Note: Front Cover -- Half Title -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- Chapter 1 Waste to energy: an overview by global perspective -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Potential waste biomass -- 1.2.1 Agricultural and forest residue -- 1.2.2 Industrial waste biomass -- 1.2.3 Municipal waste biomass -- 1.2.4 Micro- and macroalgae waste biomass -- 1.3 Biofuels from waste -- 1.3.1 Biodiesel -- 1.3.2 Bioethanol fermentation -- 1.3.3 Bio-oil and biochar -- 1.3.4 Biomethane and biohydrogen -- 1.3.5 Syngas and bioelectricity -- 1.4 Socioeconomic perspective -- 1.5 Environmental perspective -- 1.6 Integrated approaches of biofuel from waste -- 1.7 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 2 Potential of advanced photocatalytic technology for biodiesel production from waste oil -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.1.1 Biodiesel-strength and weakness -- 2.1.2 Biodiesel as an alternative fuel -- 2.1.3 WCO as a feedstock for biodiesel production -- 2.2 Reaction process to produce biodiesel -- 2.2.1 Microemulsion technique -- 2.2.2 Direct use and blending technique -- 2.2.3 Pyrolysis of oil -- 2.2.4 Transesterification process -- 2.2.5 Esterification process -- 2.3 Catalyst for biodiesel production -- 2.4 Photocatalyst -- 2.4.1 Mechanism of photocatalysis -- 2.4.2 Important circumstances influence photocatalyst performance -- 2.4.3 Synthesis of photocatalysts -- 2.5 Fundamental of photocatalyst in biodiesel production -- 2.5.1 TiO2 as a photocatalyst in biodiesel production -- 2.5.2 Zinc oxide \(ZnO\) nanocatalyst as heterogeneous photocatalyst -- 2.6 Parameters affecting on photocatalytic esterification -- 2.6.1 Effect of alcohol to oil ratio -- 2.6.2 Effect of catalyst loading -- 2.6.3 Effect of stirring speed -- 2.6.4 Effect of UV irradiation time and lamp power -- 2.7 Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References. , Chapter 3 Biofuel production from food waste biomass and application of machine learning for process management -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Growing concern for food loss waste (FLW) -- 3.3 Conversion techniques -- 3.3.1 Biochemical technology -- 3.4 Thermochemical technology -- 3.4.1 Gasification -- 3.4.2 Pyrolysis -- 3.4.3 Liquefaction -- 3.5 Sustainable management of FW with machine learning -- 3.5.1 Machine learning overview for FW and biofuel -- 3.6 Prediction of energy demand and biofuel production from FW -- 3.6.1 Life cycle of machine learning-based energy demand and biofuel production -- 3.7 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 4 Biological conversion of lignocellulosic waste in the renewable energy -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Lignocellulosic biomass and technical benefits -- 4.3 The role of bacteria in the decomposition of plant biomass and the production of RE -- 4.4 The future of RE and the challenges -- 4.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 5 The potential of sustainable biogas production from animal waste -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Biogas components -- 5.3 Factors affecting biogas production -- 5.4 Anaerobic fermentation -- 5.4.1 Bacteria -- 5.4.2 Temperature -- 5.4.3 pH -- 5.4.4 Carbon to nitrogen ratio -- 5.4.5 Concentration of the solid in the feeding solution -- 5.4.6 Feeding rates of organic matter (degree of loading) -- 5.4.7 Time of solution remaining in the fermenter -- 5.4.8 Toxic substances in nutrition -- 5.4.9 Use prefixes -- 5.4.10 Flipping inside the fermenter -- 5.5 Environmental and economic benefits from biogas generation -- 5.6 The properties of the different gases compared to the biogas -- 5.7 Prospects for the development of biogas production technology and current problems -- 5.8 Conclusion -- References. , Chapter 6 Current and future trends in food waste valorization for the