Note: Intro -- Contents -- 1 Biomass-Derived Polyurethanes for Sustainable Future -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Chemicals for Preparation of Polyurethanes -- 1.2 Importance of Green Chemicals and Synthesis Methods -- 1.3 Characteristics of Biomaterials for Polyurethanes -- 2 Bio-Oils as a Renewable Resource for Polyurethanes -- 2.1 Epoxidation and Ring-Opening Reactions -- 2.2 Hydroformation and Hydrogenation Reactions -- 2.3 Ozonolysis -- 2.4 Thiol-Ene Reaction -- 2.5 Transesterification Reaction -- 3 Terpenes as Green Starting Chemicals for Polyurethanes -- 4 Lignin for Green Polymers -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- 2 Mechanochemistry: A Power Tool for Green Synthesis -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 History of Mechanochemistry -- 3 Principles of Mechanochemistry -- 3.1 Mechanisms and Kinetics of Mechanochemistry -- 3.2 Effects of Reaction Parameters -- 4 Mechanochemical Synthesis of Materials -- 4.1 Mechanochemical Synthesis of Co-crystals -- 4.2 Mechanochemistry in Inorganic Synthesis -- 4.3 Mechanochemistry in Organic Synthesis -- 4.4 Mechanochemistry in Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) -- 4.5 Mechanochemistry in Porous Organic Materials (POMs) -- 4.6 Mechanochemical Synthesis of Polymers -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- 3 Future Trends in Green Synthesis -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Green Chemistry Metrics -- 2.1 Atom Economy (AE) -- 2.2 Environmental Factor (E Factor) -- 2.3 Process Mass Intensity (PMI) -- 2.4 Reaction Mass Efficiency (RME) -- 3 Application of Green Concept in Synthesis -- 3.1 Solvent-Based Organic Synthesis -- 3.2 Aqueous Medium -- 3.2.1 Micellar Media -- 3.2.2 Different Non-Aqueous Media -- Ionic Liquids -- Fluorous Media -- Supercritical Fluid -- Solvent-Free Synthesis -- 4 Future Trends -- References -- 4 Plant-Mediated Green Synthesis of Nanoparticles -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction. , 2 Methods for Metallic Nanoparticle Biosynthesis -- 3 Green Biosynthesis of Metallic NPs -- 3.1 Gold Nanoparticles -- 3.2 Platinum Nanoparticles -- 3.3 Silver Nanoparticles -- 3.4 Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles -- 3.5 Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles -- 4 Different Parts Used for the Synthesis of Metallic Nanoparticles -- 4.1 Fruit -- 4.2 Stem -- 4.3 Seeds -- 4.4 Flowers -- 4.5 Leaves -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- 5 Green Synthesis of Hierarchically Structured Metal and Metal Oxide Nanomaterials -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Advantages of Green Synthesis Methods -- 3 Green Synthesis Methods for Hierarchically Structured Metal and Metal Oxide Nanomaterials -- 3.1 Biological Methods -- 3.1.1 Using Microorganism -- Microorganisms as Reactant -- Microorganism as Template -- 3.1.2 Using Plant -- Plant as Reactant -- Plant as Template -- 3.1.3 Using Other Green Templates -- 3.2 Physical and Chemical Methods -- 3.2.1 Green Techniques -- 3.2.2 Green Reagents -- 3.2.3 Green Solvents -- 4 Growth Mechanism of Metal and Metal Oxide HSNs -- 4.1 Biological Method -- 4.1.1 Biomolecules as Reagents -- 4.1.2 Biomolecules as Templates -- 4.2 Physical and Chemical Methods -- 5 Applications of Hierarchically Structured Metal and Metal Oxide Nanomaterials -- 5.1 Biomedical Application -- 5.2 Environmental Remediation -- 5.2.1 Wastewater Treatment -- 5.2.2 Energy Storage -- 5.2.3 Sensing -- 6 Present Challenges and Future Prospect -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 6 Bioprivileged Molecules -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Four Carbon 1,4-Diacids -- 2.1 Succinic Acid -- 2.2 Fumaric Acid -- 2.3 Malic Acid -- 3 Furan 2,5-Dicarboxylic Acid (FDCA) -- 4 3-Hydroxypropionic Acid (3-HPA) -- 5 Glucaric Acid -- 6 Glycerol -- 7 Aspartic Acid -- 8 Itaconic Acid -- 9 3-Hydroxybutyrolactone -- 10 Sorbitol -- 11 Xylitol -- 12 Glutamic Acid -- 13 Levulinic Acid. , 14 Emerging Molecules -- 15 Conclusion -- References -- 7 Membrane Reactors for Green Synthesis -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Chemical Reaction Enzymatic MR Using Supercritical CO2-IL -- 2.1 Ionic Liquid Media Effect on Free CLAB -- 2.2 Butyl Propionate Synthesis Using Active Membranes SC-CO2 and SC-CO2/IL -- 2.3 Butyl Propionate Synthesis Using Active Membranes in Hexane/IL -- 3 Mixed Ionic Electronic MR -- 3.1 Methane Flow Rate and Concentration Effects on Side II of Membrane -- 3.2 Steam Flow Effect on Side I of Membrane -- 3.3 Temperature Effect -- 4 Green Synthesis of Methanol in a Membrane Reactor -- 5 Green Fuel Energy -- 5.1 Green H2 Energy -- 5.2 Biofuel Energy -- 5.3 Green Fuel Additive -- 6 Biocatalyst Membrane Reactors -- 7 Photocatalytic Membrane Reactors -- 8 Conclusions -- References -- 8 Application of Membrane in Reaction Engineering for Green Synthesis -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Applications of Membrane Reactors in Reaction Engineering -- 2.1 Syngas Production -- 2.2 Hydrogen Production -- 2.3 CO2 Thermal Decomposition -- 2.4 Higher Hydrocarbon Production -- 2.5 Methane Production -- 2.6 Ammonia Production -- 3 Environmental Impacts -- 4 Conclusions and Future Recommendations -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 9 Photo-Enzymatic Green Synthesis: The Potential of Combining Photo-Catalysis and Enzymes -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Principle -- 3 Enzymes Involved in Light-Driven Catalysis -- 3.1 Heme-Containing Enzymes -- 3.1.1 Cytochrome P450 -- 3.1.2 Peroxidases -- 3.2 Flavin-Based Enzyme -- 3.2.1 Baeyer-Villiger Monooxygenases -- 3.2.2 Old Yellow Enzymes -- 3.3 Metal Cluster-Centered Enzyme -- 3.3.1 Hydrogenases -- 3.3.2 Carbon Monoxide Dehydrogenases -- 4 Nanoparticle-Based Activation of Enzyme -- 5 Applications in Photo-Biocatalysis -- 5.1 Isolated Enzymes/Cell Lysates -- 6 Summary and Future Scope -- References. , 10 Biomass-Derived Carbons and Their Energy Applications -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Types of Biomass Materials -- 2.1 Plant-Based Carbons -- 2.2 Fruit-Based Carbons -- 2.3 Animal-Based Carbons -- 2.4 Microorganism-Based Carbons -- 3 Activation of Biomass-Derived Carbons -- 3.1 Activation of Carbons -- 3.1.1 Chemical Activation of Carbons -- 3.1.2 Carbon Activation Through Physical Method -- 3.1.3 Self-activation of Carbons -- 3.2 Pyrolysis Techniques -- 3.2.1 Effect of Temperature -- 3.2.2 Effect of Residence Time -- 3.2.3 Heating Rate Effect -- 3.2.4 Size of the Particle -- 3.3 Microwave-Assisted Technique -- 3.4 Carbonization by Hydrothermal -- 3.5 Ionothermal Carbonization -- 3.6 Template Method -- 4 Energy Storage Applications of Biomass Carbons -- 4.1 Supercapacitors -- 4.2 Li/Na-Ion Batteries -- 5 Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 11 Green Synthesis of Nanomaterials via Electrochemical Method -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Green Synthesis -- 2.1 Application of Biology in Green Synthesis -- 2.2 Green Synthesis Based on the Application of Solvent -- 3 Computational Data and Analysis -- 4 Electrochemical Method -- 5 Electrodeposition Method -- 5.1 Experimental Setup for Electrodeposition -- 6 Research Work: Using Green Electrochemical Methods for Nanomaterials Synthesis -- 7 Conclusion -- References -- 12 Microwave-Irradiated Synthesis of Imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine Class of Bio-heterocycles: Green Avenues and Sustainable Developments -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of 2-arylimidazo[1,2-a]pyridines [Abbreviated as 2-Aryl-IPs]. -- 2.1 Synthesis of Fused Bicyclic Heteroaryl Boronates and Imidazopyridine-Quinazoline Hybrids Under MW-irradiations -- 2.2 MW-Irradiated Synthesis of IPs Using Multi-Component Strategy Under Neat Conditions. , 2.3 One-Pot, Three-Component Synthesis of 2-Phenyl-H-Imidazo[1,2-α]pyridine Under MW-Irradiations -- 2.4 Microwave-Assisted Amine-Triggered Benzannulation Strategy for the Preparation of 2,8-Diaryl-6-Aminoimidazo-[1,2-a]pyridines -- 2.5 MW-Assisted NaHCO3-catalyzed Synthesis of Imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines in PEG400 Media and Its Practical Application in the Synthesis of 2,3-Diaryl-IP Class of Bio-Heterocycles -- 2.6 MW-Irradiated, Ligand-Free, Palladium-Catalyzed, One-Pot 3-component Reaction for an Efficient Preparation of 2,3-Diarylimidazo[1,2-a]pyridines -- 2.7 MW-Assisted Water-PEG400-mediated Synthesis of 2-Phenyl-IP via Multi-Component Reaction (MCR) -- 2.8 Microwave-Irradiated Synthesis of Imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines Under Neat, Catalyst-Free Conditions -- 2.9 Green Synthesis of Imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines in H2O -- 2.10 Microwave-Assisted Neat Synthesis of Substituted 2-Arylimidazo[1,2-a]Pyridines -- 2.11 Microwave-Assisted Nano SiO2 Neat Synthesis of Substituted 2-Arylimidazo[1,2-a]pyridines -- 2.12 Microwave-Assisted NaHCO3-Catalyzed Synthesis of 2-phenyl-IPs -- 3 Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of 3-amino-2-arylimidazo[1,2-a]pyridines [3-amino-2-aryl-IPs] -- 3.1 Microwave-Irradiated Synthesis of 3-aminoimidazo[1,2-a]pyridines via Fluorous Multi-component Pathway -- 3.2 MW-Irradiated Synthetic Protocol for 3-aminoimidazo[1,2-a]pyridines via MCR Pathway -- 3.3 MW-Assisted Sequential Ugi/Strecker Reactions Involving 3-Center-4-Component and 3-Center-5-Component MCR Strategy -- 3.4 One-Pot, 4-component Cyclization/Suzuki Coupling Leading to the Rapid Formation of 2,6-Disubstituted-3-Amino-IPs Under Microwave Irradiations -- 3.5 ZnCl2-catalyzed MCR of 3-aminoimidazo[1,2-a]pyridines Using MW Conditions -- 3.6 Microwave-Promoted Preparation of N-(3-arylmethyl-2-oxo-2,3-dihydroimidazo[1,2-a]pyridin-3-Yl)Benzamides. , 3.7 MW-Assisted Multi-component Neat Synthesis of Benzimidazolyl-Imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- Contributors -- Chapter 1: Role of Nano-photocatalysis in Heavy Metal Detoxification -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Heavy Metals and Their Toxicological Effects -- 1.2.1 Cadmium -- 1.2.2 Chromium -- 1.2.3 Copper -- 1.2.4 Lead -- 1.2.5 Mercury -- 1.2.6 Nickel -- 1.2.7 Zinc -- 1.3 Overview of Photocatalysis -- 1.4 Mechanism of Photocatalysis -- 1.5 Types of Photocatalysis -- 1.5.1 Homogeneous Photocatalysis -- 1.5.2 Heterogeneous Photocatalysis -- 1.6 Overview and Mechanism of Nano-photocatalysis -- 1.7 Photocatalytic Nanoparticle Synthesis -- 1.7.1 Organic Synthesis -- 1.7.1.1 Plant Extracts Aqueous Solutions -- 1.7.1.2 Microorganisms -- 1.7.2 Chemical Synthesis -- 1.7.2.1 Sol-Gel Method -- 1.7.2.2 Hydrothermal Method -- 1.7.2.3 Polyol Synthesis -- 1.7.2.4 Precipitation Method -- 1.7.3 Physical Synthesis -- 1.7.3.1 Ball Milling -- 1.7.3.2 Melt Mixing -- 1.7.3.3 Physical Vapour Deposition (PVD) -- 1.7.3.4 Laser Ablation -- 1.7.3.5 Sputter Deposition -- 1.8 Mode of Operation on Nano-photocatalysis -- 1.9 Parameters Affecting the Photocatalytic Efficiency -- 1.9.1 Effect of pH of the Reaction Solution -- 1.9.2 Effect of Photocatalyst Concentration -- 1.9.3 Effect of Substrate Adsorption -- 1.9.4 Effect of Dissolved Oxygen -- 1.10 Application -- 1.10.1 Chromium -- 1.10.1.1 pH -- 1.10.1.2 Light Intensity -- 1.10.1.3 Photocatalyst Dosage -- 1.10.1.4 Presence of Organic Compounds -- 1.10.2 Mercury -- 1.10.3 Arsenic -- 1.10.4 Uranium -- 1.11 Disadvantages of Photocatalysis -- 1.12 Photocatalyst Modifications -- 1.12.1 Dye Sensitization -- 1.12.2 Ion Doping -- 1.12.3 Composite Semiconductor -- 1.13 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 2: Solar Photocatalysis Applications to Antibiotic Degradation in Aquatic Systems -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Solar Photocatalysis Process. , 2.3 Solar Photocatalysis Treatment for Antibiotic Degradation -- 2.3.1 Trimethoprim -- 2.3.2 Sulfamethoxazole -- 2.3.3 Erythromycin -- 2.3.4 Ciprofloxacin -- 2.4 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 3: Biomass-Based Photocatalysts for Environmental Applications -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Background of Biomass-Derived Carbon -- 3.2.1 Biochar -- 3.2.2 Activated Carbon (AC) -- 3.3 Synthesis Methods of Biomass-Derived Carbon -- 3.3.1 Pyrolysis -- 3.3.2 Hydrothermal Carbonization -- 3.3.3 Physical and Chemical Activation -- 3.4 Photocatalysts and Photocatalysis Reactions -- 3.5 Functionalized AC and Applications -- 3.5.1 Types of Functionalized AC -- 3.5.2 Functionalized AC Photocatalysts and Its Application -- 3.6 Future Challenges and Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 4: Application of Bismuth-Based Photocatalysts in Environmental Protection -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Photocatalytic Oxidation of Pharmaceuticals in Water -- 4.2.1 Tetracycline -- 4.2.2 Ciprofloxacin and Other Antibiotics -- 4.2.3 Carbamazepine -- 4.2.4 Ibuprofen and Diclofenac -- 4.2.5 Other Pharmaceuticals -- 4.3 Photocatalytic Oxidation of Industrial Micropollutants -- 4.3.1 Bisphenol A -- 4.3.2 Oxidation of Other Industrial Pollutants -- 4.4 Oxidation of the Indoor Air Pollutant NOx -- 4.5 Photocatalytic Reduction of Pollutants in Water and Air -- 4.5.1 Reduction of Cr(VI) in Water -- 4.5.2 Reduction of CO2 in Air -- 4.6 Water Splitting -- 4.7 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 5: Phosphors-Based Photocatalysts for Wastewater Treatment -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Phosphor Materials: A Historical Background -- 5.3 Inorganic Phosphors in Photocatalysis -- 5.3.1 Types of Inorganic Phosphor Materials -- 5.3.2 Down-Conversion Phosphors in Photocatalysis -- 5.3.3 Up-Conversion Phosphors in Photocatalysis -- 5.3.4 Long-Persistent Phosphors in Photocatalysis. , 5.4 Organic Up-Conversion Phosphors in Photocatalysis -- References -- Chapter 6: Nanocarbons-Supported and Polymers-Supported Titanium Dioxide Nanostructures as Efficient Photocatalysts for Remedi... -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.1.1 Heterogeneous Semiconductor Photocatalysis -- 6.1.2 Potential TiO2-Based Photocatalysts -- 6.1.3 Limitations of the Fine Powder Form of TiO2-Based Photocatalysts -- 6.1.3.1 Comparison of Synthesis Methods -- 6.1.3.2 Improvements in TiO2 Performance by Structural Change, Doping, and Hybridization -- 6.2 TiO2 Photocatalysts with Polymer-Based Hybrid Photocatalysts for Wastewater Treatment -- 6.2.1 Need for Immobilization of TiO2-Based Photocatalysts -- 6.2.1.1 Features of a Stable Substrate, and Available Substrates -- 6.2.1.2 Comparison of Polymeric Supports for Wastewater Treatment -- 6.3 TiO2 Photocatalysts Supported with Nanocarbons for Wastewater Treatment -- 6.3.1 TiO2-Functionalized Nanocarbon-Based Photocatalysts -- 6.3.1.1 Potential Photocatalytic Improvements with Carbon Nanostructures for Wastewater Treatment -- 6.4 Conclusions and Future Outlook -- References -- Chapter 7: Investigation in Sono-photocatalysis Process Using Doped Catalyst and Ferrite Nanoparticles for Wastewater Treatment -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Dependency of Catalytic Activity -- 7.2.1 Size-Dependent Catalytic Activity -- 7.2.2 Shape-Dependent Catalytic Effect -- 7.2.3 Interparticle Distance-Dependent Catalytic Effect -- 7.2.4 Support Interaction and Charge Transfer-Dependent Reactivity -- 7.3 Type of Nanoparticles -- 7.3.1 Non-metallic Nanoparticles -- 7.3.2 Metallic Nanoparticles -- 7.3.3 Semiconductor Nanoparticles -- 7.3.4 Ceramic Nanoparticles -- 7.3.5 Polymer Nanoparticles -- 7.3.6 Lipid-Based Nanoparticles -- 7.4 Types of Nanoparticles Based on Structure -- 7.5 Synthesis and Applications -- 7.5.1 Discussions -- 7.6 Synergetic Effect. , 7.7 Conclusion and Overview -- References -- Chapter 8: Magnetic-Based Photocatalyst for Antibacterial Application and Catalytic Performance -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Magnetic-Based Photocatalysts in Inactivation of the Microorganism -- 8.3 Factors Affecting the Photocatalytic Bacterial Inactivation -- 8.3.1 Effect of Magnetic-Based Photocatalyst Concentration and Light Intensity -- 8.3.2 Nature of Microorganism -- 8.3.3 Solution pH of Magnetic-Based Photocatalyst Suspension -- 8.3.4 Initial Bacterial Concentration -- 8.3.5 Physiological State of Bacteria -- 8.4 Proposed Mechanism for Bacteria Disinfection by the Magnetic-Based Photocatalyst -- 8.5 Using Magnetic-Based Catalyst in Photocatalytic Abatement of Organics -- 8.6 Photocatalysis for the Simultaneous Treatment of Bacteria and Organics -- 8.7 Conclusion and Future Prospects -- References -- Chapter 9: Antimicrobial Activities of Photocatalysts for Water Disinfection -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Mechanisms of Photocatalytic Disinfection -- 9.3 Pure and Modified Photocatalysts -- 9.4 Photocatalytic Films and Biofilms -- 9.5 Photocatalytic Composites and Nanocomposites -- 9.6 Materials with Antimicrobial Activity in the Absence of Light -- 9.7 Case Study: Application of Supported Photocatalysts in Disinfection of Whey-Processing Water -- 9.8 Final Considerations -- References -- Chapter 10: Medicinal Applications of Photocatalysts -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.1.1 Background -- 10.2 Antifungal Activity -- 10.3 Virucidal Activity -- 10.4 Antimicrobial Activity -- 10.5 Anticancer Activity -- 10.6 Conclusion -- References -- Index.