water Content of Aerosols -- Aerosol Interactions with Liquid-Phase Clouds -- Aerosol Interactions with Cold Clouds -- Effects of Anthropogenic Activities -- see also -- Introduction -- Scattering and Absorption of Light -- Effects of Surface Reflection -- Interactions with Thermal Radiation -- See also -- Introduction -- Fundamental Principles -- Instrumentation, Measurements, and Networks -- Modeling and Theory -- Manipulating Microclimates to Enhance Productivity and Reduce Risk -- Agriculture Meteorology Forecasts -- Climate Data -- Education and Training -- Future Issues -- See also -- Introduction -- Methods for Determining -- and -- River Inflow -- Climatology of -- Derived from Satellite Data -- Discussion and Conclusion -- See also -- Introduction -- The Two-Film Model of Gas Exchange -- Chemical Enhancement -- Laboratory Experiments with Wind/Wave Tanks -- Measurements of Gas Transfer Rates -- Parameterizations of Transfer Velocity -- Air-Sea Fluxes of Carbon Dioxide. , Air-Sea Fluxes of Other Gases -- see also -- Introduction -- Definition of the Fluxes -- Measuring the Fluxes -- Sources of Flux Data -- The Regional and Seasonal Variation of the Momentum Flux -- The Regional and Seasonal Variation of the Heat Fluxes -- Discussion: Accuracy of Flux Estimates and Future Trends -- See also -- Introduction -- History of SST Measurements and Applications -- Satellite SST -- SST Climatology -- Skin SST -- Measurement of Skin SST -- Summary and Conclusions -- See also -- Introduction and Definitions -- Storm Surge Equations -- Generation and Dynamics of Storm Surges -- Areas Affected by Storm Surges -- Storm Surge Prediction -- Interactions with Wind Waves -- Data Assimilation -- Related Issues -- Climate Changes Effects -- See also -- Introduction -- Wave Dynamics -- Wave Prediction -- Marine and Oceanic Surface Layers -- Air-Sea Fluxes and Surface Waves -- Air-Wave-Sea Coupled Modeling -- Turbulence Closure -- Wind-Wave-Turbulence-Current Relations -- See also -- Introduction -- Aircraft Exhaust Products -- Impacts on Carbon Dioxide and Water -- Impacts on Ozone and Methane -- Impacts on Clouds -- Impact Summary: Present and Future -- Acknowledgements -- See also -- Glossary -- Introduction -- Effects on an Aircraft -- Severity and Intensity of Icing -- Types of Icing -- Location and Frequency of Icing Conditions -- Relation of Icing to Weather Features -- Microphysical Characteristics -- Supercooled Large Droplet Icing -- Detection of Icing Conditions -- Forecasting Icing Conditions -- see also -- Glossary -- Introduction -- Axial Angular Momentum in Regions -- Global Atmospheric Angular Momentum -- Quasi-Biennial Oscillation in Atmospheric Angular Momentum and Stratospheric Winds -- ENSO Influence on Angular Momentum -- Torques Across Atmosphere's Lower Boundary. , Concurrent Changes in Atmospheric Angular Momentum and Length of Day -- Models and Historical Series of Atmospheric Angular Momentum -- Atmospheric Angular Momentum in the Equatorial Plane and Polar Motion -- see also -- Introduction -- The Antarctic Continent -- Weather Systems in the Antarctic -- The Role of Sea Ice -- The Temperature Field -- The Wind Field -- Clouds and Precipitation -- Climate Variability and Change -- Introduction -- Structure -- Dynamics -- Climatology -- Blocking -- Impact -- See also -- Introduction -- Key Physical Features -- Atmospheric Circulation -- Surface Energy Budget -- Air Temperature and Boundary Layer -- Hydrologic Budget -- Variability and Change in Arctic Climate -- Introduction -- Seasonal and Geographic Variations of the Arctic Haze and Meteorological Transport -- Chemistry of the Arctic Haze -- Optical Transparency and Climatic Effects -- Ecological Implications -- Introduction -- Migrating Solar Tides -- Nonmigrating Tides -- Lunar Tides -- See also -- Introduction -- Atmospheric Gravity Currents -- Microbursts -- Vertical Wind Shear and Gravity/Shear Waves -- Icing -- Terrain-induced Turbulence -- Thunderstorms -- Aircraft Wake Vortices -- Altimeter Errors -- Concluding Remarks -- See also -- Introduction -- An Illustrative Model -- Classical View -- Potential Vorticity View -- Normal Modes -- Nonmodal Growth -- Other Issues -- See also -- Introduction -- Relation between Beaufort Force and Wind Velocity: A Problem of Physics and Regression Interpretation -- One-Sided Regressions -- Two-Sided Regressions -- An Optimized Beaufort Equivalent Scale -- Discussion of Heights for Equivalent Wind Velocities -- Discussion of Other Scales -- Time Dependence of Beaufort Estimates -- Unresolved Issues -- Geological Sources of Carbon -- Reservoirs and Fluxes of Carbon in the Ocean-Atmosphere-Biosphere System. , Global Carbon Cycles -- Global Distribution of Carbon Dioxide -- Methane and Carbon Monoxide -- Introduction -- Sources -- Transport and Transformation -- Deposition -- Mercury -- Biogeochemical Significance of Atmospheric Transport of Trace Metals -- see also -- Introduction -- Key Atmospheric Nitrogen Compounds -- The Role of Nitrogen in Today's Atmosphere -- see also -- Glossary -- Introduction -- Sulfur -- Evolution of the Sulfur Cycle -- Volcanic Sources of Sulfur -- Marine Sulfur Sources -- Terrestrial Sulfur Sources -- Biological Sinks for Sulfur -- Anthropogenic Sulfur Sources -- Atmospheric Sulfur Chemistry -- Chemistry of Sulfur in Rain and Cloud