Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- About the Editors -- Chapter 1: Impact of Climate Change on Livelihood Security and Biodiversity - Issues and Mitigation Strategies -- Introduction -- Influence of Environmental Change -- The Issue of Water -- Diversification -- Susceptibility and Hazard -- The Impacts on Urban Livelihoods -- Heavy Rainfall and Floods -- Combined Effect Between Food Security and Climate Change Mitigation -- Mitigating Methane Emissions Through New Irrigation Schemes (Bohol, Philippines) -- Challenges -- Climate Change's Impact on Biodiversity -- Populations of Species Fluctuations -- Responses from Various Populations -- Changes in Phenology -- Climate Change, Biodiversity, and Ecosystem Services -- Feedbacks to Climate -- Sustainable Biodiversity Management in the Face of Climate Impacts -- The Next Steps -- Climate Change's Effects on Livelihoods and Resilience Measures -- Adaptation Approaches -- Global Warming, Habitat, and Economics -- Concerning Climate Change, Biodiversity Protection, and Poverty Reduction Is the Way Forward -- Future Scope of the Study -- Policy Recommendations -- The Emphasis Is on Smallholders, Sensitive Spots, and the Community at Large -- Climate-Smart Agriculture, Green Agriculture, and Rural Nonfarm Activities Must All Be Prioritised -- Opportunities for Adaptation -- Opportunities for Mitigation -- Collaboration on a Broad Basis -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 2: Desertification Intensity Assessment Within the Ukraine Ecosystems Under the Conditions of Climate Change on the Basis of Remote Sensing Data -- Introduction -- Background -- Materials and Methods -- Visual Interpretation of Remote Sensing Data -- The Drought Map Creation by Using Indexes -- The Meteorological Observations -- Results and Discussions -- Physiographic Conditions -- Climate Conditions -- Drought Estimation. , Index of Drought -- Conclusions -- Recommendations -- References -- Chapter 3: Climate Change Effect on the Urbanization: Intensified Rainfall and Flood Susceptibility in Sri Lanka -- Introduction -- Relationship Between Urbanization and Climate Change -- Climate Change and Sri Lanka -- Climate Change and Urbanization in Sri Lanka -- Case Study: Climate Change and Urbanization in Colombo -- Conclusion -- Appendixes -- Appendix 1: World CO2 Data -- Sri Lanka -- Afganisthan -- Albania -- Algeria -- Andorra -- Angola -- Anguilla -- Antigua and Barbuda -- Argentina -- Armenia -- Aruba -- Australia -- Austria -- Azerbaijan -- Bahamas -- Bahrain -- Bangladesh -- Barbados -- Belarus -- Belgium -- Belize -- Benin -- Bermuda -- Bhutan -- Bolivia -- Bonaire, Saint Eustatius and Saba -- Bosnia and Herzegovina -- Botswana -- Brazil -- British Virgin Islands -- Brunei Darussalam -- Bulgaria -- Burkina Faso -- Burundi -- Cambodia -- Cameroon -- Canada -- Cape Verde -- Central African Republic -- Chad -- Chile -- China -- Colombia -- Comoros -- Congo -- Cook Islands -- Costa Rica -- Côte d'Ivoire -- Croatia -- Cuba -- Curaçao -- Cyprus -- Czech Republic -- Democratic Republic of the Congo -- Denmark -- Djibouti -- Dominica -- Dominican Republic -- Ecuador -- Egypt -- El Salvador -- Equatorial Guinea -- Eritrea -- Estonia -- Ethiopia -- Faeroe Islands -- Fiji -- Finland -- France -- French Polynesia -- Gabon -- Gambia -- Georgia -- Germany -- Ghana -- Greece -- Greenland -- Grenada -- Guatemala -- Guinea -- Guinea-Bissau -- Guyana -- Haiti -- Honduras -- Hong Kong -- Hungary -- Iceland -- India -- Indonesia -- Iran -- Iraq -- Ireland -- Israel -- Italy -- Jamaica -- Japan -- Jordan -- Kazakhstan -- Kenya -- Kiribati -- Kosovo -- Kuwait -- Kyrgyzstan -- Laos -- Latvia -- Lebanon -- Lesotho -- Liberia -- Libya -- Liechtenstein -- Lithuania -- Luxembourg -- Macao. , Madagascar -- Malawi -- Malaysia -- Maldives -- Mali -- Malta -- Marshall Islands -- Mauritania -- Mauritius -- Mexico -- Micronesia (Federated States of) -- Moldova -- Mongolia -- Montenegro -- Montserrat -- Morocco -- Mozambique -- Myanmar -- Namibia -- Nauru -- Nepal -- Netherlands -- New Caledonia -- New Zealand -- Nicaragua -- Niger -- Nigeria -- Niue -- North Korea -- North Macedonia -- Norway -- Occupied Palestinian Territory -- Oman -- Pakistan -- Palau -- Panama -- Papua New Guinea -- Paraguay -- Peru -- Philippines -- Poland -- Portugal -- Qatar -- Republic of South Sudan -- Romania -- Russian Federation -- Rwanda -- Saint Helena -- Saint Kitts and Nevis -- Saint Lucia -- Saint Pierre and Miquelon -- Saint Vincent and the Grenadines -- Samoa -- Sao Tome and Principe -- Saudi Arabia -- Senegal -- Serbia -- Seychelles -- Sierra Leone -- Singapore -- Slovakia -- Slovenia -- Solomon Islands -- Somalia -- South Africa -- South Korea -- Spain -- Sudan -- Suriname -- Swaziland -- Sweden -- Switzerland -- Syria -- Taiwan -- Tajikistan -- Tanzania -- Thailand -- Timor-Leste -- Togo -- Tonga -- Trinidad and Tobago -- Tunisia -- Turkey -- Turkmenistan -- Turks and Caicos Islands -- Tuvalu -- Uganda -- Ukraine -- United Arab Emirates -- United Kingdom -- United States of America -- Uruguay -- Uzbekistan -- Vanuatu -- Venezuela -- Vietnam -- Wallis and Futuna Islands -- Yemen -- Zambia -- Zimbabwe -- Appendix 2: Region CO2 Data -- EU27 -- Canada -- China -- India -- Iran -- Japan -- Russian Federation -- Saudi Arabia -- South Korea -- United States of America -- Appendix 3: Landuse Emitted CO2 Data -- Canada -- Caribbean -- Central Africa -- Central America & -- Mexico -- China -- East Africa -- East Asia -- Europe -- Former Soviet Union -- NonTropical S. America -- North Africa & -- Middle East -- Oceania -- South Asia -- Southeast Asia. , Southern Africa -- Tropical S. America -- USA -- West Africa -- References -- Chapter 4: Climate Change, a Strong Threat to Food Security in India: With Special Reference to Gujarat -- Introduction to Climate Change Measures in Gujarat -- Climate Change, a Strong Threat to Agriculture Productivity -- Temperature and Drought: Major Challenge to Food Security -- Issues and Challenges in Semi-Arid and Arid Regions of Gujarat -- Climate Change Impact on Cropping Patterns -- Climate Change Impact on the Landscape and Irrigation -- Climate Change Effect on Rainfall Trend -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 5: Livelihood Vulnerability Assessment and Drought Events in South Africa -- Introduction -- Study Area -- Impact of Drought in South Africa -- Livelihood Vulnerability in South Africa -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 6: Possible Influence of Urbanisation on Rainfall in Recent Past -- Introduction -- Studies on the Rainfall and Urbanisation Through Observations -- Urban Features, Processes and Mechanisms Influencing the Rainfall -- Aerosols, Cloud Physics and Heat Fluxes -- Urban Land Cover and Surface Roughness -- Urban Heat Island and Their Consequences on Rainfall -- Modelling Studies on Rainfall and Urbanisation -- Changes in Rainfall Characteristics Over a Typical Urban Centre of Gangetic Plain -- Study Area -- Data and Methods -- Results and Discussion -- Conclusions -- Recommendations -- References -- Chapter 7: Influence of Climate Change on Crop Yield and Sustainable Agriculture -- Introduction -- Materials and Methods -- Study Area -- Data Collection -- Results and Discussion -- Agriculture Sector and GDP of Pakistan -- Major Crops of Pakistan -- Cotton -- Sugarcane -- Maize -- Rice -- Wheat -- Meteorological Parameters -- Temperature -- Rainfall -- Strategies and Future Recommendations -- References. , Chapter 8: Hybrid Daily Streamflow Forecasting Based on Variational Mode Decomposition Random Vector Functional Link Network-Based Ensemble Forecasting -- Introduction -- Materials and Methods -- Study Site -- Methodology -- Extreme Learning Machine (ELM) -- Random Vector