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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Advances in the CO2 laser collective Thomson scattering fast ion/alpha particle diagnostic (abstract) : Papers from the thirteenth topical conference on high temperature plasma diagnostics (2001)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 72 (2001), S. 1147-1147 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A collective Thomson scattering diagnostic is being developed for the measurement of confined fast ions in hot, dense plasmas. This includes such measurements as the ion tail in JT-60U and the alphas produced in a burning reactor or the upgraded Joint European Torus device. The diagnostic also has the capability of measuring the isotopic ratio of the core ions such as the D/T ratio (required in optimizing a burning plasma experiment). The advances under development for this diagnostic include improvements in the high power source laser, increased bandwidth and reduced noise in the receiver, and the development of an intermediate frequency electronic filter bank. Such improvements are designed to permit the temporal measurement of the fast ions and improve the accuracy in determining their velocity distribution. Modeling of the expected scattered signals produced by these improvements and the diagnostics capability to measure the velocity distribution and isotopic ratio are presented. © 2001 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1326016
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An Assessment of Water Demand Management Options from a Systems Approach (2000)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Water and environment journal 14 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1747-6593
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: A systems approach is used to model the urban water and wastewater system. Scenarios are developed for the implementation of a range of water demand management measures, including (a) leakage reduction, (b) the increasing use of water metering, (c) the replacement of standard WCs by low-flow WCs, and (d) the introduction of greywater recycling systems. These measures are assessed according to the water saving, cost per unit of water saved, and other indicators of the relative contribution to the sustainability of the system. Preliminary assessments of selected environmental costs and benefits are also included.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-6593.2000.tb00246.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Heat flow and gas hydrates of the Baikal Rift Zone (2000)
    Springer
    International journal of earth sciences 89 (2000), S. 193-211 
    Details
    ISSN: 1437-3262
    Keywords: Key words Baikal ; Gas hydrate ; Heat flow ; Geodynamics ; Tectonics ; Modelling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Multi-channel seismic studies (MCS), performed during a Russian expedition in 1989 and a joint Russian-American expedition in 1992, have for the first time revealed a “bottom simulating reflector” (BSR) in Lake Baikal. These data have shown that gas hydrates occur in the southern and central basins of Lake Baikal in those places where the water depth exceeds 500–700 m. Four types of tectonic influence on the distribution of the gas hydrate were revealed: (a) Modern faults displace the BSR as they do with normal seismic boundaries. (b) Older faults displace normal reflectors, whereas the BSR is not displaced. (c) Modern faults form zones, where the BSR has been totally destroyed. (4) Processes that occur within older fault zones situated close to the base of the hydrated sediment layer lead to undulations of the BSR. The thickness of the hydrate stability field (inferred from seismic data) ranges between 35 and 450 m. Heat-flow values determined from BSR data range from 48 to 119 mW/m2. A comparison between heat-flow values from BSR data and values measured directly on the lake bottom shows an overall coincidence. Changes in water level and bottom-water temperature that occurred in the past have had no noticeable influence on the present BSR depths or heat-flow values. Determination of deep heat flow from BSR data is in this case more reliable than by direct measurements.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s005319900071
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stratigraphic and structural evolution of the Selenga Delta Accommodation Zone, Lake Baikal Rift, Siberia (2000)
    Springer
    International journal of earth sciences 89 (2000), S. 212-228 
    Details
    ISSN: 1437-3262
