Note: Intro -- Scaling Up of Microbial Electrochemical Systems: From Reality to Scalability -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- Chapter 1: Microbial electrochemical systems -- 1.1. Introduction -- 1.2. Classification of METs -- 1.2.1. Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) -- 1.2.2. Microbial electrolysis cells (MECs) -- 1.2.3. Microbial solar cells (MSCs) -- 1.2.4. Microbial electrosynthesis cells (MESCs) -- 1.2.5. Microbial desalination cells (MDCs) -- 1.3. Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 2: A review on scaling-up of microbial fuel cell: Challenges and opportunities -- 2.1. Introduction -- 2.2. MFC theory -- 2.3. Research gap of MFC -- 2.4. Operational and electrochemical limitations of MFC analysis -- 2.4.1. MFC start-up process -- 2.4.2. Wastewater -- 2.4.3. Electrode materials -- 2.4.4. Anode material -- 2.4.5. Cathode material -- 2.4.6. Design of MFC -- 2.4.7. Electrical network of MFC -- 2.5. Technology development solution -- 2.6. Techno-economic viability -- 2.6.1. Advantages of MFC -- 2.7. Pilot scale to industrial scale of MFC -- 2.8. Application of microbial fuel cell to the social relevance -- 2.8.1. Electricity generation -- 2.8.2. Bio-hydrogen production -- 2.8.3. Wastewater treatment -- 2.8.4. Biosensor -- 2.8.5. Desalination plants -- 2.9. Recent developments -- 2.10. Future improvements -- 2.11. Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 3: Electroactive biofilm and electron transfer in microbial electrochemical systems -- 3.1. Introduction -- 3.2. Electroactive microorganisms (EAMs) -- 3.3. Formation of electroactive biofilms (EABFs) -- 3.3.1. Anodic EABFs -- 3.3.2. Cathodic EABFs -- 3.4. Electron transfer mechanism -- 3.4.1. Anodic electron transfer -- 3.4.2. Cathodic electron transfer -- 3.5. Effect of design, operational, and biological parameters on electroactivity of EABFs -- 3.5.1. Design parameters. , 3.5.1.1. Effect of electrode materials and their characteristics -- 3.5.1.2. Influence of applied voltage or potential -- 3.5.2. Operational parameters -- 3.5.2.1. Effect of substrate on EABFs -- 3.5.2.2. Effect of temperature on EABFs -- 3.5.2.3. Effect of pH on EABFs -- 3.5.3. Biological parameters -- 3.6. Genetic engineering: An approach to enhance exoelectrogenesis -- 3.7. Applications of EABFs -- 3.8. Conclusions and future prospects -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 4: Role of electroactive biofilms in governing the performance of microbial electrochemical system -- 4.1. Introduction -- 4.2. Role of electroactive biofilms in MES -- 4.3. Strategies for development of EAB -- 4.3.1. Natural growth of EAB -- 4.3.2. Artificial induction of EAB -- 4.4. Microbes in EAB -- 4.4.1. Anodic EAB -- 4.4.1.1. Pure culture -- 4.4.1.2. Mixed culture -- 4.4.2. Cathodic EAB -- 4.5. Electron transfer in EAB -- 4.5.1. Direct ET -- 4.5.2. Indirect ET -- 4.6. Methods to study EAB -- 4.7. Dynamic of EAB application -- 4.8. Conclusion and future prospects -- References -- Chapter 5: Electroactive biofilm and electron transfer in the microbial electrochemical system -- 5.1. Introduction -- 5.2. Electroactive microorganism and biofilm formation -- 5.3. Factors affecting electroactive biofilm formation -- 5.3.1. System architecture -- 5.3.2. Biological parameters -- 5.3.3. Operating parameters -- 5.3.3.1. Effect of external resistance and redox potential -- 5.3.3.2. Substrate concentration and loading -- 5.3.3.3. Other factors (pH, temperature, oxygen, and shear rate) -- 5.4. Electron transfer mechanism in MES -- 5.4.1. Direct electron transfer from cell to the electrode -- 5.4.2. Mediated electron transfer -- 5.5. Tools and techniques to study electroactive biofilms and microbial community analysis -- 5.6. Conclusion and future prospects -- References. , Chapter 6: Electroactive biofilm and electron transfer in MES -- 6.1. Introduction -- 6.2. Electroactive biofilms (EABs) -- 6.3. Anodic electroactive biofilm -- 6.4. Cathodic electroactive biofilm -- 6.5. Mechanism of electron within anodic EAB -- 6.6. Mechanisms of electron transfer in cathodic EABs -- 6.7. Tools and techniques used to study EABs -- 6.8. Applications of EABs -- 6.9. Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 7: Bioelectroremediation of wastes using bioelectrochemical system -- 7.1. Introduction -- 7.2. Drawbacks of conventional bioremediation -- 7.3. Phytoremediation -- 7.4. BES for ground water remediation -- 7.5. Practical obstacles in GW remediation suggests BES application -- 7.6. In situ bioelectroremediation: Ideal step -- 7.7. Bioelectroremediation: Future perspectives -- 7.8. Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 8: Fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) as proton exchange membrane (PEM) in single chambered microbial fuel cells (MFCs) -- 8.1. Introduction -- 8.2. Proton exchange membranes (PEM) -- 8.3. Present study -- 8.4. Designing and fabrication of single-chambered MFCs -- 8.5. Natural fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composite as PEM in MFCs -- 8.6. Substrates used in MFCs -- 8.7. Inocula used in MFCs -- 8.8. Experimental design -- 8.9. Results in terms of electricity generation -- 8.10. Results in terms of COD removal -- 8.11. Results of the comparison of different proton exchange membrane (PEM) used in MFC with commercially available PEM-b ... -- 8.12. Results in terms of electricity generation -- 8.13. Results in terms of COD removal -- 8.14. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 9: Effects of biofouling on polymer electrolyte membranes in scaling-up of microbial electrochemical systems -- 9.1. Introduction -- 9.2. Causes of biofouling in polymer electrolyte membrane -- 9.3. Mechanism of polymer electrolyte membrane biofouling. , 9.4. Effects of biofouling on MES performance -- 9.5. Methods to analyze membrane biofouling -- 9.6. Challenges confronted in scaling-up of MES -- 9.7. Preventive measures of membrane biofouling -- 9.7.1. Pretreatment of PEMs -- 9.7.2. Surface coatings on PEM -- 9.7.3. Polymer electrolyte membrane composites -- 9.7.4. Quorum Quenching for membrane antifouling -- 9.8. Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 10: Advancement in electrode materials and membrane separators for scaling up of MES -- 10.1. Introduction -- 10.2. Designing of reactor to scale-up -- 10.3. Electrode modification in scaling-up of MES -- 10.4. Membrane separators in MES -- References -- Chapter 11: Scale-up of bioelectrochemical systems: Stacking strategies and the road ahead -- 11.1. Introduction -- 11.2. Scale-up: Issues and strategies -- 11.3. Stacking of BESs -- 11.4. Voltage reversal and prevention -- 11.5. Pilot-scale BESs for hydrogen/methane production -- 11.6. Scaled-up BESs for bioremediation -- 11.7. Conclusions and future perspective -- References -- Chapter 12: Application of microbial electrochemical system for industrial wastewater treatment -- 12.1. Introduction -- 12.2. Energy recovery in wastewater treatment systems -- 12.3. Industrial wastewater generation and the ecotoxicological impacts of the pollutants -- 12.3.1. Heavy metals -- 12.3.2. Emerging contaminants -- 12.4. Industrial wastewater treatment in microbial electrochemical systems -- 12.4.1. Microbial fuel cell -- 12.4.2. Microbial electrolysis cell -- 12.4.3. Microbial desalination cell -- 12.5. Recent advancements in scaling up microbial electrochemical systems -- 12.5.1. Design of MES used in scale-up applications -- 12.5.2. Influencing parameters related to scale up -- 12.5.3. Application of MES in industrial companies: Current status -- 12.5.4. Current challenges and future perspective. , 12.6. Economic and life cycle assessment -- 12.7. Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 13: Metabolic engineering and synthetic biology key players for improving efficacy of microbial fuel cell technology -- 13.1. Introduction -- 13.2. Classification or types and design of MFC for electricity generation -- 13.3. Molecular mechanisms of electron transfer by diverse microbial regimes or electrogens for MFC technology -- 13.4. Existing physical- and chemical-based approaches for improving the MFC performance -- 13.4.1. Anode and cathode modifications -- 13.5. Existing pitfalls or drawbacks of existing MFC technology -- 13.6. Metabolic engineering and synthetic biology impacts on improving MFC performance -- 13.7. Conclusion and future outlook -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Chapter 14: Microbial electrochemical platform: A sustainable workhorse for improving wastewater treatment and desalination -- 14.1. Introduction -- 14.2. Classification and general discussion about microbial electrochemical platform toward wastewater treatment and desa ... -- 14.3. Potential role of existing native microbial regime in wastewater treatment and desalination -- 14.4. Metabolic engineering and synthetic biology impacts on improving strains or M/Os to improve the performance of MES/ ... -- 14.5. Future outlook -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Chapter 15: Scaling-up of microbial electrochemical systems to convert energy from waste into power and biofuel -- 15.1. Introduction -- 15.2. Scale-up of MET from laboratory level to pilot level -- 15.2.1. Microbial fuel cell -- 15.2.2. Microbial electrolysis cell -- 15.2.3. Microbial electrosynthesis -- 15.2.4. Microbial desalination cell -- 15.3. Stacking of microbial electrochemical systems: A major perspective for scaling-up -- 15.3.1. Some case studies on large-scale implementation of MES. , 15.4. Continuous mode of operation of microbial electrochemical systems during scale-up.

Note: Front cover -- Half title -- Full title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- 1 - Nanoadsorbents for scavenging emerging contaminants from wastewater -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Emerging contaminants -- 1.3 Occurrence of emerging contaminants in aquatic systems -- 1.4 Exposure pathways of emerging contaminants in the environment -- 1.5 Treatment technologies for removal of ECs -- 1.6 Conventional treatment methods -- 1.7 Emerging methods -- 1.7.1 Biological treatment method -- 1.7.2 Advanced oxidation process -- 1.8 Nanoadsorbents -- 1.9 Classification of nanoadsorbents -- 1.10 Methods for preparation of nanoadsorbents -- 1.11 Properties of nanoadsorbents -- 1.12 Mechanisms of nanoadsorption -- 1.13 The π-π interaction -- 1.14 Electrostatic interaction -- 1.15 Hydrophobic interaction -- 1.16 Hydrogen bonding -- 1.17 Factors affecting adsorption process -- 1.17.1 pH -- 1.17.2 Ionic strength -- 1.17.3 Dissolved organic matter -- 1.18 Conclusions -- References -- 2 - Treatment aspect of an emerging pollutant from Pharmaceutical industries using advanced oxidation process: past, curre ... -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Treatment technologies -- 2.2.1 Recovery process -- 2.2.2 Phase changing technologies -- 2.2.2.1 Adsorption -- 2.2.2.2 Membrane technology -- 2.2.3 Biological process -- 2.3 Advanced oxidation process -- 2.3.1 Nonphotochemical methods -- 2.3.1.1 Ozonation -- 2.3.1.2 Ozone and hydrogen peroxide (Peroxone) -- 2.3.2 Catalytic ozonation -- 2.3.3 Fenton system -- 2.3.3.1 Sulfate-based AOPs -- 2.3.4 Photochemical methods -- 2.3.4.1 O 3  + UV Method -- 2.3.4.2 H 2 O 2 +UV light Method -- 2.3.4.3 H 2 O 2 +UV+ O 3 Method -- 2.3.4.4 Photolysis -- 2.3.4.5 UV/persulfate -- 2.3.4.6 Photo-Fenton Method -- 2.3.4.7 Photocatalysis -- 2.3.4.8 Other AOPs -- 2.4 Future prospects -- References. , 3 - Membrane bioreactor (MBR) as an advanced wastewater treatment technology for removal of synthetic microplastics -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Microplastic generation and pollution -- 3.3 Effect of Synthetic microplastic pollution -- 3.4 Technical implementation of membrane bioreactor (MBR) for elimination micro plastic pollutants -- References -- 4 - Strategies to cope with the emerging waste water contaminants through adsorption regimes -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Uptake of pollutants from water via adsorption -- 4.3 Adsorbents and there use in purification of waters -- 4.4 Various emerging pollutants and their effects -- 4.4.1 Heavy metals -- 4.4.2 Dyes -- 4.4.3 Pharmaceuticals -- 4.4.4 Fluoride -- 4.4.5 Arsenic -- 4.4.6 Other emerging pollutants -- 4.5 Adsorption strategies for removal of emerging pollutants