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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Isolation and characterization of Desulfovibrio growing on hydrogen plus sulfate as the sole energy source (1978)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 116 (1978), S. 41-49 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Desulfovibrio ; Chemolithotrophic growth ; H2-Oxidation ; Sulfate-reduction ; Growth yields ; Cell carbon synthesis ; Acetate assimilation ; Desulfoviridin ; Cytochrome c3
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Two sulfate reducing bacteria (Madison and Marburg strains) that grew on H2 plus sulfate in a mineral salts medium that contained acetate and CO2 as sole carbon source were isolated from diverse environments. During growth in this medium 4.2 mol of H2 were consumed per mol of sulfate reduced to sulfide. Acetate was required for biosynthetic purposes only. Approximately 70% of the cell carbon synthesized was derived from acetate and 30% from CO2. Acetate was not involved in dissimilatory sulfate reduction. Growth of the bacteria on H2 plus sulfate was linear rather than exponential, and a doubling time at the beginning of linear growth of approximately 3 h was observed. The optimal growth temperature was found to be near 35° C. Cultures could be grown up to a density of 500 mg cells (dry weight) per liter. Growth yield studies demonstrated that between 4 and 5 g of cells (dry weight) were formed per mol of sulfate reduced to sulfide. The chemolithotrophically growing sulfate reducing isolates were identified as Desulfovibrio species by being obligately anaerobic, gram negative, non spore forming vibrios that contained desulfoviridin and cytochrome c3 (350–450 nmol/g protein). The organisms were found to be monopolarly and monotrichously flagellated. The abilities of the two strains to grow on electron donors other than H2 and to use electron acceptors other than sulfate differed considerably. The DNA base composition of the Madison and Marburg strains were 60 and 63.5 mol % GC, respectively. The taxonomic status of the strains was discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00408732
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nickel requirement for carbon monoxide dehydrogenase formation in Clostridium pasteurianum (1979)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 122 (1979), S. 117-120 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Nickel ; Carbon monoxide oxidation ; Clostridium pasteurianum ; Nitrilotriacetate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Formation of carbon monoxide dehydrogenase in growing Clostridium pasteurianum was found to be dependent on trace nickel present as contaminant in the growth medium. The evidence is: i) Synthesis of the enzyme was increased, when NiCl2 (0.1 μM) was added to the medium; ii) Synthesis of the enzyme was almost completely inhibited when the cells were grown in the presence of nitrilotriacetate (0.1 mM) or of other chelating agents, which inhibited the uptake of trace nickel from the medium; iii) Inhibition of enzyme synthesis by the chelators could be specifically overcome by supplementing the medium with nickel (1μM).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00408054
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Growth yields and growth rates of Desulfovibrio vulgaris (Marburg) growing on hydrogen plus sulfate and hydrogen plus thiosulfate as the sole energy sources (1978)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 117 (1978), S. 209-214 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Desulfovibrio ; Chemolithothrophic growth ; H2 oxidation ; Sulfate reduction ; Thiosulfate reduction ; Growth rates ; Growth yields ; Maintenance coefficients ; Y ATP max
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Desulfovibrio vulgaris (Marburg) was grown on H2 plus sulfate and H2 plus thiosulfate as the sole energy sources and acetate plus CO2 as the sole carbon sources. Conditions are described under which the bacteria grew exponentially. Specific growth rates (μ) and molar growth yields (Y) at different pH were determined. μ and Y were found to be strongly dependent on the pH. Highest growth rates and molar growth yields were observed for growth on H2 plus sulfate at pH 6.5 (μ=0.15h-1; Y SO 4 2- =8.3g·mol-1) and for growth on H2 plus thiosulfate at pH 6.8 (μ=0.21h-1; Y S 2O 3 2 =16.9g·mol-1). The growth yields were found to increase with increasing growth rates: plots of 1/Y versus 1/μ were linear. Via extrapolation to infinite growth rates a Y SO4 2- /max of 12.2g·mol-1 and a YS2O 3 2- /max of 33.5g·mol-1 was obtained. The growth yield data are interpred to indicate that dissimilatory sulfate reduction to sulfide is associated with a net synthesis of 1 mol of ATP and that near to 3 mol of ATP are formed during dissimilatory sulfite reduction to sulfide.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00402310