Water -- Acidification -- Aersosol Sulfur and Climate -- Introduction -- The Stationary, Horizontally Homogeneous Atmospheric Boundary Layer Over Flat Terrain -- Eddy Structure in Boundary Layers Over Very Rough and Inhomogeneous Terrain -- Coherent Structures at the Small Scales -- Significance of Coherent Structures for Practical Problems -- See also -- Introduction -- Notation -- Changing Surface Cover -- Topography -- Summary -- see also -- Introduction -- Mean Vertical Structure -- Vertical Fluxes in the CBL -- Turbulence Structure in the CBL -- Large Eddy Structure in the CBL -- Departures from the Idealized CBL -- See also -- Introduction -- Background -- Atmospheric Boundary-Layer Structure -- Modeling -- A Diagnostic Local Mixing Parameterization -- Prognostic Mixing Parameterizations -- Non-Local Mixing Parameterizations -- Final Remarks -- See also -- Introduction -- Simplified Equations of Motion for the PBL -- Wind-Profile Laws - Scaling of the Momentum Equations -- Observations -- The Momentum Equations and the Ekman Spiral - Simple Solutions -- Introduction -- Active Remote Sensing Techniques -- Passive Remote Sensing Techniques -- See also -- Introduction. , The Atmospheric Surface Layer -- Atmospheric Sensors -- Radiation Sensors -- Types of Field Site -- Experimental Procedures -- See also -- Introduction -- Characteristics -- Solar Heating -- Air-sea Fluxes -- Langmuir Cells -- Deep Convection -- Numerical Models -- See also -- Introduction -- Theoretical Framework -- Types of Boundary Layer -- Practical Boundary Layer Models -- Summary and Challenges -- see also -- Introduction -- Basics -- Weak Stability -- Strong Stability -- Low-level Jet and Elevated Turbulence -- Mesoscale Variations -- Vegetation Canopy -- Enhanced Influence of Surface Heterogeneity -- See also -- Introduction -- Surface Layer Turbulence -- Similarity Theory and Bulk Aerodynamic Relations -- Applications of MOS Theory to Sampling of the Surface Layer -- Trace Gas Exchange -- Flux Profile Relations for Quasi-inhomogeneous Conditions -- Challenges and New Directions -- See also -- Introduction -- Bow Echoes -- Derechoes -- Bow Echo and Derecho Environments and Climatology -- Numerical and Dynamical Studies -- See also -- Introduction -- Optical Observations -- Lidar Measurements -- Image Measurements -- Interferometry, Photometry, and Spectrometry Measurements -- See also -- Introduction -- Buoyancy -- Buoyancy Waves -- see also -- Introduction -- Geological History of Atmospheric CO2 -- Controls of Modern Atmospheric CO2 -- CO2 in the Industrial Era -- Future CO2 Concentrations -- Summary -- See also -- Reaction Kinetics and Atmospheric Chemistry -- Rate Laws -- Order, Molecularity and Rate Constant -- The Arrhenius Equation -- The Theories of Elementary Gas-Phase Bimolecular Reaction Steps -- Multistep Reactions and the Stationary State Hypothesis -- Theories of Unimolecular and Termolecular Reactions -- Condensed-Phase, Surface, and Heterogeneous Reactions -- See also -- Introduction. , Hydroxyl Radical-Initiated Oxidation of Methane and Carbon Monoxide, and Ozone Chemistry in the Remote Troposphere.

Note: Front Cover -- El Niño, La Niña, and the Southern Oscillation -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Preface -- Introduction -- Chapter 1. The Southern Oscillation: Variability of the Tropical Atmosphere -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 The Seasonal Cycle -- 1.3 Interannual Variability -- 1.4 A "Composite" El Niño -- 1.5 El Niño of 1982-1983 -- 1.6 Interannual Variability in the Atlantic Sector -- 1.7 Teleconnections -- 1.8 Intraseasonal Fluctuations -- Notes -- Chapter 2. Oceanic Variability in the Tropics -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Mean Conditions -- 2.3 The Seasonal Cycle -- 2.4 Interannual Variability -- 2.5 The Atlantic Ocean -- 2.6 The Indian Ocean -- 2.7 Instabilities -- 2.8 Mixing Processes -- Notes -- Chapter 3. Oceanic Adjustment: I -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 The Shallow-Water Model -- 3.3 The Equatorial Jet -- 3.4 Waves -- 3.5 Generation of Sverdrup Flow -- 3.6 Equatorial Adjustment -- 3.7 Response to Remote Forcing -- 3.8 The Effects of Dissipation -- 3.9 The Effects of Mean Currents -- 3.10 Instabilities -- 3.11 Discussion -- Notes -- Chapter 4. Oceanic Adjustment: II -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 A Continuously Stratified Model -- 4.3 Vertically Standing Modes -- 4.4 Vertically Propagating Waves -- 4.5 Equatorial Surface Jets -- 4.6 The Equatorial Undercurrent -- 4.7 Response to Time-Dependent Forcing -- 4.8 The Response to Cross-Equatorial Winds -- 4.9 General Circulation Models of the Ocean -- Notes -- Chapter 5. Models of the Tropical Atmosphere -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Waves -- 5.3 The Response to Steady Heating -- 5.4 Convection in the Tropics -- 5.5 The Atmospheric Response to Sea Surface Temperature Variations -- 5.6 General Circulation Models of the Atmosphere -- Notes -- Chapter 6. Interactions between the Ocean and Atmosphere -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Unstable Interactions -- 6.3 The Irregularity of the Southern Oscillation. , 6.4 Statistical Predictions -- 6.5 Dynamical Predictions -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- International Geophysics Series.