from waste waters -- 4.6 Adsorption of pollutants using hydrothermal carbonization: an environment safe procedure using carbon adsorbents -- 4.7 Use of hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) in adsorption -- 4.7.1 Dye adsorption -- 4.7.2 Pesticide(s) adsorption -- 4.7.3 Antibiotics/drugs adsorption -- 4.7.4 Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDC) -- 4.8 Metals and metal ions adsorption by HTCs -- 4.9 Adsorption of metal(s) from mixture of metals -- 4.10 Adsorption of heavy metals using HTCs -- 4.11 Use of cost-effective adsorbent for adsorption of heavy metals -- 4.12 Uptake of metals using low-cost adsorbent materials -- 4.13 Use of agricultural residues as adsorbents -- 4.14 Uses of industrial wastes as adsorbents -- 4.14.1 Marine materials -- 4.14.2 Clay and zeolite -- 4.15 Adsorption/biosorption of antibiotics from waste water -- 4.16 Elimination of heavy metals via adsorption/biosorption -- 4.17 Heavy metals uptake using activated sludge and sludge-derived materials. , 4.18 Uptake of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDC) -- 4.19 Future prospects -- 4.20 Conclusion -- References -- 5 - Performances of membrane bioreactor technology for treating domestic wastewater operated at different sludge retention ... -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.1.1 Fundamentals of membrane bioreactors -- 5.1.2 Development of MBR studies -- 5.1.3 Membrane fouling in MBR systems -- 5.1.4 Performances of MBRs at high biomass retention -- 5.1.5 Task and purpose of the study -- 5.2 Materials and methods -- 5.2.1 Experimental setup -- 5.2.2 Sludge retention time -- 5.2.3 Analysis methods -- 5.3 Results and discussion -- 5.3.1 Effect of SRTs on sludge concentration in the system -- 5.3.2 Effects of SRT on sludge bioactivity -- 5.3.3 Effect of SRT on SVI and viscosity -- 5.3.4 Effects of SRT on COD removal in the system -- 5.4 Influence of SRT on sludge particle size distribution -- 5.5 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- Abbreviations -- References -- 6 - Advances in nanotechnologies of waste water treatment: strategies and emerging opportunities -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Metallic nanoparticles -- 6.3 Nanoadsorbents -- 6.4 Nanobiosorbents -- 6.5 Nanomembranes -- 6.6 Nanocatalysts -- 6.6.1 Photocatalyst based advance oxidation process -- 6.7 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 7 - Water and Wastewater Treatment through Ozone-based technologies -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Global water scenario -- 7.3 Strategies for solving the water shortage issues -- 7.4 Why ozone-based technologies used for water and wastewater treatment? -- 7.4.1 Advanced Oxidation Process (AOP) -- 7.4.2 Benefits of ozone (O 3 ) based treatment -- 7.5 Worldwide status, history, and background of O 3 based technology for drinking water and wastewater treatment -- 7.6 Use of ozone-based technology for disinfection. , 7.6.1 Mechanisms of Inactivation by Ozone -- 7.7 Treatment of municipal and industrial wastewater through Ozone-based technology -- 7.8 Removal of physical pollutants (odor and taste) through Ozone-based technologies -- 7.9 Removal of various chemical pollutants (COD, BOD and coloring agents) from wastewater through Ozone-based technologies -- 7.10 Factors affecting the Ozonation process -- 7.11 Conclusion and Future prospects -- References -- 8 - Constructed wetland: a promising technology for the treatment of hazardous textile dyes and effluent -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Classification of dyes -- 8.3 Impact of dye toxicity on environment -- 8.4 Impact of dye toxicity on living beings -- 8.5 Dye remediation strategies -- 8.5.1 Physical methods -- 8.5.2 Chemical methods -- 8.5.3 Biological methods -- 8.6 Constructed wetlands: a step towards technology transfer -- 8.7 Classification of constructed wetlands -- 8.8 Recent developments in textile wastewater treatments using constructed wetlands -- 8.9 Conclusion and future prospective -- References -- 9 - Biogenic nanomaterials: Synthesis, characteristics, and recent trends in