production of chemicals, materials, and fuels by advanced technology to convert food wastes into fuels and chemicals -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Food valorization to produce chemicals -- 6.2.1 Multitudinous valorization methods for chemical production -- 6.3 Transformation of food waste into bioenergy -- 6.3.1 Biogas formation -- 6.3.2 Biohydrogen production -- 6.3.3 Distinctive techniques for biofuel production -- 6.4 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 7 Biochemical conversion of lignocellulosic waste into renewable energy -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Structural and functional attributes of LCMs -- 7.2.1 Socioeconomic aspects of LCMs -- 7.2.2 Biorefinery-based bioeconomy-considerations -- 7.2.3 Biotransformation of LCMs -- 7.2.4 Enzyme-based pretreatment of LCMs -- 7.2.5 Chemical-based pretreatment of LCMs -- 7.3 Biofuels generation -- 7.4 Conclusion and perspectives -- References -- Chapter 8 Recent trends on the food wastes valorization to value-added commodities -- 8.1 Introduction-food waste and its global scenario -- 8.2 FW hierarchy -- 8.3 FW-generating sectors -- 8.4 FW valorization to worth-added commodities -- 8.5 Biotransformation of FWs -- 8.6 Value-added components recovery -- 8.6.1 Recovery of organic acids -- 8.6.2 Nutraceuticals -- 8.6.3 Nanoparticles -- 8.6.4 Dietary fiber -- 8.7 Production of biomaterials and biofertilizer -- 8.7.1 Biopolymers -- 8.7.2 Single-cell protein (microbial biomass) -- 8.7.3 Bio-based colorants -- 8.7.4 Bioadsorbent -- 8.7.5 Biofertilizer -- 8.7.6 Bio-based high value-added products -- 8.7.7 Enzymes production from FW and their application -- 8.8 Conclusion and recommendations -- References -- Chapter 9 Thermochemical conversion methods of bio-derived lignocellulosic waste molecules into renewable fuels -- 9.1 Introduction. , 9.2 Lignocellulosic biomass -- 9.2.1 Sources of lignocellulosic biomass -- 9.2.2 Properties and composition of lignocellulosic biomass -- 9.3 Pretreatment techniques -- 9.3.1 Physical pretreatment technique -- 9.3.2 Chemical pretreatment technique -- 9.3.3 Physiochemical pretreatment technique -- 9.3.4 Biological pretreatment technique -- 9.3.5 Combination pretreatment technique -- 9.4 Thermochemical conversion of lignocellulosic biomass -- 9.4.1 Thermochemical lignocellulosic biorefineries -- 9.4.2 Biochemical refineries for the conversion of lignocellulosic biomass -- 9.4.3 Hybrid biorefineries -- 9.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 10 Biodiesel production from waste cooking oil using ionic liquids as catalyst -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Recent trends -- 10.3 Waste cooking oil -- 10.4 Transesterification of WCO -- 10.5 Experimental analysis -- 10.5.1 Catalytic ethanolysis of waste cooking soybean oil using the IL [HMim][HSO4] -- 10.5.2 Preparation of a supported acidic IL on silica-gel and its application to the synthesis of biodiesel from WCO -- 10.5.3 Improving biodiesel yields from WCO using ILs as catalysts with a microwave heating system -- 10.5.4 Biodiesel production from WCO by acidic IL as a catalyst -- 10.5.5 Biodiesel production process by using new functionalized ILs as catalysts -- 10.6 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 11 Valorization of waste cooking oil (WCO) into biodiesel using acoustic and hydrodynamic cavitation -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Biodiesel synthesis -- 11.2.1 Feedstock used for biodiesel synthesis -- 11.2.2 FFAs and their effect on biodiesel synthesis -- 11.2.3 Types of catalysts and its significance -- 11.3 Cavitation -- 11.3.1 Acoustic cavitation -- 11.3.2 HC and its mechanism -- 11.4 Review of current status of utilization of WCO for synthesis of biodiesel -- 11.4.1 Synthesis of biodiesel using AC. , 11.4.2 Synthesis of biodiesel using HC -- 11.