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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Determination of 5,10,15,20- tetra- (m-hydroxyphenyl)chlorin in human plasma by high performance liquid chromatography (1993)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biomedical Chromatography 7 (1993), S. 45-47 
    Details
    ISSN: 0269-3879
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: A high performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of the photodynamic chemotherapeutic agent 5,10,15,20-tetra(m-hydroxyphenyl)chlorin (m-THPC) in human plasma following intravenous infusion is described. The procedure involves extraction of the drug in plasma with methanol/dimethyl sulphoxide (4:1 v/v) containing 5,10,15,20-tetra(p-hydroxyphenyl)clorin as the internal standard and separation on a C18 reversed phase column with acetonitrile:0.1% trifluoroacetic acid (77:23 v/v) as the mobile phase. The drug was detected specifically and sensitively at its absorption maximum of 423 nm with a detection limit of 15 ng/mL (signal-to-noise ratio of 5). The intra- and inter-assay coefficients of variation (CV) on analysis of a plasma spiked with m-THPC (1 μg/mL) were 2.3 and 3.4% (n=6), respectively.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bmc.1130070112
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Determination of 5,10,15,20-tetra-(m-hydroxyphenyl) chlorin in tissues by high performance liquid chromatography (1993)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biomedical Chromatography 7 (1993), S. 155-157 
    Details
    ISSN: 0269-3879
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: A procedure for the extraction and high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) determination of the photodynamic therapeutic agent 5,10,15,20-tetra(m-hydroxyphenyl)chlorin in human, rat and mouse tissues following intravenous administration of the drug is described. The tissue (tumour, skin, muscle and liver) was homogenized and extracted into a mixture of methanol:dimethyl sulphoxide:water (32:8:1 by vol.) containing, 5,10,15,20-tetra(p-hydroxyphenyl)chlorin as the internal standard. The precipitated proteins were removed by centrifugation and the supernatant was separated by reversed phase HPLC on a Hypersil-ODS column with 77% (v/v) acetonitrile in 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid as the mobile phase. The solute was detected with high sensitivity and specificity by a UV-VIS detector set at 423 nm.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bmc.1130070311
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Poly(N-p-pyridyl-2,3-dimethylenepyrrolidine) as a supernucleophilic reagent (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 53 (1994), S. 1391-1392 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1994.070531014
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Preparation and characterization of negative photosensitive polysiloxaneimide (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 55 (1995), S. 1111-1116 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A photosensitive polysiloxaneimide precursor was synthesized from oxydianiline, bis(p-aminophenoxy)dimethylsilane, and a diacid chloride. This diacid chloride was prepared by the reaction of thionyl chloride with a diacid, which resulted from the reaction of pyromellitic dianhydride with hydroxyethylacrylate in N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP). The adhesion properties between polyimide and substrates such as SiO2 wafer were improved with introduction of siloxane moiety into the polyimide chain. The dielectric constant decreased with increasing siloxane moiety content. The photocrosslinking reaction results show that an 88-90% gel fraction was reached under the irradiation of a high-pressure mercury lamp. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1995.070550714
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  • 5
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    Screening of different sample types associated with sheep and cattle for the presence of nematophagous fungi in China (2015)
    Wiley-Blackwell
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-09-08
    Description: A total of 1502 samples, including feces of sheep (793) and cattle (348), pasture soil (118), dung compost (147) and barn soil (96), were examined between October 2012 and August 2014 to discover potential strains of nematophagous fungi for the biological control of livestock-parasitic nematodes. These samples were collected from 87 sites located in 48 counties of 20 provinces (autonomous regions/municipalities) of China. Fungi were identified down to a species level. Four hundred and seventy-seven isolates, which were distributed in 8 genera and 28 taxa, were identified as nematophagous fungi. Nematode-trapping fungi included 17 species and one unidentified species of Arthrobotrys , two of Dactylella , Drechslerella dactyloides , and Duddingtonia flagrans . Five identified species and two unidentified species of endoparasitic fungi were isolated. The predominant species from all regions were Arthrobotrys oligospora , followed by Arthrobotrys musiformis , Arthrobotrys ( Monacrosporium ) thaumasiun , and Arthrobotrys ( Monacrosporium ) microscaphoides . Species with adhesive networks were the most frequently isolated. Among the endoparasitic fungi, Podocrella harposporifera ( Harposporium anguillulae ) was the most common species, followed by Harposporium lilliputanum and Harposporium arcuatum . Based on Shannon diversity index, the diversity levels of nematophagous fungi were relatively higher in samples associated with cattle, barn soil, and subtropical monsoon climate zone. Three species isolated from this study, namely, Duddingtonia flagrans , Arthrobotrys salina ( Monacrosporium salinum ), and Arthrobotrys oligospora var. sarmatica , are newly recorded in China, and 20 species (including one unidentified species) are newly recorded in sheep and cattle barn soils worldwide.