Functional Link Network (RVFL) -- Variational Mode Decomposition (VMD) -- Results and Discussion -- Summary and Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 9: Climate Change and Natural Hazards in the Senegal River Basin: Dynamics of Hydrological Extremes in the Faleme River Basin -- Introduction -- Study Area -- Data and Methods -- Data -- Methods -- Results -- Extreme Discharges in the Faleme Basin Between Humidity and Drought -- Minimum Daily Discharges -- Maximum Daily Discharges -- Dynamics of the Hydrological Extremes of the Faleme Basin Through Some Indices -- Power of Peak Discharges -- Irregularity Index -- Taring Coefficient -- Hydroclimatic Risks in the Faleme Basin -- Different Aspects of the Hydrological Drought in the Faleme Basin -- Hydrological Parameters and Flooding in the Valley -- Discussion -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 10: Review of Various Impacts of Climate Change in South Asia Region, Specifically Pakistan -- Introduction -- National Level Climate Change Trends in International Context -- Climate Change Impacts on Various Sectors -- Climate Change Impact on Water Resource Sector -- Climate Change Impact on Seaside Sector -- Climate Change Impact on Energy and Food Sector Reliability -- Climate Change Impact on Agriculture Sector -- Climate Change Impact on Livestock -- Climate Change Impact on Natural and Economic Catastrophes -- Impacts of Climate Change on Community -- Climate Change Adoption and Alleviation -- Conclusion -- References. , Chapter 11: Future Hydroclimatic Variability Projections Using Combined Statistical Downscaling Approach and Rainfall-Runoff Model: Case of Sebaou River Basin (Northern Algeria).

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- About the Editors -- Chapter 1: Issues and Challenges of Groundwater and Surface Water Management in Semi-Arid Regions -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Semi-Arid Regions -- 1.3 Water Scarcity -- 1.4 Climate Change and Impact of Floods and Droughts -- 1.5 Issues and Challenges of Groundwater Management -- 1.5.1 Overexploitation of Groundwater Sources -- 1.5.1.1 Declining Groundwater Tables -- 1.5.1.2 Pollution in Aquifers -- 1.6 Sustainable Water Management -- 1.7 Challenges for Sustainable Groundwater Management -- 1.8 Challenges in Surface Water Sources -- 1.9 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 2: Review of GIS Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis for Managed Aquifer Recharge in Semi-Arid Regions -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Managed Aquifer Recharge Techniques -- 2.3 Data from Remote Sensing -- 2.4 Managed Aquifer Recharge Suitability Mapping -- 2.5 Scope -- 2.6 Materials and Methods -- 2.6.1 Data -- 2.6.2 Database -- 2.6.3 Paper Selection -- 2.7 Review Process -- 2.8 Results -- 2.9 Database -- 2.10 Paper Review -- 2.11 Discussion -- 2.12 Geographical Patterns -- 2.13 Criteria Selection and Weight Distribution -- 2.14 Weighting Methods and Decision Rules -- 2.15 Specific Challenges in Semi-Arid Regions -- 2.16 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 3: Robust Ensemble Modeling Paradigm for Groundwater Salinity Predictions in Complex Aquifer Systems -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Methodology -- 3.2.1 Three-Dimensional Coastal Aquifer Numerical Simulation Model -- 3.2.2 Machine Learning Algorithms for Groundwater Salinity Predictions -- 3.2.2.1 Artificial Neural Network (ANN) -- 3.2.2.2 Genetic Programming (GP) -- 3.2.2.3 Support Vector Machine Regression (SVMR) -- 3.2.2.4 Group Method of Data Handling (GMDH) -- 3.2.2.5 Gaussian Process Regression (GPR) -- 3.3 Prediction Model Development and Prediction Phases. , 3.4 Surrogate Model Performance Evaluation -- 3.5 Homogeneous Ensemble Model -- 3.6 Study Area -- 3.7 Results -- 3.7.1 Performance Evaluation Results for Individual Machine Learning Models´ -- 3.7.2 Future Groundwater Salinity Level in the Aquifer -- 3.8 Discussions -- 3.9 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 4: Modeling Landscape Dynamics, Erosion Risk, and Annual Sediment Yield in Guna-tana Watershed: A Contribution for Mic... -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Materials and Methods -- 4.2.1 Description of the Study Area -- 4.3 Data Source and Analytical Approach -- 4.3.1 RUSLE Model Description -- 4.4 Results and Discussion -- 4.4.1 Trends of Land Use Land Cover Change -- 4.5 Erosion Risk and Watershed Level Annual Sediment Yield -- 4.5.1 Erosion Risk Mapping -- 4.5.2 Slope Length and Steepness Factor (LS) -- 4.5.3 Cover and Management (C) Factor and Support (P) Factor -- 4.5.4 Soil Loss -- 4.6 Sediment Yield -- 4.7 Prioritization of Watershed for Soil and Water Conservation -- 4.8 Validation -- 4.9 Discussion -- 4.10 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 5: Evaluation of Multiwell Pumping Aquifer Tests in Unconfined Aquifer System by Neuman (1975) Method with Numerical M... -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Materials and Methods -- 5.2.1 Groundwater Flow Model Development -- 5.2.2 Aquifer Test Data Analysis -- 5.3 Results -- 5.3.1 Model 1 -- 5.3.2 Model 2 -- 5.4 Discussion -- 5.4.1 Effect of Different Radial Observation Distance on the Transmissivity Interpretation -- 5.4.2 Effect of Different Radial Observation Distance on the Specific Yield Interpretation -- 5.5 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 6: Groundwater Remediation Design Strategies Using Finite Element Model -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Governing Equations for Groundwater Flow and Contaminant Transport -- 6.3 Materials and Methods -- 6.3.1 Finite Element Formulation for Groundwater Flow and Transport. , 6.3.1.1 Finite Element Formulation for Groundwater Flow -- 6.3.1.2 Finite Element Formulation for Contaminant Transport -- 6.3.1.3 Two-Dimensional Coupled Flow and Transport Model -- 6.4 Strategies of Aquifer Remediation -- 6.5 Results and Discussion -- 6.5.1 Case 1(a) -- 6.5.2 Case 1(b) -- 6.5.3 Case 1(c) -- 6.5.4 Case 2(a) -- 6.5.5 Case 2(b) -- 6.5.6 Case 2(c) -- 6.6 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 7: Modeling of Groundwater Level Using Artificial Neural Network Algorithm and WA-SVR Model -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Methodology -- 7.2.1 Feedforward Neural Networks (FFNN) -- 7.2.2 Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) -- 7.2.3 Algorithms -- 7.2.4 The Levenberg-Marquardt Training Algorithm -- 7.2.5 The Resilient BackPropagation Algorithm -- 7.2.6 The Scaled Conjugate Gradient Algorithm (SCG) -- 7.2.7 The Fletcher-Reeves Conjugate Gradient Algorithm -- 7.2.8 The One Step Secant (OSS) Backpropagation -- 7.2.9 Conjugate Gradient Algorithm by Polak and Ribiere -- 7.3 Gradient Descent with Momentum (GDM) -- 7.3.1 Gradient Descent with Adaptive Learning Rate Backpropagation -- 7.4 Performance Measures -- 7.4.1 Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency Index (Ef) -- 7.4.2 Coefficient of Determination (R2) -- 7.5 Model Development -- 7.5.1 Dataset -- 7.6 SVR-WA Model -- 7.7 Result and Discussion -- 7.8 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 8: Development of Conceptual Model and Groundwater Flow Modeling Using GMS Software: A Case Study for Dharsiwa Block, ... -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Materials and Methodology -- 8.2.1 Study Area -- 8.2.2 Digitization and Boundary Conditions -- 8.2.3 Sources and Sinks Description -- 8.2.4 Delineating Recharge Zone -- 8.2.5 Defining the Hydraulic Conductivity and Layer Elevation -- 8.2.6 Running the Modflow -- 8.3 Results and Discussion -- 8.3.1 Developed Conceptual Model -- 8.3.2 Calibration -- 8.3.3 Validation -- 8.4 Conclusion -- References. , Chapter 9: Numerical Modeling for Groundwater