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ferredoxin degradation in growing Clostridium pasteurianum during periods of iron deprivation (1979)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 120 (1979), S. 73-76 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Ferredoxin ; Clostridium pasteurianum ; Pyruvate synthase ; Iron-sulfur proteins ; Iron metabolism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Clostridium pasteurianum was grown in batch cultures on media with an initial iron concentration of 10 μM. The uptake of iron and the synthesis of ferredoxin was followed. All the iron present in the medium was taken up by the cells before 50% of the final cell density was attained. The bacteria then continued to grow in the complete absence of exogenous iron. Ferredoxin was synthesized during growth until the exogenous iron concentration dropped below 1 μM. During growth in the absence of iron ferredoxin was degraded with the result that at the end of growth the cells did not contain ferredoxin. The specific activity of the iron sulfur protein, pyruvate synthase (E.C. 1.2.7.1), remained constant during growth of C. pasteurianum in the absence of exogenous iron. This finding suggests that ferredoxin was used as an endogenous source of iron for the synthesis of essential iron proteins during periods of iron deprivation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00413277
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nickel, cobalt, and molybdenum requirement for growth of Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum (1979)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 123 (1979), S. 105-107 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Nickel ; Cobalt ; Molybdenum ; Iron ; Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum ; Trace elements
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Growth of Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum on H2 and CO2 as sole energy and carbon sources was found to be dependent on Ni, Co, and Mo. At low concentrations of Ni (〈100 nM), Co (〈10 nM) and Mo (〈10 nM) the amount of cells formed was roughly proportional to the amount of transition metal added to the medium; for the formation of 1 g cells (dry weight) approximately 150 nmol NiCl2, 20 nmol CoCl2 and 20 nmol Na2MoO4 were required. A dependence of growth on Cu, Mn, Zn, Ca, Al, and B could not be demonstrated. Conditions are described under which the bacterium grew exponentially with a doubling time of 1.8 h up to a cell density of 2 g cells (dry weight)/1.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00403508
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The active species of “CO2” utilized in ferredoxin-linked carboxylation reactions (1975)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 104 (1975), S. 237-240 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: CO2-Fixation ; Carboxylation Reactions ; Pyruvate Synthase ; Pyruvate: Ferredoxin Oxidoreductase ; Ferredoxin ; Thiamine Pyrophosphate ; Acetyl CoA ; Clostridium pasteurianum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The active species of “CO2” , i.e. CO2 or HCO 3 − −(H2CO3) utilized by enzymes catalyzing ferredoxin-linked carboxylation reactions was determined. The enzyme investigated was pyruvate synthase from Clostridium pasteurianum (EC 1.2.7.1; Pyruvate: ferredoxin oxidoreductase). Data were obtained which were compatible with those expected if CO2 is the active species. The dissociation constant (K S) of the enzyme-CO2 complex was measured. At pH 7.2 K Sfor CO2 of pyruvate synthase was found to be approximately 5 mM.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00447330
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Acetate assimilation and the synthesis of alanine, aspartate and glutamate inMethanobacterium thermoautotrophicum (1978)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 117 (1978), S. 61-66 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum ; Acetate assimilation ; Amino acid synthesis ; Pyruvate synthesis ; α-Ketoglutarate synthesis ; Glutamate synthesis ; Autotrophic CO2 fixation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Cultures of the autotrophic bacteriumMethanobacterium thermoautotrophicum were shown to assimilate acetate when grown on CO2 and H2 in the presence of acetate. At 1 mM acetate 10% of the cell carbon came from acetate, the rest from CO2. At higher concentrations the percentage increased to reach a maximum of 65%at acetate concentrations higher than 20 mM. The data suggest that acetate may be an important carbon source under physiological conditions. The incorporation of acetate into alanine, aspartate and glutamate was studied in more detail. The cells were grown on CO2 and H2 in the presence of 1 mM U-14C-acetate. The three amino acids were isolated from the labelled cells by a simplified procedure. Alanine, aspartate and glutamate were found to have the same specific radioactivity. Degradation studies showed that C1 of alanine C1 and C4 of aspartate, and C1 and C5 of glutamate were exclusively derived from CO2, whereas C2 and C3 alamine and aspartate, and C3 and C4 of glutamate were partially derived from acetate. These findings and the presence of pyruvate synthase, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase and α-ketoglutarate synthase inM. thermoautotrophicum indicate that CO2 is assimilated into the three amino acids via acetyl CoA carboxylation to pyruvate, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylation to oxaloacetate, and succinyl CoA carboxylation to α-ketoglutarate.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00689352