    Print ISSN: 0233-111X
    Electronic ISSN: 1521-4028
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Wiley-Blackwell
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  • 6
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    Optimal Retrofit Design of Crude Distillation Units for Processing Shale Gas/Natural Gas Condensate Oil (2015)
    Wiley-Blackwell
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-11-21
    Description: Condensate oil is a kind of light crude oil with API gravity higher than 50 degrees. The increasing production of condensate oil due to shale gas/natural gas booming has economically motivate refiners to add this valuable and abundant crude source into their feedstock. Many refineries, however, were originally built to process heavier crudes, whose design must be retrofitted to enable the processing of the changed feedstock. In this paper, the conceptual retrofit design of crude distillation units for processing condensate oil has been studied. Four retrofit designs are proposed and simulated including facilities of preflash column, atmospheric distillation unit, and vacuum distillation unit. All retrofit designs are comprehensively evaluated by steady-state modeling for feasibility check, energy consumption analysis for operating cost evaluation, and retrofit cost evaluation. With the help of Aspen Plus, Aspen Energy Analyzer, and Aspen Capital Cost Estimator, the developed methodology provides a quantitative technology support to identify the optimal retrofit design. A comparison of the results shows that the retrofit design with preflash columns in sequence potentially could be the most economical case.
    Print ISSN: 0930-7516
    Electronic ISSN: 1521-4125
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Published by Wiley-Blackwell
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  • 7
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    Emission Source Characterization during an Ethylene Plant Shutdown (2014)
    Wiley-Blackwell
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-05-23
    Description: To conduct a well-planned plant shutdown, so as to reduce flare emissions for the sake of plant profitability and local environmental sustainability, one of the primary tasks is to perform comprehensive and precise accountings for flare emissions. Since the literature is still lacking systematic and quantitative studies, plant-wide dynamic simulations are employed to simulate an ethylene plant shutdown and characterize its flare emission sources through which dynamic emission profiles of various emission species changing with respect to time are obtained. Plant shutdown emission inventories are enriched with details for point emission sources, and possible technical supports are provided to both industry and environmental agencies on evaluating and developing cost-effective flare minimization strategies in the future. Plant-wide dynamic simulation is a powerful tool in analyzing different operations to characterize emission sources during ethylene plant shutdown. Simulated dynamic profiles of such sources can describe both speciation and amount related to processing time. Technical support is provided to industry and environmental agencies on evaluation and development of cost-effective flare minimization strategies.
    Print ISSN: 0930-7516
    Electronic ISSN: 1521-4125
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Published by Wiley-Blackwell
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  • 8
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    Shutdown Strategy for Flare Minimization at an Olefin Plant (2014)
    Wiley-Blackwell
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-03-08
    Description: Shutdown operations in olefin plants generate extensive flare emissions, which cause adverse environmental and societal impacts as well as large amounts of raw material and energy losses that could supposedly be unitized to generate much more needed products. Consequently, shutdown optimization for flare minimization is crucially important to all stake holders. However, the current practice for shutdown flare minimization almost exclusively depends on experienced operators, engineers, and plant administration. There is still a lack of systematic studies on how to cost-effectively identify and examine shutdown flare minimization strategies through plant-wide modeling and simulations. A novel process retrofit and shutdown operation strategy for flare minimization in an olefin plant is introduced. Plant-wide dynamic simulations are employed to examine the operational feasibility and critical information during the plant shutdown operation. The proposed shutdown strategy could virtually reduce the flare emission significantly compared to historical records. Flare minimization during olefin plant shutdowns is a challenging issue for olefin industry sustainability. An innovative process retrofit and shutdown strategy for flare minimization with plant-wide dynamic simulation models is introduced. The suggested shutdown strategy allows a substantial reduction of the flare emission compared to historical records.
