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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Grußwort (1993)
    Springer
    Ocean dynamics 45 (1993), S. 13-14 
    Details
    ISSN: 1616-7228
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02226369
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Barotropic tides in the Northeast Atlantic inferred from moored current meter data (1985)
    Springer
    Ocean dynamics 38 (1985), S. 7-22 
    Details
    ISSN: 1616-7228
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Strömungsdaten von 7 Verankerungen, die im nordöstlichen Atlantik über mehrere Jahre ausgelegt waren, wurden im Hinblick auf halbtägige barotrope und barokline sowie eintägige barotrope Gezeiten analysiert. Bei den halbtägigen Tiden M2 und S2 dominiert normalerweise die Energie der barotropen Eigenfunktion, nur in wenigen Fällen enthält die barokline Welle 1. Ordnung höhere Energie. Die Ellipsenorientierungen für die barotropen Komponenten entsprechen früheren Ergebnissen von Tiefseepegeln in diesem Gebiet. Es gibt jedoch signifikante Abweichungen bei den Amplituden. Die Gezeiten in diesem Gebiet sind fast ausschließlich fortschreitende Wellen, in einigen wenigen Fällen jedoch vom gemischten Typ. Die räumliche Änderung der Strömungsellipsen entspricht weitgehend den Ergebnissen, die Cartwright, Edden, Spencer et al. [1980] indirekt aus Pegelbeobachtungen erhielten.
    Abstract: Résumé Les mesures de courants provenant de 7 mouillages sur plusieurs années en Atlantique Nord-Est ont été analysées en ce qui concerne les marées semi-diurnes barotropes et baroclines et les marées diurnes barotropes. Pour les marées semi-diurnes M2 et S2 la répartition de l'énergie est généralement dominée par le mode barotrope; dans peu de cas seulement, le mode barocline de premier ordre renferme la plus haute énergie. Les orientations de l'ellipse relevant de la marée barotrope sont en accord avec les résultats d'observations marégraphiques antérieures dans cette région. Des écarts significatifs apparaissent toutefois en amplitude. Les résultats concernant la composante Ki sont également présentés. A quelques exceptions près, les marées, dans cette région, se sont trouvées être des ondes progressives. Le type d'ellipse des courants est semblable aux résultats obtenus indirectement par Cartwright, Edden, Spencer et al. [1980] à partir des observations marégraphiques.
    Notes: Summary Current data obtained from 7 moorings in the Northeast Atlantic in the course of many years are analysed with respect to semi-diurnal barotropic and baroclinic tides and diurnal barotropic tides. For semi-diurnal tides M2 and S2 the energy distribution is usually dominated by the barotropic mode; only in a few cases does the first-order baroclinic mode contain higher energy. Barotropic tidal ellipse orientations are found to be consistent with results from earlier tide gauge observations in this area. Significant deviations occur, however, in amplitudes. Results for the diurnal component K1 are also presented. With few exceptions, tides are found to be progressive waves in this area. The current ellipse pattern is similar to results obtained indirectly by Cartwright, Edden, Spencer et al. [1980] from tide gauge observations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02226433
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Langzeitige Änderung des Salzgehaltes in der Unterweser (1983)
    Springer
    Ocean dynamics 36 (1983), S. 61-77 
    Details
    ISSN: 1616-7228
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Ever since construction has altered the estuary of the Weser River to make it more navigable, regular water samples were collected at several stations along the river (Fig. 1). Salinities were determined in order to assess possible changes as a consequence of the engineering activities. For almost 100 years the sampling scheme remained unaltered. Today this unique data set (Fig. 3) is of more than local interest. Whereas drastic changes of tidal phenomena are obvious from tidal gauge measurements (Fig. 2), natural fluctuations of salinity hide respective changes of the salinity distribution. We have tried to separate the natural from the man-made fluctuation of salinity using two simple models to eliminate known causes of natural fluctuations. Difficulties encountered were the incompleteness of the data set and the absence of data averaged over cross sections. Nevertheless it was possible to eliminate, approximately, the influence of the catchment area and salinity variations of the adjacent sea. Salinity variations as a consequence of the engineering works depend on the quantity $$K = H^2 /(\bar A \cdot \zeta _0 )$$ , whereH is the depth of a cross-section with area $$\bar A$$ averaged over the tides, and 2 $$\zeta _0 $$ is the tidal elevation. Because of long-term changes of the tides in the North Sea, it was not possible to isolate the influence of the engineering works. Conclusions include consequences for modern sampling strategies to determine trends of water quality.
