Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- Contributors -- Part I Nitric Oxide: Metabolism, Identificationand Detection -- 1 An Update to the Understanding of Nitric Oxide Metabolism in Plants -- Abstract -- 1.1…Introduction -- 1.1.1 Brief Review of the Chemistry of Nitrogen-Active Species -- 1.2…Sources of NO in Plants: An Overview -- 1.2.1 Is Chloroplast a Source of NO? -- 1.2.2 NO Sources Under Abiotic Stress -- 1.3…Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 2 Biosynthesis of Nitric Oxide in Plants -- Abstract -- 2.1…Introduction -- 2.2…Mechanisms of Reductive NO Synthesis -- 2.2.1 Reductive NO Synthesis by Nitrate Reductase -- 2.2.2 Reductive NO Synthesis by the Mitochondrial Electron Transport Chain -- 2.2.3 Reductive NO Generation by Heme Containing Proteins -- 2.3…Mechanisms of Oxidative NO Synthesis -- 2.3.1 Oxidative NO Synthesis from l-Arginine -- 2.3.2 The Enigmatic Plant-Type NOS -- 2.3.3 Other Forms of Oxidative NO Synthesis -- 2.4…Nonenzymatic NO Release -- 2.5…Control of NO Synthesis in the Plant Cell -- 2.5.1 Control of Reductive and Oxidative NO Synthesis -- 2.5.2 Hormonal Control of NO Synthesis -- 2.6…Summary and Open Debates -- Acknowledgment -- 3 Function of Peroxisomes as a Cellular Source of Nitric Oxide and Other Reactive Nitrogen Species -- Abstract -- 3.1…Introduction -- 3.2…Functions of NO in Plants -- 3.3…Generation of NO in Plants and Subcellular Sites of Production -- 3.4…Presence of NOS Activity in Peroxisomes -- 3.5…Detection of NO Generation in Peroxisomes -- 3.5.1 Effect of Senescence -- 3.5.2 Effect of Metal Stress -- 3.6…Demonstration of in vivo NO Production in Peroxisomes -- 3.7…S-Nitrosylation and Nitration of Proteins in Peroxisomes -- 3.8…Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 4 Role of Plant Mitochondria in Nitric Oxide Homeostasis During Oxygen Deficiency -- Abstract -- 4.1…Introduction. , 4.2…Signaling Functions of NO During O2 Deficiency: Plant Mitochondria As Important NO Targets -- 4.3…Mechanisms of NO Synthesis During O2 Deficiency: The Increasing Importance of Mitochondrial Nitrite Reduction -- 4.4…Mechanisms of NO Degradation During O2 Deficiency: The Involvement of Respiratory Proteins and Non-symbiotic Hemoglobins -- 4.5…Nitrogen Nutrition and Plant Tolerance to O2 Deficiency -- 4.6…Conclusion -- Acknowledgment -- References -- 5 Production of Nitric Oxide by Marine Unicellular Red Tide Phytoplankton, Chattonella marina -- Abstract -- 5.1…Introduction -- 5.2…Synthesis of NO in C. marina Cell Suspension -- 5.2.1 Chemiluminescence (CL) Reaction -- 5.2.2 Nitrite Determination -- 5.2.3 Fluorescent Probe Detection -- 5.3…Involvement of NO Synthase (NOS) and Nitrate Reductase (NR) in NO Production by C. marina -- 5.4…Conclusion -- References -- 6 Identification of Nitrosylated Proteins (SNO) and Applications in Plants -- Abstract -- 6.1…Introduction -- 6.2…Biotin-Switch and Relatives -- 6.2.1 SNOSID (S--NO Site Identification) -- 6.2.2 His-Tag Switch -- 6.2.3 DyLight Fluor DIGE, S-FLOS/SNO-DIGE, AMCA Switch and ''Fluorescent Switch'' -- 6.2.4 BS-ICAT and SNOCAP -- 6.2.5 SNO-RAC -- 6.2.6 BS on Protein Microarrays -- 6.2.7 SHIPS -- 6.2.8 Biotin/Cys-TMT Switch and SILAC-BS -- 6.3…Methods Using a Direct SNO Reduction -- 6.3.1 Phenylmercury Reduction -- 6.3.2 Phosphine Switch -- 6.3.3 SNO Reduction by Gold