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  • Phytoplankton  (6)
  • Chattonella marina  (2)
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  • 1
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    Development of microsatellite markers in the toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium minutum (Dinophyceae) (2006)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2022-05-25
    Beschreibung: Author Posting. © Blackwell, 2006. This is the author's version of the work. It is posted here by permission of Blackwell for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Molecular Ecology Notes 6 (2006): 756-758, doi:10.1111/j.1471-8286.2006.01331.x.
    Beschreibung: Outbreaks of paralytic shellfish poisoning caused by the toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium minutum (Dinophyceae) are a worldwide concern from both the economic and human health points of view. For population genetic studies of A. minutum distribution and dispersal, highly polymorphic genetic markers are of great value. We isolated 12 polymorphic microsatellites from this cosmopolitan, toxic dinoflagellate species. These loci provide one class of highly variable genetic markers, as the number of alleles ranged from 4 to 12, and the estimate of gene diversity was from 0.560 to 0.862 across the 12 microsatellites; these loci have the potential to reveal genetic structure and gene flow among A. minutum populations.
    Beschreibung: Support for this research provided in part (to DMA) by U.S. National Science Foundation grants OCE-0136861 and OCE-0430724, and the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences Grant 1 P50 ES012742-01.
    Schlagwort(e): Alexandrium minutum ; Microsatellite ; Paralytic shellfish poisoning ; Phytoplankton ; SSR ; Toxic dinoflagellate
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  • 2
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    Comparison of techniques used to count single-celled viable phytoplankton (2012)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2022-05-25
    Beschreibung: Author Posting. © The Author(s), 2010. This is the author's version of the work. It is posted here by permission of Springer for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Applied Phycology 24 (2012): 751-758, doi:10.1007/s10811-011-9694-z.
    Beschreibung: Four methods commonly used to count phytoplankton were evaluated based upon the precision of concentration estimates: Sedgewick Rafter and membrane filter direct counts, flow cytometry, and flow-based imaging cytometry (FlowCAM). Counting methods were all able to estimate the cell concentrations, categorize cells into size classes, and determine cell viability using fluorescent probes. These criteria are essential to determine whether discharged ballast water complies with international standards that limit the concentration of viable planktonic organisms based on size class. Samples containing unknown concentrations of live and UV-inactivated phytoflagellates (Tetraselmis impellucida) were formulated to have low concentrations (〈100 ml-1) of viable phytoplankton. All count methods used chlorophyll a fluorescence to detect cells and SYTOX fluorescence to detect non-viable cells. With the exception of one sample, the methods generated live and non-viable cell counts that were significantly different from each other, although estimates were generally within 100% of the ensemble mean of all subsamples from all methods. Overall, percent coefficient of variation (CV) among sample replicates was lowest in membrane filtration sample replicates, and CVs for all four counting methods were usually lower than 30% (although instances of ~60% were observed). Since all four methods were generally appropriate for monitoring discharged ballast water, ancillary considerations (e.g., ease of analysis, sample processing rate, sample size, etc.) become critical factors for choosing the optimal phytoplankton counting method.
    Beschreibung: This study was supported by the U.S. Coast Guard Research and Development Center under contract HSCG32-07- X-R00018. Partial research support to DMA and DMK was provided through NSF International Contract 03/06/394, and Environmental Protection Agency Grant RD-83382801-0.
    Schlagwort(e): Phytoplankton ; Enumeration ; FlowCAM ; Flow cytometry ; Sedgewick Rafter ; Ballast water ; SYTOX Green ; CellTracker Green
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  • 3
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    Georges Bank : a leaky incubator of Alexandrium fundyense blooms (2013)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2022-05-25
    Beschreibung: Author Posting. © The Author(s), 2012. This is the author's version of the work. It is posted here by permission of Elsevier B.V. for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography 103 (2014): 163-173, doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2012.11.002.
    Beschreibung: A series of oceanographic surveys on Georges Bank document variability of populations of the toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium fundyense on time scales ranging from synoptic to seasonal to interannual. Blooms of A. fundyense on Georges Bank can reach concentrations on the order of 104 cells l-1, and are generally bank-wide in extent. Georges Bank populations of A. fundyense appear to be quasi-independent of those in the adjacent coastal Gulf of Maine, insofar as they occupy a hydrographic niche that is colder and saltier than their coastal counterparts. In contrast to coastal populations that rely on abundant resting cysts for bloom initiation, very few cysts are present in the sediments on Georges Bank. Bloom dynamics must therefore be largely controlled by the balance between growth and mortality processes, which are at present largely unknown for this population. Based on correlations between cell abundance and nutrient distributions, ammonium appears to be an important source of nitrogen for A. fundyense blooms on Georges Bank.
    Beschreibung: We appreciate financial support of the National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration (grant NA06NOS4780245 for the Gulf of Maine Toxicity (GOMTOX) program) and the Woods Hole Center for Oceans and Human Health through National Science Foundation grants OCE-0430724 and OCE-0911031 and National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences grant 1P50-ES01274201.