    Abstract: Résumé Des séries de mesures effectuées depuis une centaine d'années ont permis d'examiner les variations sur une longue période du taux de salinité du cours inférieur de la Weser et leurs causes possibles. Cette étude s'est efforcé de distinguer les effets naturels des effets anthropogènes sur le taux de salinité. Malgré les données incomplètes, l'influence du bassin de drainage et des variations de salinité des zones maritimes limitrophes a pratiquement pu être éliminée. En raison des modifications du régime des marées en Mer du Nord sur une longue période, il n'a pas été possible de formuler des commentaires précis quant à l'impact sur la salinité des travaux de construction entrepris ces 100 dernières années du cours inférieur de la Weser. Les résultats de nos études fournissent des indications utiles pour la mise en place de réseaux modernes de mesure destinés à déterminer la qualité de l'eau.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Anhand hundertjähriger Meßreihen wurden langfristige Salzgehaltsänderungen in der Unterweser und ihre möglichen Ursachen untersucht. Dabei wurde angestrebt, die natürlichen und die anthropogenen Einflüsse auf den Salzgehalt zu trennen. Trotz des unvollständigen Datensatzes konnten der Einfluß des Einzugsgebietes und Salzgehaltsschwankungen des angrenzenden Meeresgebietes nahezu eliminiert werden. Wegen der langzeitigen Änderungen der Gezeiten in der Nordsee waren genaue Aussagen über die Auswirkung der in den letzten hundert Jahren in der Unterweser durchgeführten Baumaßnahmen auf den Salzgehalt nicht möglich. Unsere Ergebnisse geben Hinweise für moderne Meßnetze zur Bestimmung der Wasserqualität.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02313285
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  • 4
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    The Volunteer Observing Ship and Future Ocean Monitoring (1995)
    AMS (American Meteorological Society)
    In:  Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 76 (1). pp. 5-11.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-01-21
    Description: Widespread and sustained in situ ocean measurements are essential to an improved understanding of the state of the ocean and its role in global change. Merchant marine vessels can play a major role in ocean monitoring, yet apart from routine weather observations and upper-ocean temperature measurements, they constitute a vastly underutilized resource due to lack of suitable instrumentation. Examples of ways in which vessels can assist include profiling techniques of physical properties, chemical sampling via automated water samplers, optical techniques to measure various biological parameters, and ground truth measurements for remote sensing from orbiting and geostationary satellites. Further, ships can act as relays between subsurface instrumentation and satellite communication services. To take advantage of the opportunities that the maritime industry can provide, two steps must be taken. The first is to initiate an instrumentation development program with emphasis on techniques optimized for highly automated use onboard ships at 15-20-kt speeds. The second is to forge partnerships or links between academic and government laboratories and the maritime industry for the institution and maintenance of such monitoring programs. No doubt significant resources will be required, but in the long run the improved ability to monitor the state of ocean in situ will make the effort more than worthwhile.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
    DOI: 10.1175/1520-0477(1995)076〈0005:TVOSAF〉2.0.CO;2
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    OceanRep: Article in a Scientific Journal - peer-reviewed
  • 5
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    Drag Coefficients of Oceanographic Mooring Components (1986)
    AMS (American Meteorological Society)
    In:  Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, 3 (2). pp. 255-264.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-08-04
    Description: The inclination of oceanographic mooring lines due to current drag causes errors in time series observations of currents and temperatures. The prediction of this effect requires knowledge of the drag coefficients for the mooring components. Drag coefficients, known for simple geometric shapes such as spheres or cylinders, are commonly used for mooring response computations. Selected mooring components (buoyancy elements and instruments) were tested in a tow tank to determine their actual drag coefficients. Over the Reynolds Number range, typical of oceanic conditions, deviations of the drag coefficient up to 50% are found when compared with the appropriate simple geometric shape coefficients. A set of model moorings and model current profiles is used to determine the resulting changes in component depth level and displacement. The changes in horizontal displacement of the upper part of the mooring are on the order of 10% in extreme cases and 1% under typical conditions. Their effects on current measurements will usually be negligible. However, the related vertical displacements are on the order 100 to 10 m. Such vertical displacements may carry instruments to depth levels where currents and particularly thermocline temperatures are sufficiently different from the intended level to cause errors in the time series observations.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
    DOI: 10.1175/1520-0426(1986)003〈0255:DCOOMC〉2.0.CO;2
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    OceanRep: Article in a Scientific Journal - peer-reviewed
  • 6
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    Baroclinic Flow and Transient-Tracer Fields in the Canary–Cape Verde Basin (1986)
    AMS (American Meteorological Society)
    In:  Journal of Physical Oceanography, 16 (5). pp. 814-826.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-04-04