Nanoparticules -- 6.3.4 Complementary Approaches to Identify Nitrosothiols -- 6.4…Assessment of Protein Nitrosylation in Plants -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 7 Nitric Oxide: Detection Methods and Possible Roles During Jasmonate-Regulated Stress Response -- Abstract -- 7.1…Introduction -- 7.2…Biological Activities of Nitric Oxide -- 7.3…Methods of NO Detection. , 7.3.1 Detection of NO and NO Measurement in Cell Culture and in Planta -- 7.3.2 Methods of Detection of Nitrosylated Proteins -- 7.3.3 NO Donors and NO Scavengers -- 7.3.4 Reporter Genes -- 7.4…Potentiation of Nitric Oxide and Jasmonates Signaling in Abiotic Stress Responses -- 7.4.1 NO Regulation of JA Signaling, Epigenetics, and Role of microRNAs -- 7.4.2 Roots in the Sensing of Drought and Salt Stresses: A Role of Nitric Oxide and Jasmonates -- 7.5…Conclusion -- References -- 8 S-Nitrosoglutathione Reductase: Key Regulator of Plant Development and Stress Response -- Abstract -- 8.1…Introduction -- 8.2…Reactive Nitrogen Species -- 8.3…GSNO Reductase Controls GSNO Turnover -- 8.4…GSNO Reductase in Animals -- 8.5…GSNO Reductase in Plants -- 8.6…Functions of GSNO Reductase During Plant Development -- 8.7…GSNO Reductase during Stress Response -- 8.7.1 Biotic Stress -- 8.7.2 Abiotic Stress -- 8.8…Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 9 Nitro-Fatty Acids: Synthesis, Properties, and Role in Biological System -- Abstract -- 9.1…Introduction -- 9.2…Fatty Acid Nitration -- 9.3…Electrophilic and Therapeutical Properties of NO2-FA -- 9.4…Formation of NO2-FA in Extra Virgin Olive Oil -- 9.5…Potential Pitfalls -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Part II Nitric Oxide: Properties, Modeof Action and Functional Rolein Stress Physiology -- 10 Nitric Oxide and Reactive Nitrogen Species -- Abstract -- 10.1…Introduction -- 10.2…Properties of Nitric Oxide -- 10.3…Chemical Properties of Nitroxyl and Its Donors -- 10.3.1 Biological Reactivity of HNO -- 10.4…Chemical Properties and Donors of Nitrosonium -- 10.4.1 Biological Activity of NO+ -- 10.5…Peroxynitrite -- 10.6…Biotargets of Reactive Nitrogen Species -- 10.6.1 Tyrosine Nitration -- 10.6.2 Nitration of Unsaturated Fatty Acids -- 10.6.3 Protein S-Nitrosylation -- 10.6.4 Metal Nitrosylation. , 10.7…Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 11 Nitric Oxide and Other Signaling Molecules: A Cross Talk in Response to Abiotic Stress -- Abstract -- 11.1…Introduction -- 11.2…NO Signal Transduction -- 11.3…NO Interaction with Other Signaling Molecules in Response to Abiotic Stress -- 11.3.1 Interaction of NO with Ca2+ -- 11.3.2 Interaction of NO with H2O2 and ABA -- 11.3.3 Interactions of NO with MAPK, cGMP, and Ethylene -- 11.4…Conclusions and Perspectives -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 12 Cytoprotective Role of Nitric Oxide Under Oxidative Stress -- Abstract -- 12.1…Introduction -- 12.2…The Generation of Reactive Oxygen Species -- 12.3…Physiological Consequences of Oxidative Stress in Plants -- 12.4…NO and Oxidative Stress -- 12.5…Conclusion -- References -- 13 Phytohormones and Nitric Oxide Interactions During Abiotic Stress Responses -- Abstract -- 13.1…Introduction -- 13.2…Phytohormones and Nitric Oxide Interactions Under Abiotic Stress -- 13.2.1 Temperature Stress -- 13.2.2 Drought Stress -- 13.2.3 Salt