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  • 2010-2014  (3)
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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2014. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Biogeosciences 11 (2014): 709-734, doi:10.5194/bg-11-709-2014.
    Description: Air–sea CO2 fluxes over the Pacific Ocean are known to be characterized by coherent large-scale structures that reflect not only ocean subduction and upwelling patterns, but also the combined effects of wind-driven gas exchange and biology. On the largest scales, a large net CO2 influx into the extratropics is associated with a robust seasonal cycle, and a large net CO2 efflux from the tropics is associated with substantial interannual variability. In this work, we have synthesized estimates of the net air–sea CO2 flux from a variety of products, drawing upon a variety of approaches in three sub-basins of the Pacific Ocean, i.e., the North Pacific extratropics (18–66° N), the tropical Pacific (18° S–18° N), and the South Pacific extratropics (44.5–18° S). These approaches include those based on the measurements of CO2 partial pressure in surface seawater (pCO2sw), inversions of ocean-interior CO2 data, forward ocean biogeochemistry models embedded in the ocean general circulation models (OBGCMs), a model with assimilation of pCO2sw data, and inversions of atmospheric CO2 measurements. Long-term means, interannual variations and mean seasonal variations of the regionally integrated fluxes were compared in each of the sub-basins over the last two decades, spanning the period from 1990 through 2009. A simple average of the long-term mean fluxes obtained with surface water pCO2 diagnostics and those obtained with ocean-interior CO2 inversions are −0.47 ± 0.13 Pg C yr−1 in the North Pacific extratropics, +0.44 ± 0.14 Pg C yr−1 in the tropical Pacific, and −0.37 ± 0.08 Pg C yr−1 in the South Pacific extratropics, where positive fluxes are into the atmosphere. This suggests that approximately half of the CO2 taken up over the North and South Pacific extratropics is released back to the atmosphere from the tropical Pacific. These estimates of the regional fluxes are also supported by the estimates from OBGCMs after adding the riverine CO2 flux, i.e., −0.49 ± 0.02 Pg C yr−1 in the North Pacific extratropics, +0.41 ± 0.05 Pg C yr−1 in the tropical Pacific, and −0.39 ± 0.11 Pg C yr−1 in the South Pacific extratropics. The estimates from the atmospheric CO2 inversions show large variations amongst different inversion systems, but their median fluxes are consistent with the estimates from climatological pCO2sw data and pCO2sw diagnostics. In the South Pacific extratropics, where CO2 variations in the surface and ocean interior are severely undersampled, the difference in the air–sea CO2 flux estimates between the diagnostic models and ocean-interior CO2 inversions is larger (0.18 Pg C yr−1). The range of estimates from forward OBGCMs is also large (−0.19 to −0.72 Pg C yr−1). Regarding interannual variability of air–sea CO2 fluxes, positive and negative anomalies are evident in the tropical Pacific during the cold and warm events of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation in the estimates from pCO2sw diagnostic models and from OBGCMs. They are consistent in phase with the Southern Oscillation Index, but the peak-to-peak amplitudes tend to be higher in OBGCMs (0.40 ± 0.09 Pg C yr−1) than in the diagnostic models (0.27 ± 0.07 Pg C yr−1).
    Description: M. Ishii acknowledges the Meteorological Research Institute’s priority research fund for ocean carbon cycle changes, JSPS Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (B) No. 22310017, and MEXT Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Innovative Areas No. 24121003. Support for K. B. Rodgers came under awards NA17RJ2612 and NA08OAR4320752, and support for K. B. Rodgers and R. A. Feely from the NOAA Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research (OAR) through the office of Climate Observations (OCO), as well as by funds from NASA’s Research Opportunities in Space and Earth Sciences through award #NNX09AI13G. SMF’s contributions were funded through the NIWA National Centre for Atmosphere’s core research funding. S. C. Doney and I. Lima acknowledge support from US National Science Foundation award AGS-1048827. E. T. Buitenhuis acknowledges support from the EU (CarboChange, contract 264879). A. Lenton acknowledges support from the Australian Climate Change Science Program. T. Takahashi is supported by grants from the NOAA (NA08OAR4320754) and the Comer Science and Education Foundation (CSEF CP70).