Note: Cover -- Contents -- Preface -- Chapter 1. Geomagnetism and Paleomagnetism -- 1.1 Geomagnetism -- 1.2 Paleomagnetism -- Chapter 2. Rock Magnetism -- 2.1 Basic Principles of Magnetism -- 2.2 Magnetic Minerals in Rocks -- 2.3 Physical Theory of Rock Magnetism -- Chapter 3. Methods and Techniques -- 3.1 Sampling and Measurement -- 3.2 Statistical Methods -- 3.3 Field Tests for Stability -- 3.4 Laboratory Methods and Applications -- 3.5 Identification of Magnetic Minerals and Grain Sizes -- Chapter 4. Magnetic Field Reversals -- 4.1 Evidence for Field Reversal -- 4.2 The Geomagnetic Polarity Time Scale -- 4.3 Magnetostratigraphy -- 4.4 Polarity Transitions -- 4.5 Analysis of Reversal Sequences -- Chapter 5. Oceanic Paleomagnetism -- 5.1 Marine Magnetic Anomalies -- 5.2 Modeling Marine Magnetic Anomalies -- 5.3 Analyzing Older Magnetic Anomalies -- 5.4 Paleomagnetic Poles for Oceanic Plates -- 5.5 Evolution of Oceanic Plates -- Chapter 6. Continental Paleomagnetism -- 6.1 Analyzing Continental Data -- 6.2 Data Selection and Reliability Criteria -- 6.3 Testing the Geocentric Axial Dipole Model -- 6.4 Apparent Polar Wander -- 6.5 Phanerozoic APWPs for the Major Blocks -- Chapter 7. Paleomagnetism and Plate Tectonics -- 7.1 Plate Motions and Paleomagnetic Poles -- 7.2 Phanerozoic Supercontinents -- 7.3 Displaced Terranes -- 7.4 Rodinia and the Precambrian -- 7.5 Non-Plate Tectonic Hypotheses -- References -- Index -- International Geophysics Series -- Color Plate Section.

Note: Front Cover -- Earthquake Thermodynamics and Phase Transformations in the Earth's Interior -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Contributors -- Preface -- Introduction -- PART I: THERMODYNAMICS AND PHASE TRANSFORMATIONS IN THE EARTH'S INTERIOR -- Chapter 1. The Composition of the Earth -- 1.1 Structure of the Earth -- 1.2 Chemical Constraints -- 1.3 Early Evolution of the Earth -- References -- Chapter 2. Thermodynamics of Chaos and Fractals Applied: Evolution of the Earth and Phase Transformations -- 2.1 Evolution of the Universe -- 2.2 Evolution of the Earth -- 2.3 Evolution Equations and Nonlinear Mappings -- 2.4 Strange Attractors -- 2.5 Examples of Maps -- 2.6 Concept of Temperature in Chaos Theory -- 2.7 Static and Dynamic States -- 2.8 Measures of Entropy and Information -- 2.9 The Lyapounov Exponents -- 2.10 Entropy Production -- 2.11 Entropy Budget of the Earth -- 2.12 The Evolution Criterion -- 2.13 The Driving Force of Evolution -- 2.14 Self-Organization Processes in Galaxies -- 2.15 Fractals -- 2.16 Thermodynamics of Multifractals -- 2.17 The Fractal Properties of Elastic Waves -- 2.18 Random Walk of Dislocations -- 2.19 Chaos in Phase Transformations -- 2.20 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 3. Nonequilibrium Thermodynamics of Nonhydrostatically Stressed Solids -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Review of Hydrostatic Thermodynamics -- 3.3 Conservation Equations -- 3.4 Constitutive Assumptions -- 3.5 Chemical Potential in Stress Fields -- 3.6 Driving Force of Diffusion and Phase Transition -- 3.7 Phase Equilibria under Stress -- 3.8 Flow Laws of Diffusional Creeps -- 3.9 Summary -- References -- Chapter 4. Experiments on Soret Diffusion Applied to Core Dynamics -- 4.1 Review of Experiments Simulating the Core-Mantle Interactions -- 4.2 Experiments on Soret Diffusion -- 4.3 Thermodynamic Modeling of the Core-Mantle Interactions. , 4.4 Concluding Discussion -- References -- PART II: STRESS EVOLUTION AND THEORY OF CONTINUOUS DISTRIBUTION OF SELF-DEFORMATION NUCLEI -- Chapter 5. Deformation Dynamics: Continuum with Self-Deformation Nuclei -- 5.1 Self-Strain Nuclei and Compatibility Conditions -- 5.2 Deformation Measures -- 5.3 Thermal Nuclei -- 5.4 Thermal Nuclei and Dislocations in 2D -- 5.5 Defect Densities and Sources of Incompatibility -- 5.6 Geometrical Objects -- 5.7 Constitutive Relations -- 5.8 Constitutive Laws for Bodies with the Electric-Stress Nuclei -- References -- Chapter 6. Evolution, Propagation, and Diffusion of Dislocation Fields -- 6.1 Dislocation Density Flow -- 6.2 Dislocation-Stress Relations -- 6.3 Propagation and Flow Equations for the Dislocation-Related Stress Field -- 6.4 Splitting the Stress Motion Equation into Seismic Wave and Fault-Related Fields -- 6.5 Evolution of Dislocation Fields: Problem of Earthquake Prediction -- References -- Chapter 7. Statistical Theory of Dislocations -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Dynamics and Statistics of Discrete Defects -- 7.3 The Field Equations -- 7.4 Field Equations of Interacting Continua -- 7.5 Approximate Solutions (Multiscale Method) in the One-Dimensional Case -- 7.6 Continuous Distributions of Vacancies -- References -- PART III: EARTHQUAKE THERMODYNAMICS AND FRACTURE PROCESSES -- Chapter 8. Thermodynamics of Point Defects -- 8.1 Formation of Vacancies -- 8.2 Formation of Other Point Defects -- 8.3 Thermodynamics of the Specific Heat -- 8.4 Self-Diffusion -- 8.5 Relation of the Defect Parameters with Bulk Properties -- References -- Chapter 9. Thermodynamics of Line Defects and Earthquake Thermodynamics -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Dislocation Superlattice -- 9.3 Equilibrium Distribution of Vacant Dislocations -- 9.4 Thermodynamic Functions Related to Superlattice -- 9.5 Gibbs Free Energy -- 9.6 The CμλΛ2 Model. , 9.7 Earthquake Thermodynamics -- 9.8 Premonitory and Earthquake Fracture Theory -- 9.9 Discussion -- References -- Chapter 10. Shear Band Thermodynamic Model of Fracturing -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Jogs