combating hazardous pollutants (An arising sc ... -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 History of nanotechnology and conventional synthetic routes of nanomaterials -- 9.3 Nanobiotechnology: An arising scientific horizon -- 9.3.1 Biologically fabricated NPs for the removal of hazardous water pollutants -- 9.3.1.1 Biologically fabricated NPs using bacteria and actinomycetes -- 9.3.1.2 Biologically fabricated NPs using fungi -- 9.3.1.3 Biologically fabricated NPs using yeast -- 9.3.1.4 Biologically fabricated NPs using algae -- 9.3.1.5 Biologically fabricated NPs using plant extracts -- 9.3.1.6 Biologically fabricated NPs using agro-industrial waste extracts. , 9.3.2 Possible mechanisms involved in biomimetic synthesis of NPs -- 9.3.2.1 Role of enzymes and proteins -- 9.3.2.2 Role of exopolysaccharides -- 9.4 Advantages, limitations, drawbacks, and future perspectives of nanobiotechnology -- 9.5 Conclusions -- References -- 10 - Removal of emerging contaminants from pharmaceutical wastewater through application of bionanotechnology -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Overview of contaminants in pharmaceutical wastewater -- 10.3 Applications of nanomaterials for the removal of pharmaceutical contaminants -- 10.3.1 Nanofiltration -- 10.3.2 Advanced oxidation process -- 10.3.3 Nanosorbents (nanotubes and zeolites) -- 10.4 Concluding remarks -- References -- 11 - Recent advances in pesticides removal using agroindustry based biochar -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 What is biochar? -- 11.3 Characteristics of biochar -- 11.3.1 Porosity and surface area -- 11.3.2 pH -- 11.3.3 Functional groups at the surface -- 11.3.4 Carbon content and aromatic structures -- 11.3.5 Mineral composition -- 11.4 Modified biochar -- 11.5 Hazards of pesticides to environment and health -- 11.6 Recent development in pesticides sorption on biochar -- 11.6.1 Herbicides sorption -- 11.6.2 Insecticides sorption -- 11.6.3 Fungicides sorption -- 11.6.4 Nematicides sorption -- 11.7 Conclusion and future perspective -- References -- 12 - Bioremediation - the natural solution -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Characteristics of municipal wastewater -- 12.2.1 Organic impurities -- 12.2.2 Solids -- 12.2.3 Nutrients -- 12.2.3.1 Phosphorus -- 12.2.3.2 Nitrogen -- 12.2.3.3 Nitrogen present in municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPS) -- 12.2.4 Effects of phosphorus and nitrogen on environment -- 12.2.5 Pathogens -- 12.3 Wastewater treatment -- 12.3.1 Physical treatment -- 12.3.2 Chemical treatment. , 12.3.3 Thermal treatment.

Note: Front cover -- Half title -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Chapter 1 Novel photocatalytic techniques for organic dye degradation in water -- 1.1 An overview of dye pollution and classification -- 1.2 Existing treatment options -- 1.3 Photocatalysis: basic principle -- 1.4 Novel photocatalytic approaches -- 1.4.1 Titanium dioxide and strategies for improving photoactivity of TiO2 -- 1.4.2 Metal oxides/sulfide/nanocomposites -- 1.4.3 Layered nanocomposites -- 1.5 Mechanisms of photocatalysis: schemes involved in photocatalytic degradation -- 1.6 Type-II heterostructure semiconductors -- 1.6.1 p-n junction semiconductor -- 1.6.2 Z-scheme semiconductor -- 1.7 Factors affecting photocatalysis/photodegradation -- 1.7.1 Effect of pH -- 1.7.2 Effect of irradiation intensity -- 1.7.3 Effect of temperature -- 1.7.4 Effect of photocatalyst loading -- 1.8 Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 2 Effect of operating parameters on photocatalytic degradation of dyes by using graphitic carbon nitride -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.1.1 Photocatalysis -- 2.1.2 Photocatalyst -- 2.2 Graphitic carbon nitride (g - C3N4) photocatalyst -- 2.2.1 Synthesis techniques of g - C3N4 -- 2.2.2 Modifications of g - C3N4 -- 2.2.3 Composites of g - C3N4 -- 2.3 Degradation of dyes -- 2.4 Operating parameters in photocatalytic degradation -- 2.4.1 Effect of pH -- 2.4.2 Effect of catalyst concentration -- 2.4.3 Effect of light intensity -- 2.4.4 Effect of irradiation time -- 2.4.5 Effect of oxidizing agents -- 2.