    Schlagwort(e): Phytoplankton ; Population dynamics ; Red tides ; Paralytic shellfish poisoning ; USA ; Gulf of Maine ; Georges Bank
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  • 4
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    Mechanisms regulating large-scale seasonal fluctuations in Alexandrium fundyense populations in the Gulf of Maine : results from a physical–biological model (2006)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2022-05-25
    Beschreibung: Author Posting. © The Authors, 2005. This is the author's version of the work. It is posted here by permission of Elsevier B. V. for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography 52 (2005): 2698-2714, doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2005.06.021.
    Beschreibung: Observations of Alexandrium fundyense in the Gulf of Maine indicate several salient characteristics of the vegetative cell distributions: patterns of abundance are gulf-wide in geographic scope; their main features occur in association with the Maine Coastal Current; and the center of mass of the distribution shifts upstream from west to east during the growing season from April to August. The mechanisms underlying these aspects are investigated using coupled physical-biological simulations that represent the population dynamics of A. fundyense within the seasonal mean flow. A model that includes germination, growth, mortality, and nutrient limitation is qualitatively consistent with the observations. Germination from resting cysts appears to be a key aspect of the population dynamics that confines the cell distribution near the coastal margin, as simulations based on a uniform initial inoculum of vegetative cells across the Gulf of Maine produces blooms that are broader in geographic extent than is observed. In general, cells germinated from the major cyst beds (in the Bay of Fundy and near Penobscot and Casco Bays) are advected in the alongshore direction from east to west in the coastal current. Growth of the vegetative cells is limited primarily by temperature from April through June throughout the gulf, whereas nutrient limitation occurs in July and August in the western gulf. Thus the seasonal shift in the center of mass of cells from west to east can be explained by changing growth conditions: growth is more rapid in the western gulf early in the season due to warmer temperatures, whereas growth is more rapid in the eastern gulf later in the season due to severe nutrient limitation in the western gulf during that time period. A simple model of encystment based on nutrient limitation predicts deposition of new cysts in the vicinity of the observed cyst bed offshore of Casco and Penobscot Bays, suggesting a pathway of re-seeding the bed from cells advected downstream in the coastal current. A retentive gyre at the mouth of the Bay of Fundy tends to favor re-seeding that cyst bed from local populations.
    Beschreibung: We gratefully acknowledge the support of the US ECOHAB Program, sponsored by NOAA, NSF, EPA, NASA, and ONR.
    Schlagwort(e): Phytoplankton ; Population dynamics ; Red tides ; Paralytic shellfish poisoning ; USA ; Gulf of Maine
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  • 5
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    Interannual variability of Alexandrium fundyense abundance and shellfish toxicity in the Gulf of Maine (2006)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2022-05-25
    Beschreibung: Author Posting. © The Authors, 2005. This is the author's version of the work. It is posted here by permission of Elsevier B. V. for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography 52 (2005): 2843-2855, doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2005.06.020.
    Beschreibung: Six years of oceanographic surveys of Alexandrium fundyense concentrations in the Gulf of Maine are combined with shellfish toxicity records from coastal monitoring stations to assess covariations of these quantities on seasonal to interannual time scales. Annual mean gulf-wide cell abundance varies by less than one order of magnitude during the time interval examined (1993-2002). Fluctuations in gulf-wide annual mean cell abundance and shellfish toxicity are not related in a consistent manner. This suggests that interannual variations in toxicity may be regulated by transport and delivery of offshore cell populations, rather than the absolute abundance of the source populations themselves.
    Beschreibung: We gratefully acknowledge the support of the US ECOHAB Program, sponsored by NOAA, NSF, EPA, NASA, and ONR.
    Schlagwort(e): Phytoplankton ; Red tides ; Paralytic shellfish poisoning
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  • 6
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    Effects of nutrients, salinity, pH and light:dark cycle on the production of reactive oxygen species in the alga Chattonella marina (2007)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2022-05-25
    Beschreibung: Author Posting. © Elsevier B.V., 2007. This is the author's version of the work. It is posted here by permission of Elsevier B.V. for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 346 (2007): 76-86, doi:10.1016/j.jembe.2007.03.007.
    Beschreibung: Experiments were carried out to investigate the effects of nutrients, salinity, pH and light:dark cycle on growth rate and production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by Chattonella marina, a harmful algal bloom (HAB) species that often causes fish kills. Different nitrogen forms (organic-N and inorganic-N), N:P ratios, light:dark cycles and salinity significantly influenced algal growth, but not ROS production. However, iron concentration and pH significantly affected both growth and ROS production in C. marina. KCN (an inhibitor of mitochondrial respiration) and 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea (an inhibitor of photosynthesis) had no significant effects on ROS production. Vitamin K3 (a plasma membrane electron shuttle) enhanced ROS production while its antagonist, dicumarol, decreased ROS production. Taken together, our results suggest that ROS production by C. marina is related to a plasma membrane enzyme system regulated by iron availability but is independent of growth, photosynthesis, availability of macronutrients, salinity and irradiance.