and Kinks -- 10.3 Shear Band Model -- 10.4 Energy Release and Stresses -- 10.5 Source Thickness and Seismic Efficiency -- 10.6 Shear and Tensile Band Model: Mining Shocks and Icequakes -- 10.7 Results for Earthquakes, Mine Shocks, and Icequakes -- 10.8 Discussion -- References -- Chapter 11. Energy Budget of Earthquakes and Seismic Efficiency -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Energy Budget of Earthquakes -- 11.3 Stress on a Fault Plane -- 11.4 Seismic Moment and Radiated Energy -- 11.5 Seismic Efficiency and Radiation Efficiency -- 11.6 Relation between Efficiency and Rupture Speed -- 11.7 Efficiency of Shallow Earthquakes -- 11.8 Deep-Focus Earthquakes -- References -- Chapter 12. Coarse-Grained Models and Simulations for Nucleation, Growth, and Arrest of Earthquakes -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Physical Picture -- 12.3 Two Models for Mainshocks -- 12.4 Consequences, Predictions, and Observational Tests -- 12.5 Final Remarks -- References -- Chapter 13. Thermodynamics of Fault Slip -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Fault Entropy -- 13.3 Physical Interpretation -- 13.4 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 14. Mechanochemistry: A Hypothesis for Shallow Earthquakes -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Strain, Stress, and Heat Flow Paradoxes -- 14.3 Chemistry: Mineral Alteration and Chemical Transformation -- 14.4 Dynamics: Explosive Release of Chemical Energy -- 14.5 Dynamics: The Genuine Rupture -- 14.6 Consequences and Predictions -- Appendix 1: Explosive Shock Neglecting Electric Effects -- Appendix 2: Elastic-Electric Coupled Wave -- Appendix 3: Structural Shock Including Electric Effects -- References. , Chapter 15. The Anticrack Mechanism of High-Pressure Faulting: Summary of Experimental Observations and Geophysical Implications -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 New Results -- 15.3 Discussion -- References -- Chapter 16. Anticrack-Associated Faulting and Superplastic Flow in Deep Subduction Zones -- 16.1 Introduction -- 16.2 Antidislocations -- 16.3 Anticrack Formation -- 16.4 Anticrack Development and Faulting -- 16.5 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 17. Chaos and Stability in the Earthquake Source -- 17.1 Introduction -- 17.2 Types of Lattice Defects in the Earthquake Source -- 17.3 Chaos in the Earthquake Source: Observational Evidence -- 17.4 Modeling the Defect Interactions -- 17.5 Stability -- 17.6 Statistical Approach -- 17.7 Concluding Discussion -- References -- Chapter 18. Micromorphic Continuum and Fractal Properties of Faults and Earthquakes -- 18.1 Introduction -- 18.2 Micromorphic Continuum -- 18.3 Rotational Effects at the Epicenter Zones -- 18.4 Equation of Equilibrium in Terms of Displacements: Navier Equation and Laplace Equations -- 18.5 Propagation of Deformation along Elastic Plate Boundaries Overlying a Viscoelastic Foundation: Macroscale Governing Equation -- 18.6 Navier Equation, Laplace Field, and Fractal Pattern Formation of Fracturing -- 18.7 Size Distributions of Fractures in the Lithosphere -- 18.8 Relationship between Two Fractal Dimensions -- 18.9 Application of Scaling Laws to Crustal Deformations -- 18.10 Discussion -- References -- Chapter 19. Physical and Chemical Properties Related to Defect Structure of Oxides and Silicates Doped with Water and Carbon Dioxide -- 19.1 Introduction -- 19.2 General Properties of Magnesium and Other Metal Oxides -- 19.3 Symbols and Classification of Defects in Magnesium Oxide -- 19.4 Hydrogen and Peroxy Group Formation -- 19.5 Atomic Carbon in MgO Crystals. , 19.6 Dissolution of CO2 in MgO -- 19.7 Dissolution of O2 in MgO -- 19.8 Mechanism of Water Dissolution in Minerals -- 19.9 Formation of Peroxy Ions and Positive Holes in Silicates -- References -- PART IV: ELECTRIC AND MAGNETIC FIELDS RELATED TO DEFECT DYNAMICS -- Chapter 20. Electric Polarization Related to Defects and Transmission of the Related Signals -- 20.1 Generation of Electric Signals in Ionic Crystals -- 20.2 Analytical Calculations for the Transmission of Electric Signals -- 20.3 Numerical Calculations -- 20.4 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 21. Laboratory Investigation of the Electric Signals Preceding the Fracture of Crystalline Insulators -- 21.1 Introduction -- 21.2 Experimental Setup -- 21.3 Results -- 21.4 Interpretation -- 21.5 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 22. Diffusion and Desorption of O- Radicals: Anomalies of Electric Field, Electric Conductivity, and Magnetic Susceptibility as Related to Earthquake Processes -- 22.1 Introduction -- 22.2 Water Dissolved in the Earth's Mantle -- 22.3 Emission of O- Radicals -- 22.4 Hole Electric Current and Conductivity Anomalies -- 22.5 Earthquake-Related Effects -- 22.6 Paramagnetic Anomaly -- 22.7 Diffusion of O° and Other Charge Carriers -- References -- Chapter 23. Electric and Electromagnetic Fields Related to Earthquake Formation -- 23.1 Introduction -- 23.2 Charged Dislocations and Thermodynamic Equilibrium of Charges -- 23.3 Electric Field Caused by Polarization and Motion of Charge Carriers -- 23.4 Dipole Moments and Electromagnetic Field Radiation -- 23.5 Simulations of Electric Current Generation and of Electromagnetic Fields -- 23.6 Discussion -- References -- Chapter 24. Tectono- and Chemicomagnetic Effects in Tectonically Active Regions -- 24.1 Introduction -- 24.2 Finslerian Continuum Mechanics for Magnetic Material Bodies. , 24.3 Reversible Modeling for Piezomagnetization.