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
    Format: application/pdf
    Location Call Number Limitation Availability
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  • 2
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    PANGAEA
    In:  Supplement to: Pfeil, Benjamin; Olsen, Are; Bakker, Dorothee C E; Hankin, Steven; Koyuk, Heather; Kozyr, Alexander; Malczyk, Jeremy; Manke, Ansley; Metzl, Nicolas; Sabine, Christopher L; Akl, John; Alin, Simone R; Bellerby, Richard G J; Borges, Alberto Vieira; Boutin, Jacqueline; Brown, Peter J; Cai, Wei-Jun; Chavez, Francisco P; Chen, Arthur; Cosca, Catherine E; Fassbender, Andrea J; Feely, Richard A; González-Dávila, Melchor; Goyet, Catherine; Hardman-Mountford, Nicolas J; Heinze, Christoph; Hood, E Maria; Hoppema, Mario; Hunt, Christopher W; Hydes, David; Ishii, Masao; Johannessen, Truls; Jones, Steve D; Key, Robert M; Körtzinger, Arne; Landschützer, Peter; Lauvset, Siv K; Lefèvre, Nathalie; Lenton, Andrew; Lourantou, Anna; Merlivat, Liliane; Midorikawa, Takashi; Mintrop, Ludger J; Miyazaki, Chihiro; Murata, Akihiko; Nakadate, Akira; Nakano, Yoshiyuki; Nakaoka, Shin-Ichiro; Nojiri, Yukihiro; Omar, Abdirahman M; Padín, Xose Antonio; Park, Geun-Ha; Paterson, Kristina; Pérez, Fiz F; Pierrot, Denis; Poisson, Alain; Ríos, Aida F; Santana-Casiano, Juana Magdalena; Salisbury, Joe; Sarma, Vedula V S S; Schlitzer, Reiner; Schneider, Bernd; Schuster, Ute; Sieger, Rainer; Skjelvan, Ingunn; Steinhoff, Tobias; Suzuki, Toru; Takahashi, Taro; Tedesco, Kathy; Telszewski, Maciej; Thomas, Helmuth; Tilbrook, Bronte; Tjiputra, Jerry; Vandemark, Doug; Veness, Tony; Wanninkhof, Rik; Watson, Andrew J; Weiss, Ray F; Wong, Chi Shing; Yoshikawa-Inoue, Hisayuki (2013): A uniform, quality controlled Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas (SOCAT). Earth System Science Data, 5(1), 125-143, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-5-125-2013
    Publication Date: 2024-05-02
    Description: A well-documented, publicly available, global data set of surface ocean carbon dioxide (CO2) parameters has been called for by international groups for nearly two decades. The Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas (SOCAT) project was initiated by the international marine carbon science community in 2007 with the aim of providing a comprehensive, publicly available, regularly updated, global data set of marine surface CO2, which had been subject to quality control (QC). Many additional CO2 data, not yet made public via the Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (CDIAC), were retrieved from data originators, public websites and other data centres. All data were put in a uniform format following a strict protocol. Quality control was carried out according to clearly defined criteria. Regional specialists performed the quality control, using state-of-the-art web-based tools, specially developed for accomplishing this global team effort. SOCAT version 1.5 was made public in September 2011 and holds 6.3 million quality controlled surface CO2 data points from the global oceans and coastal seas, spanning four decades (1968-2007). Three types of data products are available: individual cruise files, a merged complete data set and gridded products. With the rapid expansion of marine CO2 data collection and the importance of quantifying net global oceanic CO2 uptake and its changes, sustained data synthesis and data access are priorities.