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 3 Photocatalytic degradation of organic dyes using heterogeneous catalysts -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.1.1 Types of dyes -- 3.1.2 Type of photocatalysts used -- 3.2 TiO2 catalyst -- 3.2.1 Principle of TiO2 photocatalysis and mechanistic pathways -- 3.2.2 Parameters affecting the photocatalytic degradation. , 3.2.3 Modification of TiO2 -- 3.3 ZnO as catalyst -- 3.3.1 Principle of ZnO photocatalysis and mechanistic pathways -- 3.3.2 Parameters affecting the photocatalytic degradation -- 3.3.3 Modification of ZnO -- 3.4 Other photocatalyst -- 3.5 Degradation study of dyes -- 3.6 Conclusion and outlook -- References -- Chapter 4 Effective materials in the photocatalytic treatment of dyestuffs and stained wastewater -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Various techniques used for removal of dye from wastewater -- 4.2.1 Adsorption technique -- 4.2.2 Ion exchange -- 4.2.3 Membrane filtration technique -- 4.2.4 Electrochemical method -- 4.2.5 Bioremediation and biodegradation -- 4.2.6 Advanced oxidation process -- 4.3 Photocatalysis -- 4.3.1 Mechanism of photocatalysis -- 4.3.2 Influences of several parameters on photocatalysis -- 4.4 Various dyes that can be treated by photolysis -- 4.4.1 Methylene blue -- 4.4.2 Methyl orange -- 4.4.3 Rhodamine B -- 4.4.4 Malachite green -- 4.4.5 Indigo carmine -- 4.5 Future Scope -- References -- Chapter 5 Sonophotocatalytic degradation of refractory textile dyes -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Sonochemical process -- 5.3 Photocatalytic process -- 5.4 Sonophotocatalytic reactors -- 5.5 Dyes degradation by sonophotocatalysis -- 5.6 Does sonoluminescence activate photocatalyst? -- 5.7 Source of synergism in sonophotocatalysis -- 5.8 Influencing factors -- 5.8.1 Ultrasonic power -- 5.8.2 Catalyst dosage -- 5.8.3 Dye concentration -- 5.8.4 Solution pH -- 5.8.5 Saturation gases -- 5.8.6 Effect of additives -- 5.9 Conclusions and future perspectives -- References -- Chapter 6 High photocatalytic activity under visible light for dye degradation -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Fundamentals of photocatalytic dye-degradation reactions -- 6.2.1 Photocatalytic dye degradation reactions mechanism -- 6.2.2 Photocatalytic dye-degradation measurement techniques. , 6.3 Different factors affecting photocatalytic dye degradation -- 6.4 Syntheses of UV-Visible/visible light active photocatalysts -- 6.4.1 Synthesis of TiO2@C nanocomposites -- 6.4.2 Synthesis of MoS2 nanoplatelets, nanorods, and nanosheets -- 6.4.3 Synthesis of flower-like ZnO@MoS2 heterostructures (ZMH) -- 6.5 Structural, optical, and methylene blue dye degradation properties -- 6.5.1 TiO2@C nanocomposites -- 6.5.2 Different MoS2 nanostructures -- 6.5.3 Flower-like ZnO@MoS2 nanostructures -- 6.6 Conclusion -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Chapter 7 Green and sustainable methods of syntheses of photocatalytic materials for efficient application in dye degradation -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Environmental concern of organic toxic pollutants -- 7.3 Semiconductor nanomaterials as photocatalyst -- 7.3.1 Strategies for improvement of photocatalytic Performance of Semiconductor nanomaterials -- 7.4 Limitations of traditional synthesis methods -- 7.5 Green approach for synthesis of ZnO-based composites materials -- 7.6 Laboratory syntheses of ZnO nanoparticles -- 7.6.1 Phase determination by XRD and morphology analyses -- 7.6.2 Raman data analysis -- 7.6.3 XPS and FTIR data analyses -- 7.6.4 Optical properties of the nanocomposite materials -- 7.7 Photocatalytic mechanism -- 7.7.1 Sun Light-driven photocatalytic dye degradation activity -- 7.8 Several applications of ZnO and ZnO-rGO nanocomposites -- 7.8.1 Self-cleaning property of cotton fabric under sunlight -- 7.8.2 Self-cleaning property of cotton fabric with different cleaning agents under sunlight -- 7.9 Summary -- 7.10 Conclusions and future scope -- Acknowledgement -- References -- Chapter 8 Hybrid systems to