Note: Cover -- Contents -- Preface -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1 THE ATMOSPHERIC CONTINUUM -- 1.2 PHYSICAL DIMENSIONS AND UNITS -- 1.3 SCALE ANALYSIS -- 1.4 FUNDAMENTAL FORCES -- 1.4.1 Pressure Gradient Force -- 1.4.2 Gravitational Force -- 1.4.3 Viscous Force -- 1.5 NONINERTIALREFERENCEFRAMESANDAPPARENTŽ FORCES -- 1.5.1 Centripetal Acceleration and Centrifugal Force -- 1.5.2 Gravity Force -- 1.5.3 The Coriolis Force and the Curvature Effect -- 1.5.4 Constant Angular Momentum Oscillations -- 1.6 STRUCTURE OF THE STATIC ATMOSPHERE -- 1.6.1 The Hydrostatic Equation -- 1.6.2 Pressure as a Vertical Coordinate -- 1.6.3 A Generalized Vertical Coordinate -- PROBLEMS 1 -- MATLAB EXERCISES 1 -- Suggested References 1 -- 2. Basic Conservation Laws -- 2.1 TOTAL DIFFERENTIATION -- 2.1.1 Total Differentiation of a Vector in a Rotating System -- 2.2 THE VECTORIAL FORM OF THE MOMENTUM EQUATION IN ROTATING COORDINATES -- 2.3 COMPONENT EQUATIONS IN SPHERICAL COORDINATES -- 2.4 SCALE ANALYSIS OF THE EQUATIONS OF MOTION -- 2.4.1 Geostrophic Approximation and GeostrophicWind -- 2.4.2 Approximate Prognostic Equations -- the Rossby Number -- 2.4.3 The Hydrostatic Approximation -- 2.5 THE CONTINUITY EQUATION -- 2.5.1 An Eulerian Derivation -- 2.5.2 A Lagrangian Derivation -- 2.5.3 Scale Analysis of the Continuity Equation -- 2.6 THE THERMODYNAMIC ENERGY EQUATION -- 2.7 THERMODYNAMICS OF THE DRY ATMOSPHERE -- 2.7.1 Potential Temperature -- 2.7.2 The Adiabatic Lapse Rate -- 2.7.3 Static Stability -- 2.7.4 Scale Analysis of the Thermodynamic Energy Equation -- PROBLEMS 2 -- MATLAB EXERCISES 2 -- Suggested References 2 -- 3. Elementary Applications of the Basic Equations -- 3.1 BASIC EQUATIONS IN ISOBARIC COORDINATES -- 3.1.1 The Horizontal Momentum Equation -- 3.1.2 The Continuity Equation -- 3.1.3 The Thermodynamic Energy Equation -- 3.2 BALANCED FLOW -- 3.2.1 Natural Coordinates. , 3.2.2 Geostrophic Flow -- 3.2.3 Inertial Flow -- 3.2.4 Cyclostrophic Flow -- 3.2.5 The GradientWind Approximation -- 3.3 TRAJECTORIES AND STREAMLINES -- 3.4 THE THERMAL WIND -- 3.4.1 Barotropic and Baroclinic Atmospheres -- 3.5 VERTICAL MOTION -- 3.5.1 The Kinematic Method -- 3.5.2 The Adiabatic Method -- 3.6 SURFACE PRESSURE TENDENCY -- PROBLEMS 3 -- MATLAB EXERCISES 3 -- 4. Circulation and Vorticity -- 4.1 THE CIRCULATION THEOREM -- 4.2 VORTICITY -- 4.2.1 Vorticity in Natural Coordinates -- 4.3 POTENTIAL VORTICITY -- 4.4 THE VORTICITY EQUATION -- 4.4.1 Cartesian Coordinate Form -- 4.4.2 The Vorticity Equation in Isobaric Coordinates -- 4.4.3 Scale Analysis of the Vorticity Equation -- 4.5 VORTICITY IN BAROTROPIC FLUIDS -- 4.5.1 The Barotropic (Rossby) Potential Vorticity Equation -- 4.5.2 The Barotropic Vorticity Equation -- 4.6 THEBAROCLINIC (ERTEL) POTENTIALVORTICITYEQUATION -- 4.6.1 Equations of Motion in Isentropic Coordinates -- 4.6.2 The Potential Vorticity Equation -- 4.6.3 Integral Constraints on Isentropic Vorticity -- PROBLEMS 4 -- MATLAB EXERCISES 4 -- Suggested References 4 -- 5. The Planetary Boundary Layer -- 5.1 ATMOSPHERIC TURBULENCE -- 5.1.1 The Boussinesq Approximation -- 5.1.2 Reynolds Averaging -- 5.2 TURBULENT KINETIC ENERGY -- 5.3 PLANETARY BOUNDARY LAYER MOMENTUM EQUATIONS -- 5.3.1 Well-Mixed Boundary Layer -- 5.3.2 The Flux-Gradient Theory -- 5.3.3 The Mixing Length Hypothesis -- 5.3.4 The Ekman Layer -- 5.3.5 The Surface Layer -- 5.3.6 The Modified Ekman Layer -- 5.4 SECONDARY CIRCULATIONS AND SPIN DOWN -- PROBLEMS 5 -- MATLAB EXERCISES 5 -- Suggested References 5 -- 6. Synoptic-Scale Motions I: Quasi-Geostrophic Analysis -- 6.1 THE OBSERVED STRUCTURE OF EXTRATROPICAL CIRCULATIONS -- 6.2 THE QUASI-GEOSTROPHIC APPROXIMATION -- 6.2.1 Scale Analysis in Isobaric Coordinates -- 6.2.2 The Quasi-Geostrophic Vorticity Equation. , 6.3 QUASI-GEOSTROPHIC PREDICTION -- 6.3.1 Geopotential Tendency -- 6.3.2 The Quasi-Geostrophic Potential Vorticity Equation -- 6.3.3 Potential Vorticity Inversion -- 6.3.4 Vertical Coupling Through Potential Vorticity -- 6.4 DIAGNOSIS OF THE VERTICAL MOTION -- 6.4.1 The Traditional Omega Equation -- 6.4.2 The Q Vector -- 6.4.3 The Ageostrophic Circulation -- 6.5 IDEALIZED MODEL OF A BAROCLINIC DISTURBANCE -- PROBLEMS 6 -- MATLAB EXERCISES 6 -- Suggested References 6 -- 7. Atmospheric Oscillations: Linear Perturbation Theory -- 7.1 THE PERTURBATION METHOD -- 7.2 PROPERTIES OFWAVES -- 7.2.1 Fourier Series -- 7.2.2 Dispersion and Group Velocity -- 7.3 SIMPLEWAVE TYPES -- 7.3.1 Acoustic or SoundWaves -- 7.3.2 ShallowWater GravityWaves -- 7.4 INTERNAL GRAVITY (BUOYANCY) WAVES -- 7.4.1 Pure Internal GravityWaves -- 7.4.2 TopographicWaves -- 7.5 GRAVITYWAVES MODIFIED BY ROTATION -- 7.5.1 Pure Inertial Oscillations -- 7.5.2 Inertia-GravityWaves -- 7.6 