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- 1 Green Approach: Microbes for Removal of Dyes and Metals via Ion Binding -- Abstract -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Pollutants in the Environment -- 1.2.1 Toxic Metals -- 1.2.2 Triphenylmethane Dyes -- 1.3 Bioremediation Approaches in Removing Pollutants -- 1.3.1 Non-microbial Strategies -- 1.3.2 Microbial-Based Strategies -- 1.4 Mechanisms for Removal of Pollutant Ions -- 1.4.1 Mechanisms for Removal of Metal Ions -- 1.4.2 Mechanisms for Removal of Dyes -- 1.5 Innovations in the Removal of Pollutant Ions -- 1.6 Conclusions and Future Prospects -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 2 Removal of Heavy Metal from Wastewater Using Ion Exchange Membranes -- Abstract -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Heavy Metal -- 2.2.1 Chromium -- 2.2.2 Nickel -- 2.2.3 Copper -- 2.2.4 Zinc -- 2.2.5 Cadmium -- 2.2.6 Mercury -- 2.2.7 Lead -- 2.3 Physical Treatment Methods -- 2.3.1 Ultrafiltration -- 2.3.2 Nanofiltration -- 2.3.3 Reverse Osmosis -- 2.3.4 Forward Osmosis -- 2.3.5 Adsorption -- 2.4 Chemical Treatment Methods -- 2.4.1 Electrodialysis Method -- 2.4.2 Fuel Cell Method -- 2.5 Remaining Challenges and Perspectives -- 2.6 Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 3 Separation and Purification of Uncharged Molecules -- Abstract -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Separation and Purification of Vitamin B12 -- 3.2.1 Downstream Processing of Vitamin B12 for Measurement -- 3.3 Separation and Purification of Haemoglobin -- 3.4 Separation and Purification of Uncharged Dyes -- 3.4.1 Purification and Separation of Dyes -- 3.5 Conclusion -- References -- 4 Aluminosilicate Inorganic Polymers (Geopolymers): Emerging Ion Exchangers for Removal of Metal Ions -- Abstract -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Methodology and Calculations -- 4.2.1 Terminology: Ion Exchange or Adsorption -- 4.2.2 Evidence for Ion Exchange. , 4.2.3 Modeling of Adsorption of Metal Ions on Geopolymers -- 4.2.4 Geopolymer Preparation -- 4.2.5 Washing of the Geopolymeric Adsorbent -- 4.2.6 Comparison Between Geopolymers and Zeolites -- 4.2.7 Geopolymers as Ion Exchangers -- 4.2.7.1 Geopolymers as Ion Exchangers for Alkali Metal Ions -- 4.2.7.2 Geopolymers as Ion Exchangers for Ammonium Ion -- 4.2.7.3 Geopolymers as Ion Exchangers for Alkaline Earth Metals -- 4.2.7.4 Geopolymers as Ion Exchangers for Heavy Metals -- Metakaolin-Based Geopolymers -- Fly Ash-Based Geopolymers -- Zeolite-Based Geopolymers -- 4.2.7.5 Geopolymers as Ion Exchangers/Adsorbents for Cationic Organic Dyes -- 4.2.8 Comparison of Geopolymers with Zeolites -- 4.2.8.1 Synthesis Conditions -- 4.2.8.2 Crystallinity -- 4.2.8.3 Surface Area and Porosity -- 4.2.8.4 Cation Exchange Capacity -- 4.2.8.5 Selectivity for Metal Ions -- 4.2.8.6 Stability in Acidic Solutions -- 4.2.8.7 Thermal Stability -- 4.2.8.8 Mechanical Strength -- 4.2.8.9 Regeneration -- 4.2.9 Stabilization/Solidification/Encapsulation of Ion Exchangers in Geopolymers -- 4.3 Concluding Remarks -- References -- 5 Microwave-Assisted Hydrothermal Synthesis of Agglomerated Spherical Zirconium Phosphate for Removal of Cs+ and Sr2+ Ions from Aqueous System -- Abstract -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Materials and Methods -- 5.2.1 Preparation of Agglomerated Spherical Zirconium Phosphate -- 5.2.2 Characterization -- 5.2.3 Ion Exchange Properties -- 5.2.4 Elution Behaviour -- 5.2.5 Distribution Studies -- 5.3 Results and Discussion -- 5.3.1 Fourier-Transform Infrared (FT-IR) Characterization -- 5.3.2 Powder X-ray Diffraction Studies -- 5.3.3 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy Dispersive (EDS) Characterization -- 5.3.4 Zeta and Surface Area Analysis -- 5.3.5 Ion Exchange Characteristics -- 5.3.6 Mechanism of Sr2+ Interaction with Zirconium Phosphate -- 5.4 Conclusion. , Acknowledgements -- References -- 6 Metal Hexacyanoferrates: Ion Insertion (or Exchange) Capabilities -- Abstract -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Ion Exchange -- 6.2.1 Ion Exchange in MHCF at Work: Potentiometric Ion Sensors -- 6.2.2 An Ion Exchange-Based Approach for the Recovery of Metal Ions: The Case of Cesium and Thallium -- 6.2.3 Electrochemically Driven Ion Exchange -- 6.2.4 Reversible Ion Insertion in Battery Systems -- 6.3 Conclusion -- References -- 7 Biosorbents and Composite Cation Exchanger for the Treatment of Heavy Metals -- Abstract -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Agro-Based Biosorbents for Heavy Metal Removal -- 7.3 Biopolymers -- 7.3.1 Functional Groups -- 7.3.2 Cellulose -- 7.3.3 Chitosan -- 7.3.4 Nanofiber Membranes and Packed-Bed Adsorbers -- 7.4 Composite Ion Exchangers -- 7.5 Conclusion and Future Outlook -- References -- 8 Rare Earth Elements-Separation Methods Yesterday and Today -- Abstract -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Rare Earth Elements -- 8.2.1 General Characteristics -- 8.2.2 The Occurrence of Rare Earth Elements -- 8.2.3 Physicochemical Properties of Rare Earth Elements -- 8.2.4 Application of Rare Earth Metals -- 8.2.5 Production and Consumption of Rare Earth Elements in the World -- 8.3 Rare Earth Element Recovery from Nickel-Metal Hydride Batteries -- 8.4 Rare Earth Element Recovery from Permanent Magnets -- 8.5 Separation of High-Purity Rare Earth Elements -- 8.5.1 Separations of Rare Earth Elements of High Purity Using Cation Exchangers -- 8.5.2 Separations of Rare Earth Elements of High Purity Using Anion Exchangers -- 8.5.3 Separations of Rare Earth Elements of High Purity Using Chelating Ion Exchangers -- 8.6 Current Technologies -- 8.7 Conclusions -- References -- 9 Sequestration of Heavy Metals from Industrial Wastewater Using Composite Ion Exchangers -- Abstract -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Ion-Exchange Materials. , 9.2.1 Organic Materials -- 9.2.2 Inorganic Materials -- 9.2.3 Composite Materials -- 9.2.3.1 Hybrid Materials -- 9.2.3.2 Nanocomposite -- 9.3 Mechanism of Ion-Exchange Process -- 9.4 Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 10 Applications of Organic Ion Exchange Resins in Water Treatment -- Abstract -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Removal of Heavy Metals -- 10.3 Removal of Organics -- 10.3.1 Natural Organic Matter (NOM) -- 10.3.2 Disinfection by-Products (DBPs) -- 10.3.3 Surfactants -- 10.3.4 Pharmaceuticals -- 10.3.5 Dyes -- 10.3.6 Small Organic Matter -- 10.4 Desalination -- 10.5 Boron Removal -- 10.6 Removal of Anions -- 10.7 Removal of Cations -- 10.7.1 Hardness -- 10.7.2 Ammonium -- 10.8 Conclusions -- References.

