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  • 1995-1999  (3)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Preparation of Stable Primary Enamines: 1-Aminobutadienes by Allyl Grignard Addition to Aryl Cyanides Followed by Controlled Hydrolysis (1995)
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    The @journal of organic chemistry 60 (1995), S. 5284-5290 
    Details
    ISSN: 1520-6904
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jo00121a055
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Microstructural Development During Nucleation and Growth (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical journal international 125 (1996), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-246X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: The microstructural development during nucleation and growth processes is studied numerically. Most of the studies are for the simple case of constant nucleation and growth rates, but a brief discussion is made of the effect of time-dependent nucleation and growth. A 3-D code is used which accounts for not only the nucleation and growth of individual new grains, but also the effects of grain impingement, and which allows for the study of both homogeneous and heterogeneous nucleation.The microstructures are characterized by the grain-size distribution (GSD) and the cluster-size distribution (CSD). In the case of homogeneous nucleation, the development of GSD and CSD can be scaled using the Avrami time τAv and Avrami length τAv, which are related to the nucleation and growth rates. Both scaling constants have a simple physical meaning: the average grain size after the completion of the phase transformation is given by τAv, and the transformation half-time is approximately equal to τAv. the formation of a continuous chain of new-phase grains (percolation transition) is observed at ∼30 per cent transformation degree, and the geometry of the largest cluster near the percolation threshold has fractal characteristics with a fractal dimension of ∼2.5. the presence of preferred sites of nucleation (heterogeneous nucleation), such as grain boundaries, significantly modifies the microstructures when the spacing of nucleation sites is much larger than the Avrami length, the main effects being a reduced percolation threshold and an elongate grain shape. Some applications to the olivine-spinel transformation in subducting slabs and to the crystallization in a hypothetical magma ocean are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.1996.tb00007.x
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Internally and externally guided voluntary saccades in unmedicated and medicated schizophrenic patients. Part II. Saccadic latency, gain, and fixation suppression errors (1999)
    Springer
    European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience 249 (1999), S. 7-14 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-8491
    Keywords: Key words Saccades ; Latency ; Gain ; Fixation ; suppression error ; Neuroleptics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Saccades were elicited in 30 schizophrenic patients before medication, in 17 of them during medication with neuroleptics, and in 12 healthy controls using six paradigms that tested different types of saccades: (a) the externally triggered and visually guided saccades; (b) the externally triggered and internally guided saccades (anti-saccades); and (c) the internally triggered and internally guided saccades (memory-guided saccades). Latency of the primary saccade, gain (eye amplitude to target amplitude), and percentage of unwanted saccades (fixation suppression errors) were calculated. The externally triggered and externally guided saccades were only slightly affected in the patients, indicating that the function of parieto-tectal pathways was preserved. In contrast, the internally guided and externally triggered saccades showed abnormally long latencies, slightly smaller gains, and an increased rate of suppression errors regardless of the medication status. These findings were even more pronounced in the internally triggered and internally guided saccades such as memory-guided saccades. According to animal experiments and studies on patients with disorders of the basal ganglia, the performance of these saccades is based on the function of the pre- and dorsolateral frontal cortex and its connections to the basal ganglia. The minimal improvement of some of the parameters after clinical improvement and during treatment with neuroleptics suggests that the eye-movement deficits are associated with abnormalities of schizophrenia, which do not basically change under medication with neuroleptics. The observed effects of neuroleptics also argue against a primary abnormality in the dopaminergic input to the frontal cortex – basal ganglia oculomotor loop and support the view that there is a primary disturbance of the cortical input to the oculomotor loop through the basal ganglia in schizophrenics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004060050059
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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