ADJUSTMENT TO GEOSTROPHIC BALANCE -- 7.7 ROSSBYWAVES -- 7.7.1 Free Barotropic RossbyWaves -- 7.7.2 Forced Topographic RossbyWaves -- PROBLEMS 7 -- MATLAB EXERCISES 7 -- Suggested References 7 -- 8. Synoptic-Scale Motions II: Baroclinic Instability -- 8.1 HYDRODYNAMIC INSTABILITY -- 8.2 NORMAL MODE BAROCLINIC INSTABILITY: A TWO-LAYER MODEL -- 8.2.1 Linear Perturbation Analysis -- 8.2.2 Vertical Motion in BaroclinicWaves -- 8.3 THE ENERGETICS OF BAROCLINICWAVES -- 8.3.1 Available Potential Energy -- 8.3.2 Energy Equations for the Two-Layer Model -- 8.4 BAROCLINIC INSTABILITY OFA CONTINUOUSLY STRATIFIED ATMOSPHERE -- 8.4.1 Log-Pressure Coordinates -- 8.4.2 Baroclinic Instability: The Rayleigh Theorem -- 8.4.3 The Eady Stability Problem -- 8.5 GROWTHAND PROPAGATION OF NEUTRAL MODES -- 8.5.1 Transient Growth of NeutralWaves -- 8.5.2 Downstream Development -- PROBLEMS 8 -- MATLAB EXERCISES 8 -- Suggested References 8. , 9. Mesoscale Circulations -- 9.1 ENERGY SOURCES FOR MESOSCALE CIRCULATIONS -- 9.2 FRONTS AND FRONTOGENESIS -- 9.2.1 The Kinematics of Frontogenesis -- 9.2.2 Semigeostrophic Theory -- 9.2.3 Cross-Frontal Circulation -- 9.3 SYMMETRIC BAROCLINIC INSTABILITY -- 9.4 MOUNTAINWAVES -- 9.4.1 Flow over Isolated Ridges -- 9.4.2 LeeWaves -- 9.4.3 DownslopeWindstorms -- 9.5 CUMULUS CONVECTION -- 9.5.1 Equivalent Potential Temperature -- 9.5.2 The Pseudoadiabatic Lapse Rate -- 9.5.3 Conditional Instability -- 9.5.4 Convective Available Potential Energy (CAPE) -- 9.5.5 Entrainment -- 9.6 CONVECTIVE STORMS -- 9.6.1 Development of Rotation in Supercell Thunderstorms -- 9.6.2 The Right-Moving Storm -- 9.7 HURRICANES -- 9.7.1 Dynamics of Mature Hurricanes -- 9.7.2 Hurricane Development -- PROBLEMS 9 -- MATLAB EXERCISES 9 -- Suggested References 9 -- 10. The General Circulation -- 10.1 THE NATURE OF THE PROBLEM -- 10.2 THE ZONALLY AVERAGED CIRCULATION -- 10.2.1 The Conventional Eulerian Mean -- 10.2.2 The Transformed Eulerian Mean (TEM) -- 10.2.3 The Zonal-Mean Potential Vorticity Equation -- 10.3 THE ANGULAR MOMENTUM BUDGET -- 10.3.1 Sigma Coordinates -- 10.3.2 The Zonal-Mean Angular Momentum -- 10.4 THE LORENZ ENERGY CYCLE -- 10.5 LONGITUDINALLY DEPENDENT TIME-AVERAGED FLOW -- 10.5.1 Stationary RossbyWaves -- 10.5.2 Jetstream and Storm Tracks -- 10.6 LOW-FREQUENCY VARIABILITY -- 10.6.1 Climate Regimes -- 10.6.2 Annular Modes -- 10.6.3 Sea Surface Temperature Anomalies -- 10.7 LABORATORYSIMULATIONOFTHEGENERALCIRCULATION -- 10.8 NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF THE GENERAL CIRCULATION -- 10.8.1 The Development of AGCMs -- 10.8.2 Dynamical Formulation -- 10.8.3 Physical Processes and Parameterizations -- 10.8.4 The NCAR Climate System Model -- PROBLEMS 10 -- MATLAB EXERCISES 10 -- Suggested References 10 -- 11. Tropical Dynamics. , 11.1 THE OBSERVED STRUCTURE OF LARGE-SCALE TROPICAL CIRCULATIONS -- 11.1.1 The Intertropical Convergence Zone -- 11.1.2 EquatorialWave Disturbances -- 11.1.3 AfricanWave Disturbances -- 11.1.4 Tropical Monsoons -- 11.1.5 TheWalker Circulation -- 11.1.6 El Ni ˜ no and the Southern Oscillation -- 11.1.7 Equatorial Intraseasonal Oscillation -- 11.2 SCALE ANALYSIS OF LARGE-SCALE TROPICAL MOTIONS -- 11.3 CONDENSATION HEATING -- 11.4 EQUATORIALWAVE THEORY -- 11.4.1 Equatorial Rossby and Rossby-Gravity Modes -- 11.4.2 Equatorial KelvinWaves -- 11.5 STEADY FORCED EQUATORIAL MOTIONS -- PROBLEMS 11 -- MATLAB EXERCISES 11 -- Suggested References 11 -- 12. Middle Atmosphere Dynamics -- 12.1 STRUCTURE AND CIRCULATION OF THE MIDDLE ATMOSPHERE -- 12.2 THE ZONAL-MEAN CIRCULATION OF THE MIDDLE ATMOSPHERE -- 12.2.1 Lagrangian Motion of Air Parcels -- 12.2.2 The Transformed Eulerian Mean -- 12.2.3 Zonal-Mean Transport -- 12.3 VERTICALLY PROPAGATING PLANETARYWAVES -- 12.3.1 Linear RossbyWaves -- 12.3.2 RossbyWavebreaking -- 12.4 SUDDEN STRATOSPHERICWARMINGS -- 12.5 WAVES IN THE EQUATORIAL STRATOSPHERE -- 12.5.1 Vertically Propagating KelvinWaves -- 12.5.2 Vertically Propagating Rossby-GravityWaves -- 12.5.3 Observed EquatorialWaves -- 12.6 THE QUASI-BIENNIAL OSCILLATION -- 12.7 TRACE CONSTITUENT TRANSPORT -- 12.7.1 Dynamical Tracers -- 12.7.2 Chemical Tracers -- 12.7.3 Transport in the Stratosphere -- PROBLEMS 12 -- MATLAB EXERCISES 12 -- Suggested References 12 -- 13. Numerical Modeling and Prediction -- 13.1 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND -- 13.2 FILTERING METEOROLOGICAL NOISE -- 13.3 NUMERICAL APPROXIMATION OF THE EQUATIONS OF MOTION -- 13.3.1 Finite Differences -- 13.3.2 Centered Differences: Explicit Time Differencing -- 13.3.3 Computational Stability -- 13.3.4 Implicit Time Differencing -- 13.3.5 The Semi-Lagrangian Integration Method -- 13.3.6 Truncation Error. , 13.4 THE BAROTROPIC VORTICITY EQUATION IN FINITE DIFFERENCES.