Stress -- 13.2.4 Heavy Metal Stress -- 13.3…Concluding Remarks -- References -- 14 Tolerance of Plants to Abiotic Stress: A Role of Nitric Oxide and Calcium -- Abstract -- 14.1…Introduction -- 14.2…Cross Talk Between NO and Calcium -- 14.2.1 Stress-Induced Ca2+ Mobilization by NO -- 14.2.2 Mechanism of NO-induced Changes in [Ca2+]cyt -- 14.3…The Ca2+ Signature -- 14.4…Ca2+ Sensing and Signaling -- 14.4.1 Calcium-Binding Proteins (CaBPs) -- 14.4.1.1 Ca2+ Sensor Relays -- 14.4.1.2 Ca2+ Sensor Responders -- 14.4.2 Other Ca2+-Binding Proteins -- 14.5…Elevated Levels of [Ca2+]cyt and NO Synthesis -- 14.6…Ca2+ Homeostasis -- 14.7…Conclusion -- References -- 15 Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Plants: Exploring the Role of Nitric Oxide and Humic Substances -- Abstract -- 15.1…Introduction -- 15.2…Humic Substances. , 15.2.1 Types of Humic Substances -- 15.3…Beneficial Effects of HS on Plant Growth and Mineral Nutrition -- 15.3.1 Indirect Effects of HS -- 15.3.2 Direct Effects of HS -- 15.4…Factors Affecting Action of HS on Plant Growth -- 15.4.1 Extrinsic Factors and HS Action -- 15.4.2 Intrinsic Factors and HS Action -- 15.5…Interactive Role of NO, Other Phytohormones and HS in Plant Root- and Shoot-Growth, and Mineral Nutrition -- 15.5.1 Interactive Role of NO, Other Phytohormones and HS in Plant Root -- 15.5.2 Interactive Role of NO, Other Phytohormones and HS in Plant Shoot -- 15.6…Concluding Remarks and Future Perspectives -- References -- 16 Nitric Oxide in Relation to Plant Signaling and Defense Responses -- Abstract -- 16.1…Introduction -- 16.2…Induction of Nitric Oxide Signaling Pathway by Chitosan -- 16.3…Nitric Oxide Signaling and Defense Responses -- 16.4…Crosstalk Between Abiotic and Biotic Stress Responses -- 16.5…Conclusions and Future Prospects -- Acknowledgment -- References -- 17 The Role of Nitric Oxide in Programmed Cell Death in Higher Plants -- Abstract -- 17.1…Introduction -- 17.2…Evolution of NO and Dual Function During Plant Programmed Cell Death -- 17.3…Effects of NO on Developmental PCD -- 17.4…Role of NO in Hypersensitive Response -- 17.5…Involvement of NO in Abiotic Stress-Induced PCD -- 17.6…Regulation of NO on PCD--Associated Genes Expression -- 17.7…Interaction Between NO and Other Signaling Molecules During Plant PCD -- 17.8…NO Signaling Network in Response to PCD -- 17.9…Control of NO Level in Plant Mitochondrion -- 17.10…Conclusion and Perspectives -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Index.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- 1 Metalloenzymes Involved in the Metabolism of Reactive Oxygen Species and Heavy Metal Stress -- Abstract -- 1…Introduction -- 2…Catalase (CAT -- EC 1.11.1.6) -- 3…Superoxide Dismutase (SOD, EC 1.15.1.1) -- 4…Ascorbate Peroxidase (APX -- EC 1.11.1.11) -- 5…Xanthine Oxidoreductase -- 6…Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 2 Metal Transporters in Plants -- Abstract -- 1…Introduction -- 2…Plants and Heavy Metals -- 2.1 Glutathione and Related Thiols -- 2.2 Metallothionein-like ProteinsMetallothionein-like Proteins and Metallothionein Expression -- 2.3 Induction of Thiols by Heavy Metals -- 3…Accumulation of Heavy Metals by Different Plant Species -- 3.1 Phytoremediation -- 3.2 Basic Mechanisms of Phytoremediation -- 3.3 HyperaccumulatorHyperaccumulator -- 3.3.1 Nickel -- 3.3.2 Zinc and Lead -- 3.3.3 Cadmium -- 3.3.4 Cobalt and Copper -- 3.3.5 Manganese -- 3.3.6 Selenium -- 4…Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 3 Biochemistry of Metals/Metalloids Toward Remediation Process -- Abstract -- 1…IntroductionIntroduction -- 1.1 Plants as Accumulators of MetalsPlants as Accumulators of Metals -- 1.2 Hyperaccumulator PlantsHyperaccumulator Plants -- 1.3 High Biomass CropsHigh Biomass Crops -- 2…Factors Affecting Metal Uptake by PlantsFactors Affecting Metal Uptake by Plants -- 3…Mechanism of Glutathione-Mediated Metal Stress Tolerant in PlantsMechanism of Glutathione-Mediated Metal Stress Tolerant in Plants -- 4…Metals Uptake by PlantsMetals Uptake by Plants -- 5…Root-to-Shoot TranslocationRoot-to-Shoot Translocation -- 6…Detoxification/SequestrationDetoxification/Sequestration -- 7…Improvement for Enhanced PhytoextractionImprovement for Enhanced Phytoextraction -- 8…ConclusionsConclusions -- References -- 4 Role of Phytochelatins in Heavy Metal Stress and Detoxification Mechanisms in Plants -- Abstract. , 1…Introduction -- 2…Heavy Metal Uptake and Accumulation by Plants -- 3…Root System, Transporters and Heavy Metals -- 4…Sequestration of Metals into Vacuole -- 5…Role of Metal-Binding Ligands -- 6…Phytochelatins: The Heavy Metal Chelator -- 7…Phytochelatins Biosynthesis -- 8…Role of Phytochelatins in Heavy Metal Stress and Detoxification -- 9…Phytochelatins on Sulfur MetabolismSulfur Metabolism During Heavy Metal Stress -- 10…Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 5 Detoxification and Tolerance of Heavy Metal in Tobacco Plants -- Abstract -- 1…Introduction -- 2… Distribution Rule of HMs in Tobacco -- 3… Physiological Detoxification Mechanism of Tobacco to HMs Stress -- 3.1 Antioxidative Enzymes or Antioxidants -- 3.2 The Role of Trichomes and Crystals -- 4…The Special Genes Influencing Tobacco HMs Accumulation -- 5…How to Regulate Tobacco HMs Accumulation -- 5.1 Ensuring the Safety of Tobacco Leaf -- 5.2 Improving Soil Phytoremediation Efficacy -- 6…Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 6 Heavy Metal Uptake and Tolerance of Charophytes -- Abstract -- 1…Introduction -- 2…Calcification and Nutrient Store -- 3…Carbonate-Bound Metals Fraction -- 4…Heavy Metal and Tolerance Capability of Charophytes -- 5…Metal Binding and Accumulation Mechanism in Charophytes -- 6…Conclusion -- References -- 7 Molecular Mechanisms Involved in Lead Uptake, Toxicity and Detoxification in Higher Plants -- Abstract -- 1…Introduction -- 2…Plant Absorption of Lead -- 3…Lead in the Root and Its Translocation to the Aerial Parts -- 3.1 Radial Diffusion in the Root -- 3.1.1 Apoplastic Pathway -- 3.1.2 Symplastic Pathway -- 3.2 Detoxification Mechanisms -- 3.2.1 Constitutive Mechanisms -- 3.2.2 Inducible Mechanisms -- General Mechanisms -- Phytochelatins -- Metallothioneins -- 3.3 Translocation to the Aerial Parts of the Plant -- 4…Lead Effects on Plants. , 4.1 Effects on the Cell Constituents -- 4.1.1 Effects on the Cell Envelopes -- 4.1.2 Effects on Proteins -- Effects on the Protein Pool -- Inactivation Mechanisms -- Activation Mechanisms -- 4.1.3 Antimitotic and Genotoxic Action of Lead -- 4.2 Water Status -- 4.3 Mineral Nutrition -- 4.4 Photosynthesis -- 4.5 Respiration -- 5…Lead and Oxidative Stress -- 5.1 Lead-Induced Oxidative Stress -- 5.2 Role of NADPH-Oxidase in Lead-Induced Toxicity -- 5.2.1 Activation of NADPH-Oxidase -- 5.2.2 Implication of NADPH-Oxidase in Lead-Induced Toxicity -- 5.2.3 Alternative Sources of ROS -- 6…Conclusion and Perspectives -- References -- 8 Interpopulation Responses to Metal Pollution: Metal Tolerance in Wetland Plants -- Abstract -- 1…Introduction: Metal Pollution -- 2…Plant Tolerance to Metals, General Considerations -- 3…Interpopulation Metal Tolerance Between Dryland and Wetland Plants, an Overview -- 4…Other Considerations in Relation with Environmental Factors and Population Metal Tolerance Responses in Wetland Ecosystems -- 5…Future Actions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 9 Intraspecific Variation in Metal Tolerance of Plants -- Abstract -- 1…Introduction -- 2…Assessment of Variation in Metal Tolerance and Accumulation -- 2.1 In Vitro Screening Approach -- 3…Evaluation of Variability of Different Genotypes in Response to Exogenous Application of Heavy Metals -- 3.1 Toward Selenium (Se) BiofortificationBiofortification -- 4…Physiological, Biochemical, and Molecular Differences Related to Metal Tolerance -- 5…Conclusion -- References -- 10 Metallomics and Metabolomics of Plants Under Environmental Stress Caused by Metals -- Abstract -- 1…Introduction -- 2…Metal Toxicity in Plants -- 2.1 Mercury -- 2.2 Cadmium -- 2.3 ArsenicArsenic -- 2.4 Selenium -- 3…Metal InteractionsMetal Interactions in Plants -- 3.1 Selenium--Arsenic Effects on Plants. , 3.2 Sulfur and Selenium AntagonismAntagonism -- 4…MetallomicMetallomic and MetabolomicMetabolomic Techniques for Study of Plants Under Metal Stress -- 4.1 Collection of Plants -- 4.2 Metal Chemical SpeciationChemical Speciation and MetallomicsMetallomics in Plant -- 4.2.1 Sample Treatment in Metallomics -- 4.2.2 Metallomics Workflow -- 4.3 MetabolomicsMetallomics in Plant -- 4.3.1 Metabolomics Workflow for Plant Experiments -- 4.3.2 Sample Treatment for Metabolomic Studies -- 4.3.3 DataData ProcessingProcessingData Processing and Multivariate Analysis -- 5…Case Studies of Plant Under Metal Stress -- 5.1 Experiments ExposureExposure -- 5.2 Plants as BioindicatorsBioindicators in Environmental Monitoring of Metal Pollution -- 5.3 AlgaeAlgae as Functional FoodFunctional Food -- 6…Concluding Remarks -- References -- 11 Biogeochemical Cycling of Arsenic in Soil--Plant Continuum: Perspectives for Phytoremediation -- Abstract -- 1…Introduction -- 2…Bioavailability of Arsenic to Plants -- 3…Fate of Arsenic as Related to Rhizosphere pH -- 4…Fate of Arsenic as Related to Rhizosphere Redox Potential -- 5…Fate of Arsenic as Related to Soil Organic Matter -- 6…Role of Soil Microbes -- 7…Arsenic--Phosphorus Interaction -- 8…Arsenic Accumulation in Crops -- 9…Coordination Environment of Arsenic in Plant Tissue -- 10…Detoxification of Arsenic in Plants -- 11…Phytoremediation by Hyperaccumulating Plants -- 12…Novel Transgenic Strategies for Phytoremediation -- 13…Conclusions -- References -- 12 Evaluation of the Potential of Salt Marsh Plants for Metal Phytoremediation in Estuarine Environment -- Abstract -- 1…Introduction -- 2…Phytoremediation Potential of Halimione portulacoides -- 3…PhytoremediationPhytoremediation Potential of Juncus maritimus and Phragmites australis -- 4…Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Index.