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 12 Production of biochar from renewable resources -- 12.1 Biochar definition -- 12.2 Biochar applications -- 12.3 Biochar production -- 12.3.1 Pyrolysis -- 12.3.2 Gasification -- 12.3.3 Hydrothermal carbonization -- 12.3.4 Other processes -- 12.4 Factors affecting biochar production -- 12.4.1 Feedstocks of biochar -- 12.4.2 Thermochemical temperature -- 12.5 Mechanism of biochar production -- 12.6 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 13 Microbial fuel cell technology for bio-electrochemical conversion of waste to energy -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 MFC technology -- 13.2.1 Technological background, performance indicators, and operating parameters -- 13.3 Role of microbial species and mechanism of electron transport in MFC -- 13.3.1 Substrate composition in MFC -- 13.3.2 Electrode material -- 13.3.3 MFC design and architecture -- 13.4 Bioenergy production from MFC -- 13.4.1 Simple substrate molecules for electricity generation -- 13.4.2 Complex wastewater used for electricity generation -- 13.4.3 Pitfalls and future prospects -- 13.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 14 Case study of nonrefined mustard oil for possible biodiesel extraction: feasibility analysis -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Materials and methods -- 14.2.1 Catalyst preparation -- 14.2.2 Collection of nonrefined mustard oil -- 14.2.3 Design of experiment using Taguchi -- 14.2.4 Transesterification -- 14.2.5 Characterization of catalyst -- 14.3 Results and discussion -- 14.3.1 Characterization of catalyst -- 14.3.2 ANOVA and RSM -- 14.3.3 Effect of operating parameters -- 14.4 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 15 Waste oil to biodiesel -- 15.1 Second-generation feedstock for biodiesel production -- 15.1.1 Used cooking oil -- 15.1.2 Grease -- 15.1.3 Animal fat -- 15.1.4 Soapstock -- 15.1.5 Nonedible oils. , 15.2 Conclusion.

Note: Intro -- Hybrid Perovskite Composite Materials: Design to Applications -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- 1 Nano-crystalline perovskite and its applications -- 1.1 Common material structures -- 1.2 Nonstoichiometry in perovskites -- 1.3 Crystallography and chemistry of perovskite structures -- 1.3.1 Size effects -- 1.3.2 Effect of the composition variation from the ideal ABO3 -- 1.3.3 Single perovskite -- 1.3.4 Double perovskite -- 1.4 Nano-structured perovskite level -- 1.5 Applications for nano-perovskites -- 1.6 Conclusion -- References -- 2 Preparation and processing of nanocomposites of all-inorganic lead halide perovskite nanocrystals -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Nanocomposites based on conventional semiconductor nanocrystals-Brief overview -- 2.3 Fabrication and processing of nanocomposites of all-inorganic perovskite nanocrystals -- 2.3.1 Preparation of silica, titania, zirconia, and siloxane-based perovskite nanocomposites -- 2.3.1.1 Preparation of nanocomposites of LHP NCs/SiO 2 and SiO 2 -related compounds -- 2.3.1.2 Preparation of LHP NCs/titania (TiO 2) composites -- 2.3.1.3 Preparation of LHP NCs/alumina (Al 2 O 3) composites -- 2.3.1.4 Preparation of LHP NCs/zirconia (ZrO 2) composites -- 2.3.1.5 Miscellaneous -- 2.3.2 Preparation of polymer-based perovskite nanocomposites -- 2.3.2.1 Preparation and properties of CsPbX 3 NCs/poly-methyl-methacrylate (PMMA) composites -- 2.3.2.2 Preparation and properties of CsPbX 3 NCs/polystyrene (PS) composites -- 2.3.2.3 Role of polymeric oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) in improving properties of CsPbX 3 NCs -- 2.3.3 Nanocomposites of mixed perovskite phases -- 2.3.4 Miscellaneous -- 2.4 Conclusion and future perspectives -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 3 Thin films for planar solar cells of organic-inorganic perovskite composites -- 3.1 