Note: Front Cover -- Middle Atmosphere Dynamics -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Chapter 1. Introduction -- 1.1 The Static Structure of the Middle Atmosphere -- 1.2 Zonal Mean Temperature and Wind Distributions -- 1.3 Composition of the Middle Atmosphere -- 1.4 The Vertical Distribution of Eddy Amplitudes -- 1.5 Observational Techniques -- References -- Chapter 2. Radiative Processes and Remote Sounding -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Fundamentals -- 2.3 Gaseous Absorption Spectra -- 2.4 Transmission Functions -- 2.5 Infrared Radiative Exchange and Radiative Damping -- 2.6 Departure from Local Thermodynamic Equilibrium -- 2.7 Absorption of Solar Radiation -- 2.8 Radiative Equilibrium Temperature and Heating-Rate Distributions -- 2.9 Remote Sounding -- References -- Chapter 3. Basic Dynamics -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 The Beta-Plane Approximation and Quasi-Geostrophic Theory -- 3.3 The Eulerian-Mean Equations -- 3.4 Linearized Disturbances to Zonal-Mean Flows -- 3.5 The Transformed Eulerian-Mean Equations -- 3.6 The Generalized Eliassen-Palm Theorem and the Charney-Drazin Nonacceleration Theorem -- 3.7 The Lagrangian Approach -- 3.8 Isentropic Coordinates -- 3.9 The Zonal-Mean Equations in Isentropic Coordinates -- Appendix 3A. Derivation of Some Equations in Isentropic Coordinates -- Appendix 3B. Boundary Conditions on the Residual Circulation -- References -- Chapter 4. Linear Wave Theory -- 4.1 Introduction and Classification of Wave Types -- 4.2 Wave Disturbances to a Resting Spherical Atmosphere -- 4.3 Atmospheric Thermal Tides -- 4.4 Free Traveling Planetary Waves -- 4.5 Forced Planetary Waves -- 4.6 Gravity Waves -- 4.7 Equatorial Waves -- Appendix 4A. Ray-Tracing Theory and Wave Action in a Slowly Varying Medium -- References -- Chapter 5. Extratropical Planetary-Scale Circulations -- 5.1 Introduction. , 5.2 The Observed Annual Cycle -- 5.3 Detailed Linear Models of Stationary Planetary Waves in the Middle Atmosphere -- 5.4 Detailed Linear Models of Free Traveling Planetary Waves in the Atmosphere -- 5.5 Barotropic and Baroclinic Instability -- 5.6 Planetary-Wave Critical Layers -- References -- Chapter 6. Stratospheric Sudden Warmings -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Observed Features of Sudden Warmings -- 6.3 Theoretical Modeling of Sudden Warmings -- 6.4 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 7. The Extratropical Zonal-Mean Circulation -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Some Simple Zonally Averaged Models of the Middle Atmosphere -- 7.3 The Upper Mesosphere -- 7.4 The Winter Polar Stratosphere -- 7.5 Interpretation and Generalization -- References -- Chapter 8. Equatorial Circulations -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 The Observed Structure of the Equatorial Quasi-Biennial Oscillation -- 8.3 Theory of the Quasi-Biennial Oscillation -- 8.4 Observed Structure of the Equatorial Semiannual Oscillations -- 8.5 Dynamics of the Equatorial Semiannual Oscillations -- 8.6 Inertial Instability in the Equatorial Zone -- References -- Chapter 9. Tracer Transport in the Middle Atmosphere -- 9.1 Introduction: Types of Tracers -- 9.2 Long-Lived Chemical Tracers -- 9.3 Transport in the Meridional Plane -- 9.4 Formulations of Eddy and Mean-Flow Transport -- 9.5 Dispersive Wave Transport: Irreversible Mixing of Tracers -- 9.6 Troposphere-Stratosphere Exchange -- 9.7 Transport Modeling -- Appendix 9A. The Transformed Eulerian-Mean Transport for Small-Amplitude Eddies -- References -- Chapter 10. The Ozone Layer -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 The Climatology of Ozone -- 10.3 Elementary Aspects of Photochemical Modeling -- 10.4 Photochemistry of Ozone: Catalytic Cycles -- 10.5 Models of the Natural and Perturbed Ozone Layer -- Appendix 10A. The Continuity Equation for Chemical Species. , References -- Chapter 11. General Circulation Modeling -- 11.1 Models of the Lower Stratosphere -- 11.2 The GFDL SKYHI Model -- 11.3 Forecasting of Sudden Stratospheric Warmings -- 11.4 Transport Modeling -- References -- Chapter 12. Interaction between the Middle Atmosphere and the Lower Atmosphere -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Radiative Links: Deductions from Simple Models -- 12.3 Radiative Links: Deductions from GCMs -- 12.4 Dynamical Links: Vertically Propagating Planetary Waves -- 12.5 Interannual Variability in the Stratosphere -- References -- Bibliography -- Index.