Recharge -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Study Area -- 9.3 Methodology -- 9.3.1 General -- 9.3.2 MODFLOW (MODular FLOW) Model -- 9.3.3 MT3D (Modular Transport 3D) Model -- 9.4 Results and Discussion -- 9.4.1 Flow Model -- 9.4.2 Model Construction -- 9.4.3 Model Discretization -- 9.4.4 Initial Conditions and Boundary Conditions -- 9.4.5 Model Parameters and Stresses -- 9.4.6 Temporal Conditions and Solver -- 9.4.7 Model Calibration and Validation -- 9.5 Transport Model -- 9.5.1 Performance of Individual Structures -- 9.6 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 10: Assessment of Aquifer Vulnerability for Sea-Water Intrusion in Nagapattinam Coast, Tamil Nadu, Using Geospatial Te... -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Study Area Description -- 10.3 Methodology -- 10.4 GALDIT: An Open-Ended Model -- 10.4.1 Groundwater Occurrence or Aquifer Type (G) -- 10.4.2 Aquifer Hydraulic Conductivity (A) -- 10.4.3 Depth to Groundwater Level above Mean Sea Level (L) -- 10.4.4 Distance from the Shore (D) -- 10.4.5 Impact of the Existing Status of Seawater Intrusion (I) -- 10.4.6 The Thickness of the Aquifer Mapped (T) -- 10.4.7 Computing the GALDIT Index -- 10.5 Decision Criteria -- 10.6 Application of the GALDIT Method to a Case Study in Nagapattinam Taluk -- 10.7 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 11: Watershed Planning and Development Based on Morphometric Analysis and Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques: A Case St... -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Study Area -- 11.3 Methodology -- 11.4 Computation of Morphometric Parameters -- 11.5 Usefulness of Morphometric Parameters -- 11.5.1 Stream Order -- 11.5.2 Stream Number (Nu) -- 11.5.3 Bifurcation Ratio (Rb) -- 11.5.4 Weighted Mean Bifurcation Ratio (Rbwm) -- 11.5.5 Stream Length (Lu) -- 11.5.6 Mean Stream Length (Lum) -- 11.5.7 Stream Length Ratio (Lurm). , 11.5.8 Channel Index (Ci) and Valley Index (Vi) -- 11.5.9 Rho Coefficient (ρ) -- 11.5.10 Length of Basin (Lb) -- 11.5.11 Basin Area (A) -- 11.5.12 Basin Perimeter (P) -- 11.5.13 Length Area Relation (Lar) -- 11.5.14 Elongation Ratio (Re) -- 11.5.15 Digital Elevation Model -- 11.5.16 Land Use and Land Cover -- 11.6 Watershed Planning Method -- 11.7 Results and Discussion -- 11.8 Drainage Network and Basin Geometry Parameters of Watershed Area -- 11.9 Land Use and Land Cover -- 11.10 Soil Slope -- 11.11 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 12: Correlation Between Land Surface Temperature and Vegetation Cover of Nagapattinam Coastal Zone, Tamil Nadu, Using ... -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Study Area Description -- 12.2.1 Objectives -- 12.2.1.1 Methodology -- 12.3 Land Surface Temperature Mapping -- 12.3.1 Conversion of DN Value to Spatial Radiance -- 12.3.2 Spatial Radiance into Temperature in Kelvin -- 12.3.3 Kelvin in Temperature to Celsius -- 12.3.4 Normalized Difference Vegetation Index -- 12.4 Results and Discussion -- 12.4.1 Correlation Between NDVI and LST (1995) -- 12.4.2 Correlation of NDVI and LST (2000) -- 12.4.3 Correlation of NDVI and LST (2005) -- 12.4.4 Correlation of NDVI and LST (2010) -- 12.4.5 Correlation of NDVI and LST (2015) -- 12.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 13: GIS-Based Legitimatic Evaluation of Groundwater´s Health Risk and Irrigation Susceptibility Using Water Quality In... -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Background of the Study -- 13.3 Objective of the Study -- 13.4 Materials and Methods -- 13.4.1 Study Area -- 13.4.2 Geology Settings -- 13.4.3 Sampling and Analysis -- 13.4.4 Water Quality Index (WQI) -- 13.4.5 Nitrate Pollution Index (NPI) -- 13.4.6 Fluoride Pollution Index (FPI) -- 13.4.7 Irrigation Water Quality Indexes (IWQI) -- 13.4.8 Human Health Risk Assessment (HHRA) -- 13.4.9 GIS Analysis. , 13.5 Results and Discussion.