Note: Intro -- Contents -- 1 Chemical Valorization of CO2 -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 CO2-Derived Fuels and Chemicals -- 2.1 Methane -- 2.2 Methanol -- 2.3 Dimethyl Ether -- 2.4 Formic Acid -- 2.5 Ethanol -- 2.6 CO2-Fischer-Tropsch Liquid Fuels -- 2.7 Carbon Monoxide-Syngas -- 3 CO2 Chemically Derived Materials -- 3.1 Polymers -- 3.2 CO2-Derived Building Materials -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- 2 Progress in Catalysts for CO2 Reforming -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Technologies for Capturing and Storing Carbon Dioxide -- 3 Technologies for Using Carbon Dioxide -- 4 Methane Dry Reforming Process -- 4.1 Progress in Catalysts for Methane Dry Reforming (1928-1989) -- 4.2 Progress in Catalysts for Methane Dry Reforming (1990-1999) -- 4.3 Progress in Catalysts for Methane Dry Reforming (2000-2009) -- 4.4 Progress in Catalysts for Methane Dry Reforming (2010-2019) -- 4.5 Current Status in the Catalysts for Methane Dry Reforming -- 5 Dry Reforming of Other Compounds -- 6 Use of Steam or Oxygen in Dry Reforming of Methane and Other Compounds -- 7 Solid Oxide Fuel Cells Fueled with Biogas -- 8 Commercialization of Dry Reforming Process -- 9 Conclusions -- References -- 3 Fuel Generation from CO2 -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Approaches for Directly Converting CO2 to Fuels -- 2.1 Pure CO2 Decomposition Technology -- 2.2 Reagent-Based CO2 Conversion Technology -- 2.2.1 Dry Deformation of Methane Technology -- 2.2.2 Catalytic Hydrogenation of CO2 -- 3 Biological CO2 Fixation for Fuels -- 3.1 Thermochemical Conversion -- 3.1.1 Torrefaction -- 3.1.2 Pyrolysis -- 3.1.3 Thermochemical Liquefaction -- 3.1.4 Gasification -- 3.1.5 Direct Combustion -- 3.2 Biochemical Conversion -- 3.2.1 Biodiesel -- 3.2.2 Bioethanol -- 3.2.3 Biomethane -- 3.2.4 Biohydrogen -- 3.2.5 Bioelectricity -- 3.2.6 Volatile Organic Compounds. , 4 Conclusion and Future Perspectives -- References -- 4 Thermodynamics of CO2 Conversion -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Carbon Dioxide Capture -- 3 Carbon Dioxide Utilisations -- 4 Thermodynamic Considerations -- 5 Thermodynamics of CO2 -- 5.1 The Thermodynamic Attainable Region (AR) -- 5.2 Using Hess's Law to Transform the Extents to G-H AR @ 25˚C -- 5.3 Increasing Temperature on G-H AR -- 6 Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 5 Enzymatic CO2 Conversion -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 CO2 as a Greenhouse Gas -- 1.2 Carbon Capture, Storage, and Utilization -- 1.3 CO2 as a Chemical Feedstock -- 1.4 CO2 Conversion with Enzymes -- 2 Natural Conversion of CO2 in Cells -- 3 Enzymatic Conversion of CO2 in Cells -- 3.1 Conversion of CO2 by a Single Enzyme (in vitro) -- 3.1.1 Formate Dehydrogenase -- 3.1.2 Carbonic Anhydrase -- 3.1.3 Carbon Monoxide Dehydrogenase -- 3.1.4 Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate Carboxylase/Oxygenase (RuBisCO) -- 3.2 Conversion of CO2 by a Multi-Enzyme Cascade in vitro -- 3.3 Other Ways (Photocatalytic CO2 Methanation) -- 4 Industrial Applications -- 4.1 Alcohols -- 4.2 Organic Acids -- 4.3 Terpenoids -- 4.4 Fatty Acids -- 4.5 Polyhydroxyalkanoates -- 4.6 Calcium Carbonate -- 5 Summary and Future Prospects -- References -- 6 Electrochemical CO2 Conversion -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Electrochemical CO2 Conversion -- 2.1 Fundamentals of the Process -- 2.2 Variants of Electrochemical Conversion of CO2 -- 2.2.1 Aqueous Electrolytes -- 2.2.2 Non-Aqueous Electrolytes -- 2.2.3 Solid Oxide Electrolytes -- 2.2.4 Molten Salt Electrolytes -- 3 Electrochemical CO2 Conversion from Molten Salts -- 3.1 Present State of Electrochemical Reduction of CO2in Molten Salts for the Production of Solid-Phase Carbonaceous Nanomaterials -- 3.2 Direct Electrochemical Reduction of CO2 in Chloride Melts. , 3.3 Indirect Electrochemical Reduction of CO2 in Molten Salts -- 3.4 The Mechanisms of Electrode Reactions Occurring at the Cathode and Anode -- 3.5 Prospects for CO2 Conversion in Molten Salts -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- 7 Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Mediated Organic Transformations -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Applications of Supercritical Carbon Dioxide -- 2.1 Hydrogenation Reactions -- 2.2 Asymmetric Hydrogenation Reactions -- 2.3 Diels-Alder Reaction -- 2.4 Coupling Reaction -- 2.5 Oxidation Reaction -- 2.6 Baeyer-Villiger Oxidation Reaction -- 2.7 Iodination Reaction -- 2.8 Polymerization Reaction -- 2.9 Carbonylation Reaction -- 2.9.1 Acetalization Reaction -- 2.9.2 Olefin Metathesis Reaction -- 2.9.3 Synthesis of heterocycles -- Synthesis of α-alkylidene Cyclic Carbonates -- Synthesis of 4-Methyleneoxazolidin-2-Ones -- Synthesis of 5-Alkylidene-1, 3-Oxazolidin-2-Ones -- Synthesis of 6-Phenyl-3a, 4-Dihydro-1H-Cyclopenta[C]furan-5(3H)-One -- Synthesis of 3, 4, 5, 6-Tetraethyl-2H-Pyran-2-One -- 3 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 8 Theoretical Approaches to CO2 Transformations -- Abstract -- 1 Carbon Dioxide Properties -- 2 CO2 Transformation as an Undeniable Necessity -- 3 CO2 Activation -- 3.1 Methodologies of CO2 Activation -- 4 Theoretical Insight of CO2 Transformation -- 4.1 The Theoretical Approach in CO2 Conversion to Value-Added Chemicals -- 4.1.1 Carbon Monoxide -- 4.1.2 Methane -- 4.1.3 Methanol -- 4.1.4 Formic Acid -- 4.1.5 Heterocycles -- Cyclic Carbonates -- Cyclic Carbamate -- Quiznazoline-2,4(1H,3H)-Dione -- 4.1.6 Summary and Outlook -- 5 Theoretical Designing of Novel Catalysts Based on DFT Studies -- 5.1 Theoretical Designing: Problems and Opportunities -- 6 Conclusion -- References -- 9 Carbon Dioxide Conversion Methods -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Molecular Structure of CO2. , 3 Thermo-Kinetics of CO2 Conversion -- 4 CO2 Conversion Methods and Products -- 4.1 Fischer-Tropsch Gas-to-Liquid (GTL) -- 4.2 Mineralization -- 4.3 Chemical Looping Dry Reforming -- 4.4 Enzymatic Conversion -- 4.5 Photocatalytic and Photo-Electrochemical Conversion -- 4.6 Thermo-Chemical Conversion -- 4.7 Hydrogenation -- 4.8 Reforming -- 5 Economic Assessment of CO2Alteration to Valuable Products -- 5.1 Syngas -- 5.2 Methanol -- 5.3 Formic Acid -- 5.4 Urea -- 5.5 Dimethyl Carbonate (DMC) -- 6 Conclusions and Future Perspective -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 10 Closing the Carbon Cycle -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methods to Capture CO2 -- 3 CO2 Capture Technologies -- 4 CO2 Capture from the Air -- 5 Biomass and Waste-Based Chemicals -- 6 Advantages of Biomass-Based Chemicals -- 7 Replacement of Carbon-Based Energy Resources -- 8 Biomass Energy -- 9 Wind Energy -- 10 Solar Energy -- 11 Ocean Energy -- 12 Geothermal Energy -- 13 Hydrothermal Energy -- 14 Conclusions -- References -- 11 Carbon Dioxide Utilization to Energy and Fuel: Hydrothermal CO2 Conversion -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Hydrothermal CO2 Conversion -- 2.1 Metals and Catalysts as Reductant -- 2.2 Organic Wastes as Reductant -- 2.3 Inorganic Wastes as Reductant -- 2.4 Biomass as Reductant -- 3 Conclusion -- References -- 12 Ethylenediamine-Carbonic Anhydrase Complex for CO2 Sequestration -- 1 Introduction -- 2 An Overview of Carbonic Anhydrase (CA) -- 3 Mechanism of Action for Biocarbonate Formation -- 4 Historical Background of Carbonic Anhydrase -- 5 Sources of Carbonic Anhydrase -- 6 Carbonic Anhydrase in Microorganism -- 6.1 Micrococcus Lylae, Micrococcus Luteus, and Pseudomonas Fragi -- 6.2 Bacillus Subtilis and Citrobacter Freundii -- 6.3 Neisseria Gonorrhoeae -- 6.4 Helicobacter Pylori -- 7 Plant Carbonic Anhydrase -- 8 Overview of CO2. , 9 Sources of Carbon Dioxide (CO2) -- 10 Effect of Carbon Dioxide (CO2) -- 11 Carbon Dioxide Capturing -- 12 Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Sequestration -- 13 Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Sequestration by Carbonic Anhydrase -- 14 Separation System for CO2 Sequestration -- 15 Cryogenic Separation -- 16 Membrane Separation -- 17 Absorption -- 18 Adsorption -- 19 Bioreactors for CO2 Sequestration -- 20 Carbonic Anhydrase Immobilization -- 21 Ethylenediamine for Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Capturing -- 22 CO2 Capturing and Sequestration with Ethylenediamine-Carbonic Anhydrase Complex -- 23 CO2 Capturing and Sequestration Design and Optimization: Challenges and Future Prospects -- 24 Conclusion -- References -- 13 Green Pathway of CO2 Capture -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Molecular Structure of Carbon Dioxide -- 3 CO2 Capture System -- 3.1 Post-Combustion System -- 3.2 Pre-Combustion System -- 3.3 Oxy-Fuel Combustion System -- 4 Absorption Technology -- 4.1 Green Absorption with Ionic Liquids -- 4.1.1 Properties and Uses of Ionic Liquids -- 4.1.2 CO2 Solubility in PILs -- 4.1.3 CO2 Absorption in PILs with Carboxylate Anion -- 4.2 Reaction Mechanism Involved in CO2-Absorption -- 5 Adsorption Technology -- 5.1 Organic Adsorbents -- 5.1.1 Activated Charcoal -- 5.1.2 Biochar -- 5.1.3 Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) -- 5.2 Other CO2 Adsorbents -- 5.2.1 Metal Oxide-Based Absorbents -- 5.2.2 Zeolites -- 5.3 Biological Processes of CO2Sequestration -- 5.3.1 Carbon Utilization by Forest and Agricultural Management -- 5.3.2 Ocean Fertilization -- 5.3.3 CO2 Capture by Microalgae -- 5.4 Electrochemical Ways for CO2 Capture -- 6 Conclusion -- References -- 14 Carbon Derivatives from CO2 -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Artificial Photoreduction -- 3 Electrochemical Reduction -- 4 Hydrogenation -- 5 Synthesis of Organic Carbonates -- 6 Reforming. , 7 Photocatalytic Reduction of CO2 with Water.