Note: Front Cover -- Magmatic Systems -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Contributors -- Acknowledgments -- Prologue -- Chapter 1 Mechanics of Flood Basalt Magmatism -- Overview -- Introduction -- Continental Flood Basalts. Oceanic Plateaus, and Mantle Plumes -- Constraints from Seismic Tomography and Geochemistry -- Time Variations in Hotspot Activity -- Hotspot Activity and Geomagnetic Reversal Frequency -- Partial Melting in Thermal Plumes and Diapirs -- The Numerical Model -- Melting in Solitary Diapirs -- Melting in Continuous Plumes -- Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 2 Melt Migration and Related Attenuation in Equilibrated Partial Melts -- Overview -- Introduction and Theoretical Foundation -- Experimental Approach -- Experimental Results -- Discussion -- Summary and Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 3 Influence of Basaltic Melt on the Creep of Polycrystalline Olivine under Hydrous Conditions -- Overview -- Introduction -- Experimental Procedures -- Deformation Results -- Microstructural Observations -- Infrared Analyses -- Discussion -- Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 4 The Generation and Migration of Partial Melt beneath Oceanic Spreading Centers -- Overview -- Introduction -- Melt Migration by Porous Flow -- Effect of Buoyant Mantle Upwelling on Melt Generation and Migration -- Discussion -- References -- Chapter 5 Dike Patterns in Diapirs beneath Oceanic Ridges: The Oman Ophiolite -- Overview -- Introduction -- Regions of Diapirism and Sub-ridge Flow -- Dike Typology in Relation to Diapiric Areas -- Dike Patterns in the Southeastern Oman Diapirs -- Discussion -- Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 6 Neutral-Buoyancy Controlled Magma Transport and Storage in Mid-ocean Ridge Magma Reservoirs and Their Sheeted Dike Complex: A Summary of Basic Relationships -- Overview -- Introduction -- In Situ Density-Depth Relationships. , Definitions -- The Magma Reservoir Environment and the Region of Neutral Buoyancy -- Structure of the Ridge Magma Reservoir in Relation to the Region of Neutral Buoyancy -- Lithologic Associations in Ophiolite Complexes -- Differentiation and Melt Density -- Icelandic and Hawaiian Analogs -- Neutral-Buoyancy Control in Lateral Intrusion Dynamics: The Sheeted-Dike Complex -- Notes on Hydrothermal Interactions -- Summary Relationships and Evolution of the Oceanic Crust -- Comments at Closure: A World without Neutral Buoyancy -- Appendix -- References -- Chapter 7 An Observational and Theoretical Synthesis of Magma Chamber Geometry and Crustal Genesis along a Midocean Ridge Spreading Center -- Overview -- Introduction -- The Seismic Record: Seismic Constraints on Magma Emplacement and Crustal Accretion at a Fast-Spreading Ridge Axis -- A Theoretical Model for Crustal Genesis -- Closure -- Reference, -- Chapter 8 Deep Structure of Island Arc Magmatic Regions as Inferred from Seismic Observations -- Overview -- Introduction -- Three-Dimensional Seismic Velocity Structure P-Wave Velocity Structure beneath the Northeastern Japan Arc -- Three-Dimensional Seismic Attenuation Structure -- Midcrustal Magma Bodies Detected by Reflected Seismic Waves -- Deep Structure of Arc Volcanoes -- References -- Chapter 9 Lateral Water Transport across a Dynamic Mantle Wedge: A Model for Subduction Zone Magmatism -- Overview -- Introduction -- Thermal Model -- Basic Mechanism of Lateral Water Transport -- Discussion of the Lateral Transport Mechanism -- Model Predictions -- Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 10 Buoyancy-Driven Fracture and Magma Transport through the Lithosphere: Models and Experiments -- Overview -- Introduction -- Experiments on Buoyancy-Driven Fracture -- Application to Magma Transport -- Summary -- References. , Chapter 11 Accumulation of Magma in Space and Time by Crack Interaction -- Overview -- Introduction -- Crack Interactions -- Applications to Magma Accumulation in Space and Time -- Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 12 Generalized Upper Mantle Thermal Structure of the Western United States and Its Relationship to Seismic Attenuation, Heat Flow, Partial Melt, and Magma Ascent and Emplacement -- Overview -- Introduction -- Laboratory Seismic Data for Mantle Peridotite Seismic Velocity of Mantle Peridotite -- Generalized Thermal Structure beneath the Western United States from Seismic Anelasticity Data -- Generalized Thermal Structure beneath the Western United States from Seismic Velocity Data -- On Discontinuous Magma Ascent and the Mechanics of Basaltic Underplating -- Closing Discussion -- References -- Chapter 13 Aspects of Magma Generation and Ascent in Continental Lithosphere -- Overview -- Introduction -- Melt Generation -- Modeling the Physical Interaction of Basalt and Crust -- Melt Collection and Ascent -- References -- Chapter 14 Two-Component Magma Transport and the Origin of Composite Intrusions and Lava Flows -- Overview -- Introduction -- Observations of Composite Flows, Dikes, and Conduits -- Models of the Origin of Mafic-to-Silicic Zoning Sequential Magma Transport -- Fluid Dynamics of the Simultaneous Flow of Two Magmatic Components -- A Rational Model for Magma Chamber Withdrawal -- A Physical Model for the Contemporaneous Eruption of Three Domes in the Inyo Volcanic Chain, Long Valley, California -- Summary and Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 15 Fluid and Thermal Dissolution Instabilities in Magmatic Systems -- Overview -- Introduction -- Thermal Erosion -- Magma Flow Instabilities from Chemical Corrosion -- References -- Author Index -- Geographic Index -- Subject Index -- International Geophysics Series.