    Keywords: 0306SFC_PRT; 061ASFC_PRT; 06AQ19860627-track; 06AQ19860928-track; 06AQ19911114-track; 06AQ19911210-track; 06AQ19921005-track; 06AQ19930128-track; 06AQ19930228-track; 06AQ19931019-track; 06AQ19940524-track; 06AQ19951206-track; 06AQ19960320-track; 06AQ19980411-track; 06AQ19990327-track; 06AQ20001004-track; 06AQ20001026-track; 06BE19961010-track; 06CK20060523-track; 06CK20060715-track; 06CK20060821-track; 06GA19960613-track; 06GA276_3; 06LB19831130-track; 06LB19840107-track; 06LB19840629-track; 06LB19850110-track; 06LB19850313-track; 06LB19850812-track; 06LB19860116-track; 06LB19860323-track; 06LB19860801-track; 06LB19861011-track; 06LB19861214-track; 06LB19870221-track; 06LB19870501-track; 06LB19870721-track; 06LB19870920-track; 06LB19871126-track; 06LB19871231-track; 06LB19880204-track; 06MT18_1; 06MT19910903-track; 06MT19920510-track; 06MT19921229-track; 06MT19941012-track; 06MT19941119-track; 06MT19950714-track; 06MT19960607-track; 06MT19960622-track; 06MT19970106-track; 06MT19970516-track; 06MT19970707-track; 06MT19970814-track; 06MT19981228-track; 06MT20021015-track; 06MT20060714; 06MT20060714-track; 06MT22_5; 06MT30_2; 06MT30_3; 06MT37_2; 06MT39_4; 06MT39_5; 06P119910616-track; 06P119950901-track; 06PO20050321; 06PO20050322-track; 07AL19951011-track; 07AL19960218-track; 07AL19970503-track; 07AL19990718-track; 07AL19991101-track; 07AL19991129-track; 07AL20000113-track; 07AL20000210-track; 07AL20000305-track; 07AL20010513-track; 07AL20010607-track; 07AL20010709-track; 07AL20010802-track; 09AR0103; 09AR19910926-track; 09AR19921019-track; 09AR19930105-track; 09AR19930311-track; 09AR19930807-track; 09AR19931119-track; 09AR19940101-track; 09AR19940831-track; 09AR19941213-track; 09AR19950717-track; 09AR19950916-track; 09AR19960119-track; 09AR19960822-track; 09AR19970910-track; 09AR19971114-track; 09AR19980228-track; 09AR19980404-track; 09AR19980715-track; 09AR19990716-track; 09AR20011031-track; 09AR9401; 09AR9404; 09AR9407; 09AR9501; 09AR9502; 09AR9601; 09AR9604; 09AR9701; 09AR9703; 09AR9707; 09AR9801; 09AR9806; 09AR9901; 09FA20000927-track; 09SS19951116-track; 09SS19990205-track; 11BE19940413-track; 11BE19950303-track; 11BE19950912-track; 11BE19970513-track; 11BE19970527-track; 11BE19970609-track; 11BE19970618-track; 11BE19970621; 11BE19970621-track; 11BE19970702-track; 11BE19980107-track; 11BE19980614-track; 11BE19980625-track; 11BE19980710-track; 11BE19990830-track; 11BE19990904-track; 11BE19990914-track; 11BE19990918-track; 11BE20010502-track; 11BE20010514-track; 11BE20010522-track; 11BE20020422-track; 11BE20020511-track; 11BE20020528-track; 11BE20021104-track; 11BE20030331-track; 11BE20030901; 11BE20030901-track; 11BE20031027; 11BE20031027-track; 11BE20031208; 11BE20031208-track; 11BE20040223; 11BE20040223-track; 11BE20040329; 11BE20040329-track; 11BE20040524; 11BE20040524-track; 11BE20040601-track; 11BE20041004; 11BE20041004-track; 11BE20060425; 11BE20060425-track; 11BE20060529-track; 11BE20070507-track; 18QA19730812-track; 18QA19731028-track; 18QA19760111-track; 18QA19760619-track; 18QA19760911-track; 18QA19761204-track; 18VC19740105-track; 18VC19740216-track; 18VC19741113-track; 18VC19750622-track; 18VC19750913-track; 1995-10-BS; 1996-02-BS; 1997-05-BS; 1999-07-BS; 1999-11-BS; 1999-12-BS; 2000-01-BS; 2000-02-BS; 2000-03-BS; 2001-05-BS; 2001-06-BS; 2001-07-BS; 2001-08-BS; 2003-06-BS; 2003-07-BS; 2003-08-BS; 2003-09-BS; 2003-10-BS; 2004-02-BS; 2004-03-BS; 2004-04-BS; 2004-05-BS; 2004-06-BS; 2004-07-BS; 2004-08-BS; 2004-09-BS; 2004-10-BS; 2005-01-BS; 2005-02-BS; 2005-03-BS; 2005-04-BS; 2005-05-BS; 2005-06-BS; 2005-07-BS; 2005-08-BS; 2005-09-BS; 2005-10-BS; 2005-11-BS; 2005-12-BS; 2006-03-BS; 2006-04-BS; 2006-05-BS; 2006-06-BS; 2006-07-BS; 2006-08-BS; 2006-09-BS; 