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- Contributors -- Chapter 1: Nanophotocatalysts for Fuel Production -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Quantum Dot Semiconductors -- 1.3 Synthesis of Quantum Dots -- 1.4 Application of Quantum Dots for Fuel Production -- 1.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 2: Highly Stable Metal Oxide-Based Heterostructured Photocatalysts for an Efficient Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production -- 2.1 Photocatalysis -- 2.1.1 Photocatalytic Mechanism -- 2.1.2 Band Edge Positions -- 2.2 Semiconducting Metal Oxides for Photocatalytic Water Splitting -- 2.2.1 Metal Oxide-Based Heterostructured Photocatalysts -- 2.2.1.1 Energy Structure of TiO2 -- 2.2.1.2 Lattice Structure of TiO2 -- 2.3 The Challenges in Photocatalytic H2 Production Using TiO2 Particulate Systems -- 2.4 Strategies for Improving TiO2 Photocatalytic Activity -- 2.4.1 Addition of Sacrificial Reagents -- 2.4.2 TiO2-Based Semiconductors Under UV Light Irradiation -- 2.4.3 Photocatalytic Performance of TiO2 Under Visible Irradiation -- 2.4.4 Functionalization of TiO2 with Carbon Nanomaterials -- 2.4.4.1 Carbon Nanotubes -- 2.4.4.2 Graphene Oxide/Reduced Graphene Oxide (RGO) -- 2.5 Future Scope/Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 3: Novelty in Designing of Photocatalysts for Water Splitting and CO2 Reduction -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 CO2 Reduction -- 3.2.1 Principles of CO2 Reduction -- 3.2.2 By-Products of CO2 Reduction -- 3.2.3 Synthesis of Nanoparticles -- 3.2.3.1 Doping of Photocatalyst -- 3.2.4 Commercial Challenges of CO2 Reduction -- 3.3 Water Splitting -- 3.3.1 The Basic Principle of Water Splitting -- 3.3.2 Photocatalyst for Water Splitting -- 3.3.2.1 Oxide-Based Photocatalyst -- 3.3.2.2 Nitride-Based Photocatalyst -- 3.3.3 Commercial Challenges of Water Splitting -- 3.4 Conclusion and Way Forward -- References. , Chapter 4: Z-Scheme Photocatalysts for the Reduction of Carbon Dioxide: Recent Advances and Perspectives -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Basic Principles of the Z-Scheme Reduction of CO2 -- 4.3 Advances in Z-Scheme Photocatalytic Reduction of CO2 -- 4.3.1 Z-Scheme Systems with Aqueous Shuttle Redox Mediator -- 4.3.2 All-Solid-State Z-Scheme Systems -- 4.3.3 Semiconductor/Metal-Complex Hybrid Z-Scheme Systems -- 4.3.4 Light Harvesting of Photocatalysts Utilized for the Z-Scheme CO2 Reduction -- 4.3.5 Cocatalyst Strategies for Z-Scheme CO2 Reduction -- 4.4 Summary and Outlook -- References -- Chapter 5: Photocatalysts for Artificial Photosynthesis -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 General Photosynthesis Mechanism -- 5.3 Covalently Linked Molecular Systems for Artificial Photosynthesis -- 5.3.1 Porphyrin-Based Donor-Acceptor Molecular Systems -- 5.3.2 Subphthalocyanine-Based Light-Harvesting Complexes -- 5.3.3 BODIPY-Based Light-Harvesting Systems -- 5.4 Supramolecular Artificial Photosynthetic Systems -- 5.4.1 Metal-Ligand Interactions of Porphyrins/Naphthalocyanines with Electron Acceptors -- 5.4.2 Supramolecular Photosynthetic Complexes Via Crown Ether-Ammonium Cation Interactions -- 5.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 6: Polymeric Semiconductors as Efficient Photocatalysts for Water Purification and Solar Hydrogen Production -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Photocatalysis -- 6.2.1 Basic Principles of Photocatalytic Reaction -- 6.2.2 Photocatalytic Properties -- 6.2.3 Photocatalytic Mechanism -- 6.3 Photocatalytic Functional Materials: Synthesis, Properties and Applications -- 6.3.1 Graphitic Carbon Nitride (g-C3N4) -- 6.3.1.1 Synthesis of Polymeric g-C3N4 -- 6.3.1.2 Photocatalytic Mechanism of g-C3N4 -- 6.3.1.3 Photodegradation of Chemical Pollutants Using g-C3N4 -- 6.3.1.4 Graphene Oxide-Based Hybrid Photocatalysts. , 6.3.2 Metal-Organic Framework (MOF)-Based Photocatalysts -- 6.3.2.1 Principles -- 6.3.2.2 Photocatalytic Applications of MOFs -- 6.3.3 TiO2-Based Hybrid Photocatalysts -- 6.3.3.1 Principles -- 6.3.3.2 Different Forms of TiO2 and Its Physicochemical Properties -- 6.3.3.3 Structure of TiO2 -- 6.3.3.4 Photocatalytic Mechanism of TiO2 -- 6.3.3.5 Hybrid Photocatalysts Based on TiO2 and Organic Conjugated Polymers -- 6.3.3.5.1 Properties of Polythiophene -- 6.3.3.5.2 Properties of Polyaniline -- 6.3.3.5.3 Properties of Polypyrrole -- 6.3.3.5.4 Synthesis of TiO2-Based Hybrid Photocatalysts with Different Organic Conjugated Polymers -- 6.3.3.5.5 Characterization of TiO2/Conjugated Polymer-Based Hybrid Catalysts -- 6.3.3.5.6 Antibacterial Activity of Photocatalysts -- 6.3.3.6 Environmental Application of Different Photocatalysts -- 6.3.3.6.1 Water Purification -- 6.3.4 Graphene Oxide (GO)-Based Photocatalyst for Dye Degradation and H2 Evolution -- 6.3.4.1 Photodegradation of Chemical Pollutants -- 6.3.4.2 Hydrogen (H2) Evolution Reaction by g-C3N4-Based Functional Photocatalysts -- 6.4 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 7: Advances and Innovations in Photocatalysis -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Photocatalysts for Hydrogen Production -- 7.2.1 Nature of Different Sacrificial Agents and Typical Mechanism of Photoreforming -- 7.2.1.1 Methanol as a Sacrificial Agent -- 7.2.1.2 Ethanol as a Sacrificial Agent -- 7.2.1.3 Glycerol as a Sacrificial Agent -- 7.2.1.4 Glucose as a Sacrificial Agent -- 7.2.2 Hydrogen Production from Photocatalytic Wastewater Treatment -- 7.3 Photocatalysts Developed for the Synthesis of Organic Compounds in Mild Conditions -- 7.3.1 The Starting Point -- 7.3.2 The Effect of Supporting Metal Oxides on Titania on Selectivity -- 7.3.3 The Effect of Titania Dopant -- 7.3.4 The Effect of Titania Surface Area. , 7.3.5 The Effect of Substituting Titania -- 7.3.6 The Effect of Reactor and Illumination -- 7.3.7 Cyclohexanol and Cyclohexanone by Gas-Phase Photocatalytic Oxidation? -- 7.4 Photocatalytic Membrane Reactors -- 7.5 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Chapter 8: Solar Light Active Nano-photocatalysts -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Mechanism of Semiconductor-Mediated Photocatalysis -- 8.2.1 Nano-TiO2 as Photocatalysts -- 8.2.2 Nano-ZnO as Photocatalysts -- 8.2.3 Graphitic Carbon Nitride as Photocatalysts -- 8.2.4 Titanates as Photocatalysts -- 8.2.5 Nano-metal Sulphides as Photocatalysts -- 8.3 Strategies for Making Solar/Visible Light Active Photocatalysts -- 8.3.1 Metal/Non-metal Doping -- 8.3.2 Addition of Photosensitive Materials -- 8.3.3 Construction of Heterojunctions/Composites -- 8.3.4 Construction of Nanohybrid Materials -- 8.3.5 Surface Modification -- 8.4 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 9: High-Performance Photocatalysts for Organic Reactions -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Photocatalytic Oxidation of Alcohols -- 9.3 Selective Oxidation and Oxidative Coupling of Amines -- 9.4 Photocatalytic Cyanation -- 9.5 Photocatalytic Cycloaddition and C-C Bond Formation Reactions -- 9.6 Miscellaneous Reactions -- 9.7 Outlook -- 9.8 Conclusion -- References -- Index.