Introduction. , 3.1.1 History of perovskite solar cells -- 3.2 Perovskite solar cells: Architecture, evolution, and thin-film synthesis -- 3.2.1 The architecture of PSCs -- 3.2.2 Evolution of PSC -- 3.2.3 Thin film formation -- 3.2.3.1 Vacuum thermal coevaporation -- 3.2.3.2 Layer-by-layer sequential vacuum sublimation -- 3.2.3.3 Vapor deposition by dual-source -- 3.2.3.4 Spin coating -- 3.2.3.5 Spray coating -- 3.2.3.6 Screen printing -- 3.2.4 Thin-films for perovskite solar cells: A case study -- 3.2.4.1 Fundamentals of photovoltaic devices -- 3.2.4.2 Optical and electrical properties of perovskite solar cells -- 3.3 Future scope of perovskite solar cells -- 3.4 Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 4 Perovskite-type catalytic materials for water treatment -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Structure of perovskites -- 4.3 Synthesis methods of perovskites -- 4.3.1 Sol-gel method -- 4.3.2 Coprecipitation method -- 4.3.3 Hydrothermal method -- 4.3.4 Solid-state method -- 4.3.5 Microwave radiation method -- 4.4 Perovskite catalyst for water treatment -- 4.4.1 Process based on advanced oxidation process (AOPs) -- 4.4.1.1 Dye degradation -- 4.4.2 Process based on photocatalysis -- 4.5 Summary and perspective -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 5 Perovskite-based material for sensor applications -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Synthesis of perovskite materials -- 5.2.1 Solid-state reactions -- 5.2.2 Hydrothermal synthesis -- 5.2.3 Coprecipitation method -- 5.2.4 Sol-gel method -- 5.2.5 Gas phase reaction -- 5.2.6 Microwave synthesis -- 5.2.7 Wet chemical methods -- 5.3 Fabrication of sensors -- 5.3.1 Screen printing -- 5.3.2 Chemical vapor deposition -- 5.3.3 Sol-gel method -- 5.3.4 Spray pyrolysis -- 5.3.5 Physical vapors deposition -- 5.4 Perovskites as sensors -- 5.4.1 Perovskites as temperature sensors. , 5.4.2 Humidity sensors -- 5.4.3 Perovskites as gas sensors -- 5.4.4 Perovskite sensors for explosive species -- 5.5 Conclusions and future outlook -- References -- Further reading -- 6 High-sensitivity piezoelectric perovskites for magnetoelectric composites -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Historical background of ME coupling -- 6.3 Theoretical background -- 6.3.1 Perovskite oxide -- 6.3.2 Key piezoelectric and magnetostrictive parameters -- 6.3.3 ME effect -- 6.4 Factors influencing performance of ME composites -- 6.4.1 Nature of prominent phases -- 6.4.2 Geometrical configurations -- 6.4.3 Selection criteria for ME composites -- 6.5 Perovskite structure-based ME materials -- 6.5.1 Pb-based composites -- 6.5.2 Green ME composites -- 6.5.2.1 Barium titanate-based ME composites -- 6.5.2.2 Bismuth ferrite-based ME composites -- 6.5.2.3 Potassium niobate-based composites -- 6.6 Applications of ME composites -- 6.6.1 ME nanoparticles in nanomedicine -- 6.6.2 Energy harvesters -- 6.6.3 Magnetic sensors -- 6.7 Future directions -- 6.8 Conclusions -- References -- 7 Spectroscopic parameters of red emitting Eu3 +-doped La2Ba3B4O12 phosphor for display and forensic applicatio ... -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Synthesis and characterization of prepared phosphor -- 7.2.1 Materials and methods -- 7.2.2 Experimental details -- 7.3 Results and discussion -- 7.3.1 Phase identification and structural refinement -- 7.3.2 FTIR analysis of prepared LBBO:Eu3 + phosphors -- 7.3.3 Morphology -- 7.3.4 PL excitation and emission spectra for LBBO doped with Eu3 + -- 7.3.4.1 PL excitation studies of Eu3 + in LBBO host matrix -- Charge-transfer (CT) transition -- 7.3.4.2 Emission transitions of Eu3 + in LBBO host matrix -- 7.3.4.3 Concentration quenching -- 7.4 Fingerprint detection in different materials -- 7.5 Conclusion -- Acknowledgments. , References -- 8 Perovskite's potential functionality in a composite structure -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Structure of perovskites -- 8.2.1 Structure of LaCrO3 -- 8.2.2 Structure of LaFeO3 -- 8.3 Methods of synthesis -- 8.3.1 Pechini method -- 8.3.2 Conventional method -- 8.3.3 Citrate method -- 8.3.4 Oxalate method -- 8.3.5 Microwave-aided method -- 8.3.6 Combustion method -- 8.3.7 Sol-gel method -- 8.3.8 Solid-state oxide reaction method -- 8.3.9 Coprecipitation method -- 8.3.10 Solution combustion synthesis (SCS) -- 8.3.11 Polymer precursor method -- 8.4 Applications of perovskite oxides -- 8.5 Conclusion -- References -- 9 Compositional engineering of perovskite materials -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Synthesis methods for the compositional engineering -- 9.2.1 Solid-state reaction -- 9.2.2 Wet chemical methods -- 9.2.2.1 The chemical coprecipitation methods include two typical strategies -- 9.2.2.2 The sol-gel method -- 9.2.3 Hydrothermal synthesis method -- 9.3 Compositional engineering in BiFeO3-based perovskites -- 9.4 Compositional engineering in bismuth-layered perovskites -- 9.5 Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 10 Development of hybrid organic-inorganic perovskite (HOIP) composites -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Types of HOIPs -- 10.2.1 Development of ferroelectric HOIPs -- 10.2.1.1 1D-HOIPs -- 10.2.1.2 2D-HOIPs -- 10.2.1.3 3D-HOIPs -- 10.2.2 Development of dielectric HOIPs -- 10.2.3 Development of piezoelectric HOIPs -- 10.2.4 Development of pyroelectric HOIPs -- 10.3 Development in electrochemical and photovoltaic behavior of HOIPs -- 10.4 Conclusions -- References -- Further reading -- 11 Progress in efficiency and stability of hybrid perovskite photovoltaic devices in high reactive environments -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Progress in efficiency -- 11.3 Progress in stability. , 11.3.1 Factors affecting stability -- 11.3.1.1 Effect of oxygen and moisture -- 11.3.1.2 Effect of Temperature -- 11.3.1.3 Effect of illumination -- 11.3.1.4 Other factors -- 11.4 Summary and future scope -- References -- 12 Enhancement of photoluminescence/phosphorescence properties of Eu3 +-doped Gd2Zr2O7 phosphor -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Experimental -- 12.3 Results and discussion -- 12.3.1 X-ray diffraction analysis -- 12.3.2 SEM images of phosphor -- 12.3.3 Photoluminescence studies of pure and Eu3 +-doped GZO phosphor -- 12.4 PL studies of Eu3 +-doped GZO phosphor -- 12.4.1 CIE coordinate -- 12.5 Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 13 Organic-inorganic hybrid lead halide perovskites for optoelectronic and electronic applications -- 13.1 Introduction and general features -- 13.2 Perovskite and perovskite structure -- 13.3 Three-dimensional organic-inorganic hybrid halide perovskites -- 13.3.1 Gold Schmidt's and tolerance factor concept -- 13.4 Low-dimensional organic-inorganic hybrid layered halide perovskites -- 13.4.1 Dimensionality -- 13.4.2 Two-dimensional perovskite system -- 13.5 Double perovskite structure -- 13.6 Hybrid halide double perovskite -- 13.7 Applications -- 13.7.1 Electronic applications (photovoltaic and solar cells) -- 13.7.2 Optoelectronic applications -- 13.7.2.1 Light-emitting diode -- 13.7.2.2 Lasers -- 13.7.2.3 Photodetectors -- 13.7.2.4 Water-splitting -- 13.7.2.5 Field effect transistors -- 13.8 Conclusion -- 13.9 Vision for the future -- References -- 14 Hybrid perovskite photovoltaic devices: Architecture and fabrication methods based on solution-processed metal oxide tr ... -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.1.1 Electron transport layer (ETL) -- 14.1.2 Hole transport layer (HTL) -- 14.2 Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- Conflict of interest -- References. , 15 Composite perovskite-based material for chemical-looping steam methane reforming to hydrogen and syngas.