20070110_TC2; 20070117_TC2; 20070123_TC2; 20070130_TC2; 20070207_TC2; 20070219_TC2; 20070227_TC2; 20070305_TC2; 20070320_TC2; 20070327_TC2; 20070402_TC2; 20070409_TC2; 20070416_TC2; 20070423_TC2; 20070430_TC2; 20070508_TC2; 20070515_TC2; 20070521_TC2; 20070529_TC2; 20070604_TC2; 20070613_TC2; 20070620_TC2; 20070627_TC2; 20070703_TC2; 20070709_TC2; 20070716_TC2; 20070723_TC2; 20070730_TC2; 2007-07-BS; 20070806_TC2; 20070815_TC2; 20070820_TC2; 20070827_TC2; 2007-08-BS; 20070903_TC2; 20070910_TC2; 20070917_TC2; 20071001_TC2; 20071008_TC2; 20071010_TC2; 20071015_TC2; 20071023_TC2; 20071105_TC2; 20071115_TC2; 20071120_TC2; 20071128_TC2; 20071204_TC2; 20071211_TC2; 20071218_TC2; 20071225_TC2; 24N98L1; 24N98L2; 26GC20010421-track; 26GC20010831-track; 26NA20050107; 26NA20050107-track; 26NA20050115; 26NA20050115-track; 26NA20050130; 26NA20050130-track; 26NA20050207; 26NA20050207-track; 26NA20050317; 26NA20050317-track; 26NA20050321; 26NA20050321-track; 26NA20050402; 26NA20050402-track; 26NA20050420; 26NA20050420-track; 26NA20050502; 26NA20050502-track; 26NA20050511; 26NA20050511-track; 26NA20050523; 26NA20050523-track; 26NA20050531; 26NA20050531-track; 26NA20050614; 26NA20050614-track; 26NA20050624; 26NA20050624-track; 26NA20050714; 26NA20050714-track; 26NA20050720; 26NA20050720-track; 26NA20050730; 26NA20050730-track; 26NA20050805; 26NA20050805-track; 26NA20050815; 26NA20050815-track; 26NA20050824; 26NA20050824-track; 26NA20050914; 26NA20050914-track; 26NA20050927; 26NA20050927-track; 26NA20051005; 26NA20051005-track; 26NA20051018; 26NA20051018-track; 26NA20051026; 26NA20051026-track; 26NA20051110; 26NA20051110-track; 26NA20051117; 26NA20051117-track; 26NA20051130; 26NA20051130-track; 26NA20060518; 26NA20060518-track; 26NA20060527; 26NA20060527-track; 26NA20060607; 26NA20060607-track; 26NA20060617; 26NA20060617-track; 26NA20060628; 26NA20060628-track; 26NA20060708; 26NA20060708-track; 26NA20060719; 26NA20060719-track; 26NA20060728; 26NA20060728-track; 26NA20060809; 26NA20060809-track; 26NA20060818; 26NA20060818-track; 26NA20060830; 26NA20060830-track; 26NA20060908; 26NA20060908-track; 26NA20060920; 26NA20060920-track; 26NA20061011; 26NA20061011-track; 26NA20061021; 26NA20061021-track; 26NA20061128; 26NA20061128-track; 26NA20061202; 26NA20061202-track; 26NA20061214; 26NA20061214-track; 26NA20061225; 26NA20061225-track; 26NA20070103; 26NA20070103-track; 26NA20070112; 26NA20070112-track; 26NA20070125; 26NA20070125-track; 26NA20070205; 26NA20070205-track; 26NA20070216; 26NA20070216-track; 26NA20070323; 26NA20070323-track; 26NA20070329; 26NA20070329-track; 26NA20070410; 26NA20070410-track; 26NA20070418; 26NA20070418-track; 26NA20070427; 26NA20070427-track; 26NA20070509; 26NA20070509-track; 26NA20070518; 26NA20070518-track; 26NA20070530; 26NA20070530-track; 26NA20070610; 26NA20070610-track; 26NA20070622; 26NA20070622-track; 26NA20070701; 26NA20070701-track; 26NA20070712; 26NA20070712-track; 26NA20070721; 26NA20070721-track; 26NA20070802; 26NA20070802-track; 26NA20070811; 26NA20070811-track; 26NA20070901; 26NA20070901-track; 26NA20070912; 26NA20070912-track; 26NA20070923; 26NA20070923-track; 26NA20071003; 26NA20071003-track; 26NA20071014; 26NA20071014-track; 26NA20071024; 26NA20071024-track; 26NA20071103; 26NA20071103-track; 26NA20071114; 26NA20071114-track; 26NA20071124; 26NA20071124-track; 29HE050; 29HE19980729-track; 29HE20001028; 29HE20001028-track; 29HE20010306; 29HE20010306-track; 29HE20011027; 29HE20011027-track; 29HE20020305; 29HE20020305-track; 29HE20021028; 29HE20021028-track; 29HE20030409; 29HE20030409-track; 29HE20041021; 29HE20041021-track; 316N0154; 316N19810401-track; 316N19810416-track; 316N19810516-track; 316N19810619-track; 316N19810721-track; 316N19810821-track; 316N19810923-track; 316N19821202-track; 316N19821230-track; 316N19830130-track; 316N19831007-track; 316N19840111-track; 316N19871030-track; 316N19871123-track; 316N19871218-track; 316N19880128-track; 316N19940404-track; 316N19941201-track; 316N19950124-track; 316N19950310-track; 316N19950423-track; 316N19950611-track; 316N19950715-track; 316N19950829-track; 316N19951111-track; 316N19951205-track; 316N19961102-track; 316N19971005-track; 318M19780921-track; 318M19780928-track; 318M19790210-track; 318M19790308-track;