    Beschreibung: The work described in this paper was supported by a CERG grant from the University Grants Committee of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China to RSSW (Project No. 9040864). Support for DMA is provided by U.S. National Science Foundation grant # OCE-0136861.
    Schlagwort(e): Chattonella marina ; Reactive oxygen species ; Iron ; Nutrient ; pH ; Physical parameters ; Plasma membrane ; Redox
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  • 7
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    Hydrogen peroxide is not the cause of fish kills associated with Chattonella marina : cytological and physiological evidence (2006)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2022-05-26
    Beschreibung: Author Posting. © The Authors, 2005. This is the author's version of the work. It is posted here by permission of Elsevier B. V. for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Aquatic Toxicology 72 (2005): 351-360, doi:10.1016/j.aquatox.2005.01.007.
    Beschreibung: Chattonella marina, a harmful algal bloom (HAB) causative species, was used to study the mortality, physiology, and pathology of a marine stenohaline fish, goldlined seabream exposed to the toxic alga. The median lethal time (LT50) was 3 h upon exposure to 8000 cells/ml of C. marina. Significant induction of filamental chloride cells (CCs) [i.e. increases in CC fractional area and in the volume density of CCs], concomitant with significant reduction of blood osmolality, were found in C. marina treated fish. To verify whether the toxicity of C. marina was mediated through oxidative stress, a hydrogen peroxide exposure experiment was carried out and the toxicity as well as cytological and physiological changes were compared with the C. marina treatment. Hydrogen peroxide at a concentration of 500 μM H2O2, (i.e. 25 times higher than that produced by 8000 cells/ml of C. marina (20 μM H2O2)) was unable to induce similar CC alterations and osmoregulatory impairment in fish as observed in the C. marina treatment. Non-specific membrane damage such as severe loss of microvilli projections on the CC apical opening and rupture of epithelial membranes in the lamellae were observed. The LT50 was 6 h, two times longer than that with 8000 cells/ml of C. marina. Based on the cytological and physiological evidence and toxicity data, the mechanism by which C. marina kills fish appears to be very different from that caused by H2O2/ROS. Osmoregulatory distress is the major cause of fish death upon exposure to C. marina.
    Beschreibung: The work described in this paper was supported by a grant from the Research Grants Council (Project No. 9040547 CityU 1105/00M) and a grant from the University Grants Committee (Project No. AoE/P-04/04) of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China. Support for D. Anderson was also provided by the US National Science Foundation through grant no. OCE-0136861.
    Schlagwort(e): Harmful algal bloom ; HAB ; Fish kill mechanism ; Osmoregulation ; Reactive oxygen species ; Quantitative ultrastructure ; Chattonella marina
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  • 8
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    A red tide of Alexandrium fundyense in the Gulf of Maine (2014)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2022-05-26
    Beschreibung: Author Posting. © The Author(s), 2013. This is the author's version of the work. It is posted here by permission of Elsevier for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography 103 (2014): 174-184, doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2013.05.011.
    Beschreibung: In early July 2009, an unusually high concentration of the toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium fundyense occurred in the western Gulf of Maine, causing surface waters to appear reddish brown to the human eye. The discolored water appeared to be the southern terminus of a large-scale event that caused shellfish toxicity along the entire coast of Maine to the Canadian border. Rapid-response shipboard sampling efforts together with satellite data suggest the water discoloration in the western Gulf of Maine was a highly ephemeral feature of less than two weeks in duration. Flow cytometric analysis of surface samples from the red water indicated the population was undergoing sexual reproduction. Cyst fluxes downstream of the discolored water were the highest ever measured in the Gulf of Maine, and a large deposit of new cysts was observed that fall. Although the mechanisms causing this event remain unknown, its timing coincided with an anomalous period of downwelling-favorable winds that could have played a role in aggregating upward-swimming cells. Regardless of the underlying causes, this event highlights the importance of short-term episodic phenomena on regional population dynamics of A. fundyense.
    Beschreibung: The R/V Tioga sampling effort was facilitated by event response funding from the National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), National Ocean Service, Center for Sponsored Coastal Ocean Research, through NOAA Cooperative Agreement NA17RJ1223. Additional support for follow-up analysis and synthesis was provided by NOAA grant NA06NOS4780245 for the Gulf of Maine Toxicity (GOMTOX) program and the Woods Hole Center for Oceans and Human Health through National Science Foundation grants OCE- 0430724 and OCE-0911031 and National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences grant 1P50-ES01274201.
    Schlagwort(e): Phytoplankton ; Population dynamics ; Red tides ; Cysts ; Paralytic shellfish poisoning ; USA ; Gulf of Maine
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