    Print ISSN: 0930-7516
    Electronic ISSN: 1521-4125
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Published by Wiley-Blackwell
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  • 9
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    Sustainable limits to crop residue harvest for bioenergy: maintaining soil carbon in Australia's agricultural lands (2014)
    Wiley-Blackwell
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-03-09
    Description: The use of crop residues for bioenergy production needs to be carefully assessed because of the potential negative impact on the level of soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks. The impact varies with environmental conditions and crop management practices and needs to be considered when harvesting the residue for bioenergy productions. Here, we defined the sustainable harvest limits as the maximum rates that do not diminish SOC and quantified sustainable harvest limits for wheat residue across Australia's agricultural lands. We divided the study area into 9432 climate-soil (CS) units and simulated the dynamics of SOC in a continuous wheat cropping system over 122 years (1889 – 2010) using the Agricultural Production Systems sIMulator (APSIM). We simulated management practices including six fertilization rates (0, 25, 50, 75, 100, and 200 kg N ha −1 ) and five residue harvest rates (0, 25, 50, 75, and 100%). We mapped the sustainable limits for each fertilization rate and assessed the effects of fertilization and three key environmental variables – initial SOC, temperature, and precipitation – on sustainable residue harvest rates. We found that, with up to 75 kg N ha −1 fertilization, up to 75% and 50% of crop residue could be sustainably harvested in south-western and south-eastern Australia, respectively. Higher fertilization rates achieved little further increase in sustainable residue harvest rates. Sustainable residue harvest rates were principally determined by climate and soil conditions, especially the initial SOC content and temperature. We conclude that environmental conditions and management practices should be considered to guide the harvest of crop residue for bioenergy production and thereby reduce greenhouse gas emissions during the life cycle of bioenergy production.
    Print ISSN: 1757-1693
    Electronic ISSN: 1757-1707
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Published by Wiley-Blackwell
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  • 10
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    Spatiotemporal patterns and source implications of aromatic hydrocarbons at six rural sites across China's developed coastal regions (2016)
    Wiley-Blackwell
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-05-27
    Description: Aromatic hydrocarbons are important anthropogenic precursors of tropospheric ozone and secondary organic aerosols. Here, we measured ambient aromatic hydrocarbons from March 2012 to February 2014 at six rural sites in China's developed coastal regions. On average, benzene (B) comprised 〉 50% of total benzene (B), toluene (T), ethylbenzene (E), and xylenes (X) (BTEX) at sites in the Northeast China Plain (NECP) or in the North China Plain (NCP), whereas T, E, and X accounted for 〉 77% of total BTEX at sites in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) and the Pearl River Delta (PRD) in the south. BTEX at the northern sites was significantly correlated ( p  〈 0.01) with combustion tracer-carbon monoxide (CO) but weakly correlated with traffic marker-methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE), suggesting that their main sources were coal and biofuel/biomass burning with substantially elevated B levels during the winter heating period. In contrast, BTEX at the southern sites originated mainly from traffic-related and/or industrial emission sources, as indicated by the poor correlations with CO but highly significant ( p  〈 0.01) correlations with MTBE and tetrachloroethylene, an industrial emission tracer. The B/CO emission ratios from measurement agreed within a factor of two with that of a previous widely used emission inventory of China, but the T/CO ratio at the NECP site and the o-X/CO ratio at the NCP site were 29% and 38% of that in the inventory, respectively; the E/CO and X/CO ratios at the YRD site were 3.2-3.5 fold that in the emission inventory.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley-Blackwell on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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