Note: Intro -- Green Sustainable Process for Chemical and Environmental Engineering and Science: Green Inorganic Synthesis -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- Chapter 1: Microwave-assisted green synthesis of inorganic nanomaterials -- Description -- Key features -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Technical aspects of microwave technique -- 2.1. Principles and heating mechanism of microwave method -- 2.2. Green solvents for microwave reactions -- 2.3. Microwave versus conventional synthesis -- 2.4. Microwave instrumentation -- 2.5. Advantages and limitations -- 3. MW-assisted green synthesis of inorganic nanomaterials -- 3.1. Metallic nanostructured materials -- 3.2. Metal oxides nanostructured materials -- 3.3. Metal chalcogenides nanostructured materials -- 3.4. Quantum dot nanostructured materials -- 4. Conclusions and future aspects -- 4.1. Challenges and scope to further study -- References -- Chapter 2: Green synthesis of inorganic nanoparticles using microemulsion methods -- Description -- Key features -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Fundamental aspects of microemulsion synthesis -- 2.1. Microemulsion and types -- 2.2. Micelles, types, and formation mechanism -- 2.3. Hydrophilic-lipophilic balance number -- 2.4. Surfactants and types -- 2.5. Advantages and limitations of microemulsion synthesis of nanomaterials -- 3. Microemulsion-assisted green synthesis of inorganic nanostructured materials -- 3.1. General mechanism microemulsion method for nanomaterial synthesis -- 3.2. Preparation of metallic and bimetallic nanoparticles -- 3.3. Metal oxide synthesis by microemulsion -- 3.4. Synthesis of metal chalcogenide nanostructured materials -- 3.5. Synthesis of inorganic quantum dots -- 4. Conclusions, challenges, and scope to further study -- References -- Chapter 3: Synthesis of inorganic nanomaterials using microorganisms -- 1. Introduction. , 2. Green approach for synthesis of nanoparticles -- 3. General mechanisms of biosynthesis -- 4. Optimization of nanoparticles biosynthesis -- 4.1. Effect of the temperature -- 4.2. Effect of pH -- 4.3. Effect of metal precursor concentration -- 4.4. Effect of culture medium composition -- 4.5. Effect of biomass quantity and age -- 4.6. Synthesis time -- 5. Biosynthesis of metal oxide nanoparticles -- 5.1. Bacteria-mediated synthesis -- 5.2. Fungi-mediated synthesis -- 5.3. Yeast-mediated synthesis -- 5.4. Algae- and viruses-mediated synthesis -- 6. Biosynthesis of metal chalcogenide nanoparticles -- 7. Final considerations -- References -- Chapter 4: Challenge and perspectives for inorganic green synthesis pathways -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Synthesis methods -- 2.1. Physical synthesis -- 2.1.1. Advantages -- 2.1.2. Inconvenient -- 2.2. Chemical synthesis -- 2.2.1. Advantages -- 2.2.2. Inconvenient -- 2.3. Green synthesis of inorganic nanomaterials and application -- 3. Challenge and perspectives -- 4. Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 5: Synthesis of inorganic nanomaterials using carbohydrates -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1. Types of nanomaterials -- 1.2. Approaches for the synthesis of inorganic nanomaterials -- 1.3. Characterization of inorganic nanomaterials -- 1.4. What are carbohydrates? -- 1.4.1. Types of carbohydrates -- Monosaccharides -- Oligosaccharides -- Polysaccharides -- 2. Synthesis of inorganic nanomaterials using carbohydrates -- 2.1. Synthesis of metal nanomaterials using carbohydrates -- 2.2. Synthesis of metal oxide-based nanomaterials using carbohydrates -- 2.3. Synthesis of nanomaterials using polysaccharides extracted from fungi and plant -- 3. The advantages and disadvantages of inorganic nanomaterials -- 4. Conclusion and future scope -- References -- Chapter 6: Fundamentals for material and nanomaterial synthesis. , 1. Introduction -- 2. Fundamental synthesis for materials -- 2.1. Solid-state synthesis -- 2.2. Chemical vapor transport -- 2.3. Sol-gel process -- 2.4. Melt growth (MG) method -- 2.5. Chemical vapor deposition -- 2.6. Laser ablation methods -- 2.7. Sputtering method -- 2.8. Molecular beam epitaxy method -- 3. Fundamental synthesis for nanomaterials -- 3.1. Top-down and bottom-up approaches -- 3.1.1. Ball milling (BL) synthesis process -- 3.1.2. Electron beam lithography -- 3.1.3. Inert gas condensation synthesis method -- 3.1.4. Physical vapor deposition methods -- 3.1.5. Laser pyrolysis methods -- 3.2. Chemical synthesis methods -- 3.2.1. Sol-gel method -- 3.2.2. Chemical vapor deposition method -- 3.2.3. Hydrothermal synthesis -- 3.2.4. Polyol process -- 3.2.5. Microemulsion technique -- 3.2.6. Microwave-assisted (MA) synthesis -- 3.3. Bio-assisted (B-A) methods -- 4. Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 7: Bioinspired synthesis of inorganic nanomaterials -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1. Nanomaterials and current limitations -- 1.2. Bioinspired synthesis -- 2. General mechanism of interaction -- 3. Bioinspired synthesis of inorganic nanomaterials -- 3.1. Microorganisms-mediated synthesis -- 3.2. Plant-mediated synthesis -- 3.2.1. Root extract assisted synthesis -- 3.2.2. Leaves extract assisted synthesis -- 3.2.3. Shoot-mediated synthesis -- 3.3. Protein templated synthesis -- 3.4. DNA-templated synthesis -- 3.5. Butterfly wing scales-templated synthesis -- 4. Applications of bioinspired nanomaterials -- 5. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 8: Polysaccharides for inorganic nanomaterials synthesis -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Polysaccharides -- 2.1. Types of polysaccharides -- 2.1.1. Cellulose -- 2.1.2. Starch -- 2.1.3. Chitin -- 2.1.4. Chitosan -- 2.1.5. Properties of polysaccharides for bioapplications -- 3. Nanomaterials -- 3.1. Types of nanomaterials. , 3.1.1. Organic nanomaterials -- Carbon nanotubes -- Graphene -- Fullerenes -- 3.1.2. Inorganic nanomaterials -- Magnetic nanoparticles -- Metal nanoparticles -- Metal oxide nanoparticles -- Luminescent inorganic nanoparticles -- 3.2. Health effects of nanomaterials -- 4. Polysaccharide-based nanomaterials -- 4.1. Cellulose nanomaterials -- 4.1.1. Preparation of cellulose nanomaterials -- 4.1.2. Structure of cellulose nanomaterials -- 4.2. Chitin nanomaterials -- 4.2.1. Preparation of chitin nanomaterials -- 4.2.2. Structure and properties of chitin nanomaterials -- 4.3. Starch nanomaterials -- 4.3.1. Preparation of starch nanomaterials -- 4.3.2. Structure and properties of starch nanomaterials -- 5. Preparation of polysaccharide-based inorganic nanomaterials -- 5.1. Bulk nanocomposites -- 5.2. Composite nanoparticles -- 6. Applications of polysaccharide-based inorganic nanomaterials -- 6.1. Biotechnological applications -- 6.1.1. Bioseparation -- 6.1.2. Biolabeling and biosensing -- 6.1.3. Antimicrobial applications -- 6.2. Biomedical applications -- 6.2.1. Drug delivery -- 6.2.2. Digital imaging -- 6.2.3. Cancer treatment -- 6.3. Agricultural applications -- 7. Characterization of polysaccharide-based nanomaterials -- 7.1. Spectroscopy -- 7.1.1. Infrared (IR) spectroscopy -- 7.1.2. Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) -- 7.1.3. UV-visible absorbance spectroscopy -- 7.2. Microscopy -- 7.2.1. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) -- 7.2.2. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) -- 7.3. X-ray methods -- 7.4. Thermal analysis -- 8. Future prospects -- 9. Concluding remarks -- References -- Chapter 9: Supercritical fluids for inorganic nanomaterials synthesis -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The supercritical fluid as a substitute technology -- 2.1. What is supercritical fluid? -- 2.2. Supercritical antisolvent precipitation. , 2.3. Supercritical-assisted atomization -- 2.4. Sol-gel drying method -- 3. Synthesis in supercritical fluids -- 3.1. Route of supercritical fluids containing nanomaterials synthesis -- 3.2. Sole supercritical fluid -- 3.3. Mixed supercritical fluid -- 4. Theory of the synthesis of supercritical fluids containing nanomaterials -- 4.1. Supercritical fluids working process -- 4.2. Origin of nanoparticles -- 4.3. The rapid expansion of supercritical solutions -- 5. Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 10: Green synthesized zinc oxide nanomaterials and its therapeutic applications -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Green synthesis -- 3. ZnO NPs characterization -- 4. ZnO NPs synthesis by plant extracts -- 5. ZnO NPs synthesis by bacteria and actinomycetes -- 6. ZnO NPs synthesis by algae -- 7. ZnO NPs synthesis by fungi -- 8. NPs synthesis by virus -- 9. ZnO NPs synthesis with alternative green sources -- 10. Therapeutic applications -- 11. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 11: Sonochemical synthesis of inorganic nanomaterials -- 1. Background -- 2. Inorganic nanomaterials in sonochemical synthesis -- 3. Applications -- 4. Final comments -- References -- Index.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- 1 Separation and Purification of Amino Acids -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Ion Exchange Chromatography in the Separation of Amino Acids -- 1.3 Ion Exchange Chromatography of Amino Acids -- 1.4 Ion Exchange Resins -- 1.5 Buffer Systems in IEC for Separation of Amino Acids -- 1.5.1 Sodium Citrate Buffer System -- 1.5.2 Lithium Citrate Buffer System -- 1.6 The Relation Between the Concentration of Eluent and Retention Time of Amino Acids -- 1.7 Effect of Temperature on Separation of Amino Acids -- 1.8 Effect of pH on Separation of Amino Acids -- 1.9 Effect of the Flow Rate of the Eluting Buffer on the IEC of Amino Acids -- 1.10 Regeneration of the Ion Exchange Column -- 1.11 Conclusion -- References -- 2 Ion Exchange Chromatography for Enzyme Immobilization -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Enzyme Immobilization -- 2.2.1 Immobilization Approaches -- 2.3 Ion-Exchange as an Immobilization Tool -- 2.4 Enzyme Immobilization Research and Application by Ion-Exchange in the Laboratory and Industry -- 2.5 Conclusion and Future Prospects -- References -- 3 Determination of Morphine in Urine -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.1.1 Structural Features of Morphine -- 3.1.2 Physical Properties -- 3.1.3 Various Routes of Morphine Administration -- 3.1.4 Stay Period of Morphine in the Body -- 3.2 What Is Drug Abuse? -- 3.2.1 Fatal Dose of Morphine -- 3.2.2 Statistics Towards Morphine Addiction -- 3.2.3 Adverse Effect of Morphine -- 3.3 Samples Used for Detection of Morphine -- 3.3.1 Sample Collection/Preparation Prior to Detection -- 3.3.2 Extraction and Derivatization -- 3.4 Detection of Morphine in Urine -- 3.4.1 Chromatographic Methods -- 3.4.2 Liquid Chromatography (LC) and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) -- 3.4.3 Thin-Layer Chromatography (TLC) -- 3.4.4 Capillary Electrophoresis (CE) -- 3.4.5 Electrochemical Detection. , 3.4.6 Combination of Molecularly Imprinted Polymer with Chromatography -- 3.4.7 Some Miscellaneous Detection Techniques -- 3.5 Conclusion and Future Scope -- References -- 4 Chromatographic Separation of Amino Acids -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.1.1 History -- 4.1.2 Classification of Amino Acids -- 4.2 Separation -- 4.2.1 What is Separation? -- 4.2.2 Why Need to Do Separation of Amino Acids? -- 4.2.3 What is Chromatography? -- 4.2.4 Classification of Chromatographic Methods -- 4.2.5 Advantages of Chromatographic Methods Over Other Methods -- 4.3 Separation of Amino Acids by Gas Chromatography (GC) -- 4.4 Liquid Chromatography (LC) -- 4.4.1 Separation of Amino Acids by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) -- 4.4.2 Advantages of Liquid Chromatography Over the Gas Chromatography -- 4.5 Amino Acid Separation by Countercurrent Chromatography (CCC) -- 4.6 Separation of Amino Acids by Thin-Layer Chromatography (TLC) -- 4.6.1 Preparation of Thin Plates -- 4.6.2 Sample Spotting on the Thin-Layer Plate -- 4.6.3 Detection of Amino Acids on the Thin-Layer Plate -- 4.7 Separation of Amino Acids by Capillary Electrophoresis (CE) -- 4.7.1 Various Modes for Capillary Electrophoresis (CE) -- 4.8 Separation of Amino Acids by the Hyphenated Technique -- 4.8.1 List of Hyphenated Techniques -- 4.8.2 Separation of Amino Acids Using GC-MS -- 4.8.3 Separation of Amino Acids by LC-MS -- 4.8.4 Separation of Amino Acids by LC-MS-MS -- 4.8.5 Separation of Amino Acids by CE-MS -- 4.9 Conclusion and Future Scope -- References -- 5 Applications of Ion-Exchange Chromatography in Pharmaceutical Analysis -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Application of Ion-Exchange Chromatography in Quantitative Analysis -- 5.2.1 Single-Mode Ion-Exchange Chromatography -- 5.2.2 Analysis of Small Molecules (Organic and Inorganic Ions) -- 5.2.3 Mixed-Mode Chromatography. , 5.3 Pretreatment and Separation Prior to Analysis -- 5.3.1 Ionic Solid-Phase Extraction -- 5.3.2 Mixed-Mode Ion-Exchange Solid-Phase Extraction -- 5.3.3 Flow Injection Ion-Exchange Preconcentration -- 5.4 Summary -- References -- 6 Thermodynamic Kinetics and Sorption of Bovine Serum Albumin with Different Clay Materials -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Experimental -- 6.3 Results and Discussion -- 6.3.1 The Effect of Some Specific Physicochemical Properties BSA onto Adsorption -- 6.3.2 Analyses of FTIR, TGA, and SEM Images -- 6.3.3 Kinetic Analysis -- 6.3.4 Thermodynamic Parameters -- 6.4 Conclusions -- References -- 7 Sorbitol Demineralization by Ion Exchange -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Industrial Application of Sorbitol -- 7.3 Importance of Demineralization/Deashing of Sorbitol -- 7.4 Role of Ion-Exchange Chromatography -- 7.5 Different Types of Ion Exchangers for Sorbitol Demineralization -- 7.5.1 Cation-Exchange Chromatography -- 7.5.2 Anion-Exchange Chromatography -- 7.6 Conclusion -- References -- 8 Separation and Purification of Nucleotides, Nucleosides, Purine and Pyrimidine Bases by Ion Exchange -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Ion-Exchange Chromatography -- 8.2.1 Mechanism of Ion Exchange -- 8.2.2 Components of Ion-Exchange Chromatography -- 8.3 Nucleotides -- 8.4 Nucleosides -- 8.5 Purines and Pyrimidines -- 8.6 Column Preparation and Operation -- 8.7 Operation -- 8.8 Impact of Separation Parameters -- 8.9 Separation of Nucleotides -- 8.9.1 Fractionation of Nucleotides -- 8.9.2 Cation-Exchange Resin -- 8.9.3 Anion-Exchange Materials -- 8.10 Separation of Nucleosides -- 8.10.1 Purification of Nucleosides -- 8.10.2 Cation-Exchange Chromatography -- 8.10.3 Anion-Exchange Chromatography -- 8.11 Separation of Purines and Pyrimidines -- 8.11.1 Cation-Exchange Chromatography -- 8.11.2 Anion-Exchange Chromatography. , 8.12 Applications of Ion-Exchange Chromatography -- 8.13 Conclusion -- References -- 9 Separation and Purification of Vitamins: Vitamins B1, B2, B6, C and K1 -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Significance of Vitamins -- 9.3 Classification of Vitamins -- 9.3.1 Water-Soluble Vitamins -- 9.3.2 Fat-Soluble Vitamins -- 9.4 Sources of Vitamins -- 9.4.1 B Vitamins -- 9.4.2 Vitamin C -- 9.4.3 Vitamin K -- 9.5 Vitamin Deficiency Disorders -- 9.6 B Vitamins -- 9.6.1 Vitamin B1 -- 9.6.2 Vitamin B2 -- 9.6.3 Vitamin B6 -- 9.7 Vitamin C -- 9.8 Vitamin K1 -- 9.9 Separation and Purification of Vitamin -- 9.10 Ion-Exchange Chromatography -- 9.11 Mechanism of Ion-Exchange Chromatography -- 9.12 Separation and Purification of Vitamins B1, B2 and B6 -- 9.13 Separation and Purification of Vitamin C -- 9.14 Ion-Exchange Separation and Purification of Vitamin K1 -- 9.15 Conclusion -- References -- 10 Colour Removal from Sugar Syrups -- 10.1 Colourants in Sugar Solutions -- 10.1.1 Determination of Colour in Sugar and Sugar Juices -- 10.1.2 Colour Substances in Sugar and Sugar Solutions -- 10.1.3 Formation of Beet and Cane Colourants During the Technological Process -- 10.1.4 Removal of Colourants from Beet and Cane Sugar and Sugar Solution -- 10.2 Decolourisation with Ion-Exchange Resins -- 10.2.1 The Terminology Used in Ion-Exchange Technology -- 10.2.2 Types of Ion-Exchange Resins -- 10.2.3 Set-up of Industrial Chromatographic Systems for Colour Removal -- 10.2.4 Comparison of Ion-Exchange Technology with Other Decolourising Techniques -- References.