    Description: Simulated transient-tracer distributions (tritium, 3H3, freons) on the isopycnal horizons σ0=26.5 and 26.8 kg m−3 are presented for the East Atlantic, 10° −40°N. Tracer transport is modeled by employing a baroclinic flow field based on empirical data in a kinematic isopycnal advection-diffusion numerical model, in which winter convection is taken as the mechanism of communication with the ocean surface layer, and the isopycnal diffusivity is a free parameter. Diapucnic transport is ignored. The simulations employ time-dependent tracer boundary conditions, which are constructed on the basis of available observations. Simulations are compared to data obtained on a meridional section in 1981 (F/S Meteor, cruise 56/5). Best simulations were obtained by means of a subjective optimization procedure. On both levels, the observed distributions and the best simulated distributions agree well. The fact that the surface boundary conditions and interior distributions of the tracers are distinctly different leads us to the conclusion that our model provides a consistent description of upper main-thermocline ventilation and interior transport Surface-water densities in February are found to represent adequately the winter outcrop boundaries with an uncertainty of about ±300 km across. The required isopycnal diffusivity south of 29°N is 1700 m2 s−1, and 2900 m2 s−1 further north (+70/−40%). Interior transport is found to be predominantly advective. Advective ventilation across 30.5°N east of 33°W amounts to only 12% and 40% for the 26.5 and 26.8 horizons of the total ventilation rates reported by Sarmiento. The North Atlantic/South Atlantic Central Water boundary near 15°N is found to be predominantly determined by advection.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
    DOI: 10.1175/1520-0485(1986)016〈0814:BFATTF〉2.0.CO;2
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    OceanRep: Article in a Scientific Journal - peer-reviewed
  • 7
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    The Madeira Mode Water (1987)
    AMS (American Meteorological Society)
    In:  Journal of Physical Oceanography, 17 (10). pp. 1561-1570.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-08-04
    Description: Quasi-homogeneous layers in vertical profiles of temperature and salinity in the eastern North Atlantic near Madeira indicate the existence of a subtropical Mode Water in the Eastern Basin. Temperature sections show a maximum horizontal extent of at least 500 km. The frequency distribution analysis of homogeneous layers in a historical XBT dataset shows a Mode Water formation region near and to the north of Madeira. This Mode Water is found at increasing depths and displaced to the west and southwest during the course of the year after its formation by wintertime convection. It disappears almost completely, due to mixing, before the next winter. Volume estimates suggest that this Madeira Mode Water in the eastern Atlantic accounts for 15–20% of the total Central Water formation in the corresponding density range as obtained from tracer studies in the North Atlantic gyre.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
    DOI: 10.1175/1520-0485(1987)017〈1561:TMMW〉2.0.CO;2
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    OceanRep: Article in a Scientific Journal - peer-reviewed
  • 8
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    Barotropic tides in the Northeast Atlantic inferred from moored current meter data (1985)
    Springer
    In:  Deutsche Hydrographische Zeitschrift, 38 (1). pp. 7-22.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-11-02
    Description: Current data obtained from 7 moorings in the Northeast Atlantic in the course of many years are analysed with respect to semi-diurnal barotropic and baroclinic tides and diurnal barotropic tides. For semi-diurnal tides M2 and S2 the energy distribution is usually dominated by the barotropic mode; only in a few cases does the first-order baroclinic mode contain higher energy. Barotropic tidal ellipse orientations are found to be consistent with results from earlier tide gauge observations in this area. Significant deviations occur, however, in amplitudes. Results for the diurnal component K1 are also presented. With few exceptions, tides are found to be progressive waves in this area. The current ellipse pattern is similar to results obtained indirectly by Cartwright, Edden, Spencer et al. [1980] from tide gauge observations.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
    DOI: 10.1007/BF02226433
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    OceanRep: Article in a Scientific Journal - peer-reviewed
  • 9
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    Untersuchungen über die Bedeutung bestimmter Tonfrequenzbänder für die Verständlichkeit synthetischer Sprache und über Änderungen der Sprachverständlichkeit bei Kanalvertauschungen (1961)
    Springer
    In:  Zeitschrift für Angewandte Physik, 13 (6). pp. 275-283.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-01-21
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
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    OceanRep: Article in a Scientific Journal - peer-reviewed
  • 10
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    Isopycnal and Diapycnal Mixing at the Cape Verde Frontal Zone (1995)
    AMS (American Meteorological Society)
    In:  Journal of Physical Oceanography, 25 (8). pp. 1771-1787.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-04-05
    Description: The Cape Verde Frontal Zone separates the North and the South Atlantic Central Waters in the eastern North Atlantic. It also represents the boundary between the ventilated subtropical gyre and the quasi-stagnant shadow zone in the southeast. The thermohaline front is nearly compensated with respect to density, and density parameters RP, suggest the existence of double-diffusive processes. Datasets from three cruises to the region, approximately one year apart each, are used to determine the effects of double-diffusive diapycnal versus isopycnal mixing. For this purpose results from the usual temperature-salinity analysis assuming isopycnal mixing are compared to results from a multiparameter analysis where nutrient and oxygen data are also used. Significant diapycnal fluxes are found in the frontal zone between 200 and 300 m, with water mass contents being changed by more than 20% through diapycnal mixing. The associated buoyancy fluxes have a similar magnitude as surface fluxes in the area and thus represent an important contribution to the vertical balances of heat and salt.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
    DOI: 10.1175/1520-0485(1995)025〈1771:IADMAT〉2.0.CO;2
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    OceanRep: Article in a Scientific Journal - peer-reviewed
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