improve photo-based processes and their importance in the dye degradation -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Hybrid systems -- 8.2.1 Common operational aspects effect. , 8.2.2 Photocatalysis-oxidant addition -- 8.2.3 Fenton-photocatalysis -- 8.2.4 Photocatalysis-electro -- 8.2.5 Photocatalysis-electro-Fenton -- 8.2.6 Sono-photocatalysis -- 8.2.7 Adsorption-photocatalysis -- 8.2.8 Membrane-photocatalysis -- 8.2.9 Photocatalysis-biodegradation -- 8.3 General considerations -- 8.3.1 Hybrid process selection -- 8.3.2 Scale-up considerations -- 8.4 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 9 Photocatalytic metal nanoparticles: a green approach for degradation of dyes -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Green synthesis of Zinc oxide (ZnO) NPs -- 9.3 Green synthesis of titanium dioxide (TiO2) NPs -- 9.4 Green synthesis of Copper oxide (CuO/Cu2O) NPs -- 9.5 Photocatalytic degradation of toxic dyes -- 9.6 Application of photocatalysts -- 9.7 Mechanism of dye degradation -- 9.7.1 pH -- 9.7.2 Light intensity and irradiation time -- 9.7.3 Photocatalysts load -- 9.7.4 Initial dye concentration -- 9.7.5 Temperature -- 9.8 The bottlenecks of photocatalytic dye degradation using NPs -- 9.9 Reusability of NPs -- 9.10 Aggregation of NPs -- 9.11 Toxicity of NPs -- 9.12 Hybrid systems for dye removal -- 9.13 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 10 A facile biogenic-mediated synthesis of Ag nanoparticles over anchored ZnO for enhanced photocatalytic degradation of organic dyes -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Materials and methods -- 10.2.1 Materials -- 10.2.2 Preparation of bark extract -- 10.2.3 Green synthesis of Ag@ZnO -- 10.2.4 Characterization -- 10.2.5 Photocatalytic activity -- 10.2.6 Reuse and recyclability test -- 10.3 Results and discussion -- 10.3.1 Characterization of the catalyst -- 10.3.2 Photocatalytic degradation study -- 10.3.3 Stability and reuse study -- 10.3.4 Plausible photocatalytic reaction mechanism of MB and CR dye degradation -- 10.4 Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References. , Chapter 11 Fungus and plant-mediated synthesis of metallic nanoparticles and their application in degradation of dyes -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Problems associated with dyes -- 11.3 Green synthesis and characterization of nanoparticles -- 11.3.1 Characterization techniques -- 11.3.2 UV-visible spectroscopy -- 11.3.3 X-ray diffraction (XRD) -- 11.3.4 Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy -- 11.3.5 Atomic force microscopy (AFM) -- 11.3.6 Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) -- 11.3.7 Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) -- 11.4 Metallic nanoparticles -- 11.5 Fungal-mediated nanoparticles synthesis -- 11.6 Plant-mediated nanoparticles synthesis -- 11.7 Mechanism of dye degradation by metal nanoparticles -- 11.7.1 Direct photocatalytic degradation -- 11.7.2 Indirect or sensitization-mediated degradation -- 11.8 Factors influencing degradation of dyes -- 11.8.1 pH -- 11.8.2 Concentration of nanoparticles -- 11.8.3 Temperature -- 11.8.4 Irradiation time and light intensity -- 11.8.5 Concentration of dyes -- 11.9 Applications of nanoparticles in dye degradation -- 11.9.1 Fungal-mediated nanoparticles in dye degradation -- 11.9.2 Plant-mediated nanoparticles in dye degradation -- 11.10 Challenges -- 11.11 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 12 Heterogeneous photocatalysis of organic dyes -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Background -- 12.2.1 Types/categories of dyes -- 12.2.2 Advancement in degradation of organic dye under heterogeneous photocatalysis -- 12.3 The semiconductor surface for dye adsorption in dark -- 12.4 Dark adsorption of dyes and its efficiency -- 12.5 Photocatalyst details -- 12.5.1 Titanium dioxide -- 12.5.2 Other semiconductors -- 12.6 Photoreactor configurations -- 12.7 Photodecolorization of dye organics -- 12.7.1 Process variables and mechanism for absorption of light by semiconductor. , 12.7.2 Advanced oxidation processes incorporation with sonolysis.