    Keywords: Key words Lake Baikal ; Continental rifts ; Lacustrine deltas ; Sequence stratigraphy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Seismic reflection profiles from the Lake Baikal Rift reveal extensive details about the sediment thickness, structural geometry and history of extensional deformation and syn-rift sedimentation in this classic continental rift. The Selenga River is the largest single source of terrigenous input into Lake Baikal, and its large delta sits astride the major accommodation zone between the Central and South basins of the lake. Incorporating one of the world's largest lacustrine deltas, this depositional system is a classic example of the influence of rift basin structural segmentation on a major continental drainage. More than 3700 km of deep basin-scale multi-channel seismic reflection (MCS) data were acquired during the 1989 Russian and the 1992 Russian–American field programs. The seismic data image most of the sedimentary section, including pre-rift basement in several localities. The MCS data reveal that the broad bathymetric saddle between these two major half-graben basins is underlain by a complex of severely deformed basement blocks, and is not simply a consequence of long-term deltaic deposition. Maximum sediment thickness is estimated to be more than 9 km in some areas around the Selenga Delta. Detailed stratigraphic analyses of the Selenga area MCS data suggest that modes of deposition have shifted markedly during the history of the delta. The present mode of gravity- and mass-flow sedimentation that dominates the northern and southern parts of the modern delta, as well as the pronounced bathymetric relief in the area, are relatively recent developments in the history of the Lake Baikal Rift. Several episodes of major delta progradation, each extending far across the modern rift, can be documented in the MCS data. The stratigraphic framework defined by these prograding deltaic sequences can be used to constrain the structural as well as depositional evolution of this part of the Baikal Rift. An age model has been established for this stratigraphy, by tying the delta sequences to the site of the Baikal Drilling Project 1993 Drill Hole. Although the drill hole is only 100 m deep, and the base of the cores is only ∼670 ka in age, ages were extrapolated to deeper stratigraphic intervals using the Reflection-Seismic-Radiocarbon method of Cohen et al. (1993). The deep prograding delta sequences now observed in the MCS data probably formed in response to major fluctuations in sediment supply, rather than in response to shifts in lake level. This stratigraphic framework and age model suggest that the deep delta packages developed at intervals of approximately 400 ka and may have formed as a consequence of climate changes affiliated with the northern hemisphere glaciations. The stratigraphic analysis also suggests that the Selenga Basin and Syncline developed as a distinct depocentre only during the past ∼2–3 Ma.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s005310000095
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Observational design of underground cable bolt support systems utilizing instrumentation (2000)
    Springer
    Bulletin of engineering geology and the environment 58 (2000), S. 227-241 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-9537
    Keywords: Key words Cable bolt ; Observations ; Rock mass ; Instrumentation ; Design ; Mots clés Cable d'ancrage ; Observations ; Massif rocheux ; Instrumentation ; Conception
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé. L'étude de terrain pour la conception de renforcements par câbles d'ancrages utilise des observations visuelles ainsi que des données provenant d'une instrumentation du massif rocheux et des câbles d'ancrages, permettant d'obtenir une meilleure compréhension d'une part de la réponse d'un massif rocheux à des opérations minières de creusement, d'autre part de l'interaction entre un dispositif de renforcements par câbles d'ancrages et un massif rocheux en cours de déformations ou de rupture. Des prévisions des comportements de masses rocheuses renforcées par câbles d'ancrages, réalisées à partir de modèles, peuvent être utilisées pour déterminer le type d'instrumentation nécessaire pour la surveillance, puis comparer la réponse prévue à la réponse mesurée. L'amélioration de la compréhension de l'interaction masse rocheuse-renforcement par câbles d'ancrages peut conduire à des modifications des types ou des schémas de renforcements mécaniques prévus à la conception. Une étude de cas, basée sur un programme d'instrumentation d'un dispositif de renforcement par câbles d'ancrages, réalisée à la mine d'Ansil, illustre plusieurs de ces principes de façon concrète. À partir des résultats de cette étude, un projet de renforcement par câbles d'ancrages pour la mine d'Ansil a été amélioré pour prendre en compte les modifications du champ de contraintes induites par le creusement minier.
    Notes: Abstract  The observational approach to cable bolt design uses visual observations as well as data collected from rock mass and cable bolt instruments to gain increased understanding of the response of the rock mass to the creation of mining openings and the interaction between cable bolts and the deforming or failing rock mass. Predictions of rock mass and cable bolt behaviour, made from models, can be used to determine the type of instruments required in the programme and then to compare the predicted to the measured response. Increased understanding of the interaction between the cable bolts and the rock mass can lead to changes in the type or pattern of cable bolts specified in design. A case history based on a cable bolting instrumentation programme carried out at Ansil Mine illustrates many of these principles in practice. As a result of the findings of this case history, the cable bolt design for Ansil Mine was modified to take account of the anticipated conditions of mining-induced stress change.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s100640050078
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