    Type: Dataset
    Format: application/zip, 1851 datasets
    Location Call Number Limitation Availability
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  • 3
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    PANGAEA
    In:  Supplement to: Bakker, Dorothee C E; Pfeil, Benjamin; Smith, Karl; Hankin, Steven; Olsen, Are; Alin, Simone R; Cosca, Catherine E; Harasawa, Sumiko; Kozyr, Alexander; Nojiri, Yukihiro; O'Brien, Kevin M; Schuster, Ute; Telszewski, Maciej; Tilbrook, Bronte; Wada, Chisato; Akl, John; Barbero, Leticia; Bates, Nicolas R; Boutin, Jacqueline; Bozec, Yann; Cai, Wei-Jun; Castle, Robert D; Chavez, Francisco P; Chen, Lei; Chierici, Melissa; Currie, Kim I; de Baar, Hein J W; Evans, Wiley; Feely, Richard A; Fransson, Agneta; Gao, Zhongyong; Hales, Burke; Hardman-Mountford, Nicolas J; Hoppema, Mario; Huang, Wei-Jen; Hunt, Christopher W; Huss, Betty; Ichikawa, Tadafumi; Johannessen, Truls; Jones, Elizabeth M; Jones, Steve D; Jutterstrøm, Sara; Kitidis, Vassilis; Körtzinger, Arne; Landschützer, Peter; Lauvset, Siv K; Lefèvre, Nathalie; Manke, Ansley; Mathis, Jeremy T; Merlivat, Liliane; Metzl, Nicolas; Murata, Akihiko; Newberger, Timothy; Omar, Abdirahman M; Ono, Tsuneo; Park, Geun-Ha; Paterson, Kristina; Pierrot, Denis; Ríos, Aida F; Sabine, Christopher L; Saito, Shu; Salisbury, Joe; Sarma, Vedula V S S; Schlitzer, Reiner; Sieger, Rainer; Skjelvan, Ingunn; Steinhoff, Tobias; Sullivan, Kevin; Sun, Heng; Sutton, Adrienne; Suzuki, Toru; Sweeney, Colm; Takahashi, Taro; Tjiputra, Jerry; Tsurushima, Nobuo; van Heuven, Steven; Vandemark, Doug; Vlahos, Penny; Wallace, Douglas WR; Wanninkhof, Rik; Watson, Andrew J (2014): An update to the Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas (SOCAT version 2). Earth System Science Data, 6(1), 69-90, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-6-69-2014
    Publication Date: 2024-05-02
    Description: The Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas (SOCAT), an activity of the international marine carbon research community, provides access to synthesis and gridded fCO2 (fugacity of carbon dioxide) products for the surface oceans. Version 2 of SOCAT is an update of the previous release (version 1) with more data (increased from 6.3 million to 10.1 million surface water fCO2 values) and extended data coverage (from 1968-2007 to 1968-2011). The quality control criteria, while identical in both versions, have been applied more strictly in version 2 than in version 1. The SOCAT website (http://www.socat.info/) has links to quality control comments, metadata, individual data set files, and synthesis and gridded data products. Interactive online tools allow visitors to explore the richness of the data. Applications of SOCAT include process studies, quantification of the ocean carbon sink and its spatial, seasonal, year-to-year and longerterm variation, as well as initialisation or validation of ocean carbon models and coupled climate-carbon models.
    Keywords: SOCAT; Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas Project
    Type: Dataset
    Format: application/zip, 2669 datasets
    Location Call Number Limitation Availability
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