Note: Front Cover -- Green Sustainable Process for Chemical and Environmental Engineering and Science -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- Chapter 1: Conversion of biomass to chemicals using ionic liquids -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Biomass as a renewable resource of chemicals -- 2.1. Interaction among biomass components -- 2.2. Pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass using ionic liquids -- 2.3. Lignocellulosic biomass conversion to various chemicals -- 3. Platform chemicals from lignocellulosic biomass -- 3.1. 5-HMF and EMF from lignocellulosic biomass -- 3.2. Levulinic acid from lignocellulosic biomass -- 4. Ionic liquids: Significant in conversion of lignocellulose to platform chemicals -- 4.1. Biomass conversion to chemicals using acidic ILs -- 5. Conversion of biomass to 5-HMF and EMF using ILs -- 6. LA from lignocellulosic biomass -- 7. Effects of ILs properties on conversion of cellulose/lignocellulose to LA -- 8. Summary -- References -- Chapter 2: Ionic liquids for enzyme-catalyzed production of biodiesel -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Influence of ionic liquid cation in biocatalyzed biodiesel production -- 2.1. Imidazolium-based ionic liquids -- 2.2. Other cations -- 3. Impact of ionic liquid anion in biocatalyzed biodiesel production -- 4. Biocatalysts employed in biodiesel production with ionic liquids -- 5. Substrates and acyl acceptors for biocatalyzed biodiesel production with ionic liquids -- 6. Operation temperature for biocatalyzed biodiesel production with ionic liquids -- 7. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 3: Organic synthesis on ionic liquid support: A new strategy for the liquid-phase organic synthesis (LPOS) -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Synthesis of small molecules on ionic liquid support -- 3. Ionic liquid-supported reagents for organic synthesis -- 4. Ionic liquid-supported catalysts for organic synthesis. , 5. Conclusion and outllook -- References -- Further reading -- Chapter 4: Separation of volatile organic compounds by using immobilized ionic liquids -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Ionic liquids for the separation of organic compounds -- 3. Separation of organic volatile compounds by IL-based membranes -- 3.1. Supported ionic liquid membranes -- 3.1.1. Flat sheet-supported ionic liquid membranes -- 3.2. Hollow fiber-supported ionic liquid membranes -- 3.3. Anodic aluminum oxide/ionic liquid membranes -- 4. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 5: Deep eutectic solvents -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Properties and characteristics of DES -- 3. Synthesis of DES -- 4. Application of DES in sample preparation -- 4.1. Food analysis -- 4.2. Environmental analysis -- 4.3. Biological analysis -- 5. Conclusions and future trends -- References -- Further reading -- Chapter 6: Ionic liquids as scavenger -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1. Solid- and solution-phase chemistry -- 1.2. Scavenger properties and mechanism -- 1.3. Ionic liquids as scavengers and their properties -- 2. Task-specific ionic liquids as scavenger -- 2.1. Amino-functionalized ionic liquids as scavenger -- 2.2. Diol-functionalized ionic liquid as scavenger -- 2.3. Ionic liquids functionalized with Michael acceptor as scavenger -- 2.4. Si-supported sulfonic acid-functionalized ionic liquid as scavenger -- 2.5. Carboxyl-functionalized ionic liquids as scavenger -- 2.6. Aldehyde-functionalized ionic liquids as scavenger -- 2.7. Azide-functionalized ionic liquid as scavenger -- 2.8. Amino acid-functionalized ionic liquid as scavenger -- 2.9. Chlorosalicylaldehyde-functionalized ionic liquids as scavenger -- 3. Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 7: Recent developments in ionic liquid-based electrolytes for energy storage supercapacitors and rechargeable b -- 1. Introduction. , 2. Recent developments in ionic liquid-based supercapacitors and batteries -- 3. Development of porous electrodes for ionic liquid electrolytes -- 4. Development of high operating temperature supercapacitors and batteries -- 5. Effect of cationic or anionic species on the electrochemical performance of ionic liquids -- 6. Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 8: Recent insights on solubility and stability of biomolecules in ionic liquid -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Available resources on properties of ionic liquids -- 3. Advantages of ILs for biomolecule-based applications -- 3.1. Biocompatibility and biodegrability of ILs -- 4. Biomolecules solubility and stability in ILs -- 4.1. Nucleic acids in ILs -- 4.2. Carbohydrates in ILs -- 4.3. Proteins in ILs -- 5. Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 9: Ionic liquid-based membranes for water softening -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1. Ionic liquids (ILs) -- 1.2. Water purification: Challenges and perspectives -- 2. Liquid membrane -- 3. Bulk membranes based on ionic liquids -- 3.1. Extraction of phenols -- 3.2. Extraction of metal ions -- 4. Emulsion liquid membranes -- 5. Supported liquid membranes (SLMs) -- 5.1. Flat sheet liquid membrane -- 5.1.1. IL-SLM as extracting agents for heavy metal ions -- 5.1.2. Extraction of endosulfan -- 5.1.3. Separation of volatile organic compounds by ILs -- 5.1.4. Removal of phenolic compounds from water -- 5.1.5. Separation of organic liquids -- 5.2. Hollow fiber-supported IL membrane -- 5.2.1. Extraction of phenols -- 5.2.2. Extraction of metal ions -- 6. Polymer inclusion membranes (PIMs) -- 6.1. Extraction of metal ions -- 6.2. Extraction of antibiotics -- 6.3. Extraction of organic molecules -- 7. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 10: Ionic liquids in gas sensors and biosensors -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Properties of ILs -- 3. Transducers utilized in IL-based sensors. , 3.1. Electrochemical transducers -- 3.2. Mass-sensing transducers -- 3.3. Optical transducers -- 3.4. IL-modified electrodes -- 3.5. Multitransduction modes -- 4. Immobilization techniques -- 5. Applications of IL-based sensors and biosensors -- 6. Future prospects -- 6.1. Electronic nose instruments -- 6.2. Ion Jelly ionic liquids -- 6.3. 3-D printing technology -- 7. Conclusions -- References -- Further reading -- Chapter 11: Ionic liquids as gas sensors and biosensors -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Ionic liquid-based electrochemical biosensors -- 2.1. Ionic liquid-based carbon nanomaterial biosensors -- 2.2. Ionic liquid based biosensor/metal nanomaterials -- 2.3. Gel-based biosensors -- 3. Electrochemical gas sensors -- 3.1. Electrochemical gas sensor-Oxygen (O2) sensors -- 3.2. Electrochemical gas sensor-Nitrogen oxide (NOx) -- 4. Optical gas sensors -- 4.1. Optical oxygen gas sensors -- 4.2. Optical carbon dioxide gas sensors -- 5. Other forms of gas sensors and applications of ionic liquids -- 5.1. Gas seniors-semiconducting metal oxides -- 5.2. Carbon-IL composite gas sensors -- 6. Conclusion -- References -- Further reading -- Chapter 12: Imidazolium-based room temperature ionic liquids for electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide to carbon mo ... -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Mechanistic aspects -- 2.1. Formation of imidazolium-CO2 adducts -- 2.2. Deactivation of imidazolium cation during CO2 ERR -- 2.3. Structural transitions of imidazolium ILs at electrode-electrolyte interface -- 3. Role of imidazolium ILs in homogeneous reduction of CO2 -- 4. Role of imidazolium ILs in heterogeneous reduction of CO2 -- 4.1. With noble metal-based electrodes -- 4.2. With nonnoble metal-based electrodes -- 4.3. With polymers -- 4.4. With carbon-based electrodes -- 5. Conclusion -- References. , Chapter 13: Ionic liquid based electrochemical sensors and their applications -- 1. Introduction -- 2. History of ionic liquids -- 3. Electrochemical properties of ionic liquids -- 4. Ionic liquid based electrochemical sensors -- 5. Ionic liquid applications in electrochemical sensors -- 6. Conclusions -- References -- Index -- Back Cover.