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Function of fumarate reductase in methanogenic bacteria (Methanobacterium) (1978)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 119 (1978), S. 215-218 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum ; ATP synthesis ; Funtarate reductase ; Menaquinone ; Cytochromeb ; Succinate dehydrogenase ; α-Ketoglutarate synthesis ; Succinate incorporation ; Fumarate incorporation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Methanogenic bacteria contain high activities of fumarate reductase. An interesting hypothesis has recently been advanced that this enzyme, in cooperation with a succinate dehydrogenase, functions in a fumarate-succinate cycle for ATP synthesis. This hypothesis was tested by determining whether [2, 3-3H] succinate loses3H when taken up by growing cells.Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum was grown on H2 plus CO2 in the presence of [U-14C, 2,3-3H] succinate. The double labelled dicarboxylic acid was found to be incorporated into cell material with the loss of only 30% of tritium. Neither was3H released into H2O in significant amounts. This finding excludes a catabolic oxidation of succinate to fumarate in the growing cells and thus the operation of a fumaratesuccinate cycle. It is shown that the function of fumarate reductase inM. thermoautotrophicum is to provide the cells with succinate for the synthesis of α-ketoglutarate, an intermediate in glutamate, arginine and proline synthesis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00964276
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Acetate and carbon dioxide assimilation by Desulfovibrio vulgaris (Marburg), growing on hydrogen and sulfate as sole energy source (1979)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 123 (1979), S. 301-305 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Desulfovibrio ; Chemolithotrophic growth ; Acetate and CO2 assimilation ; Amino acid synthesis ; (R)-Citrate sythase ; Pentose phosphates synthesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Desulfovibrio vulgaris (Marburg) was grown on hydrogen plus sulfate as sole energy source and acetate plus CO2 as the sole carbon sources. The incorporation of U-14C acetate into alanine, aspartate, glutamate, and ribose was studied. The labelling data show that alanine is synthesized from one acetate (C-2 + C-3) and one CO2 (C-1), aspartate from one acetate (C-2 + C-3) and two CO2 (C-1 + C-4), glutamate from two acetate (C-1−C-4) and one CO2 (C-5), and ribose from 1.8 acetate and 1.4 CO2. These findings indicate that in Desulfovibrio vulgaris (Marburg) pyruvate is formed via reductive carboxylation of acetyl-CoA, oxaloacetate via carboxylation of pyruvate or phosphoenol pyruvate, and α-ketoglutarate from oxaloacetate plus acetyl-CoA via citrate and isocitrate. Since C-5 of glutamate is derived from CO2, citrate must have been formed via a (R)-citrate synthase rather than a(S)-citrate synthase. The synthesis of ribose from 1.8 mol of acetate and 1.4 mol of CO2 excludes the operation of the Calvin cycle in this chemolithotrophically growing bacterium.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00406665
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Methanogene Bakterien (1979)
    Springer
    Naturwissenschaften 66 (1979), S. 89-94 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1904
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Abstract Methanogenic bacteria area diverse group of anaerobic procaryotes that ferment CO2 plus H2 to CH4. Besides their unusual energy metabolism they are unique in that their cell walls do not contain murein, and in that their cell membranes are composed of isoprenoid lipids. Coenzymes occur which are not found in any other living organism. The translation apparatus differs, e.g., in not being affected by antibiotics known to be inhibitors of procaryotic protein synthesis. Most of the methanogens can grow on CO2 as sole carbon source; autotrophic CO2 fixation does not, however, proceed via reactions of the Calvin cycle. Molecular genealogical analysis has revealed that methanogenic bacteria constitute a grouping phylogenetically distinct from most other procaryotes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00373499
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