Note: Intro -- The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry Also Available Electronically -- Series Preface -- Preface -- Contents -- Environmental and Climatic Implications of Lake Manzala, Egypt: Modeling and Assessment -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Lake Manzala Characteristics -- 3 Lake Manzala State of the Art -- 3.1 Environmental Assessments -- 3.2 Hydrodynamic and Water Quality Modeling -- 3.3 Climate Change Impacts -- 4 Research Deficits and Study Objectives -- 5 Methodology -- 5.1 Lagoon Water Quality Index (LWQI) -- 5.2 Trophic Index (TRIX) -- 5.3 MIKE21 Modeling System -- 5.4 Climate Change Estimates -- 6 Data Collection and Analysis -- 7 Water Quality Assessment of Lake Manzala -- 8 Trophic Status Assessment of Lake Manzala -- 9 Impacts of Future Climatic Changes on the Lake Characteristics -- 9.1 Developing of Manzala Model -- 9.2 Climate Change Impacts -- 10 Conclusions -- 11 Recommendations for Future Work -- References -- Modeling of Water Quality Parameters in Manzala Lake Using Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System and Stochastic Models -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Manzala Lake -- 3 Data-Driven Modeling -- 3.1 Monte Carlo Simulation -- 3.2 Neural Networks System -- 3.3 Fuzzy Logic -- 4 Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System -- 5 Results and Discussion -- 6 Conclusion -- 7 Recommendations -- References -- Investigating the Impacts of Dredging on Improving the Water Quality and Circulation of Lake Mariout via Hydrodynamics -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Model Development -- 2.1 Hydrodynamic Simulation -- 2.2 Water Quality Simulations -- 3 Model Scenarios -- 4 Model Results -- 4.1 Hydrodynamic Modeling Results -- 4.1.1 Scenario-0 (Baseline) -- 4.1.2 Scenario-01 -- 4.1.3 Scenario-02 -- 4.1.4 Scenario-03 -- 4.1.5 Scenario-04 -- 4.1.6 Scenario-05 -- 4.2 Water Quality Modeling Results -- 4.2.1 Scenario-0 (Baseline) -- 4.3 Comparison of All Model Scenarios. , 5 Conclusions -- References -- Environmental Impacts on Egyptian Delta Lakes´ Biodiversity: A Case Study on Lake Burullus -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Lake Burullus -- 3 Physicochemical and Limnological Features -- 4 Commercial Fishes in Lake Burullus -- 5 Aquatic Macrophytes of Lake Burullus -- 6 Birds -- 7 Conclusions -- 8 Recommendation -- References -- Coastal Lakes as Hot Spots for Plant Diversity in Egypt -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Sites Description -- 2.1 Land Forms -- 2.2 Lakes Morphometry -- 2.3 Sediment and Water Characteristics -- 2.4 Prevailing Climate -- 3 Prevailing Habitats -- 4 Plant Diversity -- 4.1 Taxonomic Diversity -- 4.2 Habit and Life Form -- 4.3 Endemic and Near-Endemic Species -- 4.4 Threatened Species -- 5 Plant Communities -- 6 Succession Trends -- 7 Goods and Services -- 8 Carbon Sequestrations Potential -- 9 Identified Threats -- 10 Conservation Measures -- 11 Conclusion and Recommendations -- References -- Responses of Zooplankton to Long-Term Environmental Changes in the Egyptian Coastal Lakes -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Zooplankton -- 2.1 Zooplankton Population Dynamics: Similarities and Differences -- 2.1.1 Lake Manzala -- 2.1.2 Lake Burullus -- Long-Term Changes in Zooplankton Communities in Lake Burullus -- 2.1.3 Lake Edku -- 2.1.4 Lake Mariout -- 2.1.5 Lake Bardawil -- 3 Zooplankton and Environmental Changes of Coastal Lakes (Case Study Lake Burullus) -- 4 Linking Zooplankton and Fisheries -- 4.1 Zooplankton and Gut Contents of Fishes -- 4.1.1 Tilapias -- 4.1.2 Mullets -- 5 Conclusion -- 6 Recommendations -- References -- Fisheries of Egyptian Delta Coastal Wetlands -- Burullus Wetland Case Study -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Present Status of Fish Species -- 2 Fish Production -- 3 Fishing Equipment and Techniques -- 3.1 Entangling Gears -- 3.1.1 Gill Net -- 3.1.2 Trammel Net -- 3.1.3 Stationary Trammel Nets (Saksook). , 3.2 Encircling Gears -- 3.2.1 El-Gafsha (Shebak El-Habl) -- 3.2.2 El-Ganeb -- 3.3 Trawl Gears (Dragged Gears) -- 3.3.1 Lawat -- 3.3.2 Lokkafa -- 3.3.3 E1-Kerba -- 3.4 Seine Nets (El-Shalta) -- 4 Fisheries -- 4.1 Cichlidae -- 4.1.1 Abundance of Different Cichlid Species in the Burullus Wetland -- 4.1.2 Seasonal Variations of Cichlid Species in the Catch -- 4.1.3 Mortality and Survival Rates -- 4.2 Muglidae -- 4.2.1 Seasonal Fluctuation of the Mullet Catch -- 4.2.2 Factors Affecting the Distribution of Mullet Fry -- Water Movement -- Water Temperatures -- Chlorosity -- Amount of Food -- 5 Conclusion -- 6 Recommendations for Fisheries Management -- References -- Earth Observations for Egyptian Coastal Lakes Monitoring and Management -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Remote Sensing Applications in the Northern Coastal Lakes -- 2.1 Describing Lakes´ Geomorphological Properties -- 2.1.1 Mapping Lakes Boundaries and Coastal Changes -- 2.1.2 Case Studies -- Lake Bardawil -- Lake Manzala -- Lake Burullus -- Lake Idku -- Lake Mariout -- 2.2 Evaluating Lakes Water Quality -- 2.2.1 Physicochemical Parameters -- 2.2.2 Biological Component (Chl-a) -- 2.3 Retrieving the System ``Good Conditions´´ -- 3 Simulating the Climatic Changes and Predicting Impacts -- 4 Future Plan: Rehabilitation and Management -- 5 Conclusion -- 6 Recommendations -- References -- Are the Egyptian Coastal Lakes Sustainable? A Comprehensive Review Based on Remote Sensing Approach -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Application of Remote Sensing on Lake -- 2.1 Surface Water Area of Lakes -- 2.1.1 Lake Boundaries Delineation by Visible and NIR Bands -- 2.1.2 Differentiating Lake Area from Surrounding Land by Thermal Imagery -- 2.1.3 Extraction of Lake Water Bodies Using RS Techniques -- 2.1.4 Water Surface Area Changes Using RS -- 2.2 Bathymetry of Lakes -- 2.2.1 Bathymetry Detection by Active Altimetric Sensing. , 2.2.2 Lake Bathymetry Indicators -- 2.3 Water Quality by RS -- 3 Egyptian Coastal Lakes -- 3.1 Lake Mariout -- 3.2 Lake Edku -- 3.3 Lake Burullus -- 3.4 Lake Manzala -- 3.5 Lake Bardawil -- 4 Conclusions -- 5 Recommendations -- References -- Changes in a Coastal Lake Dynamic System and Potential Restoration -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Developments Versus Sustainability -- 2.1 Aspects of Changing Features of Coastal Lakes -- 2.1.1 Sea Water Exchange and Salinity Level -- 2.1.2 Nutrient Loadings into Lakes -- 2.1.3 Internal Circulation and Localities of Sand Accumulation -- 2.2 Understanding Impact on Functional Dynamic System -- 2.3 Risks and Ability to Recover -- 3 Employing Remote Sensing Techniques in Tracking Transformation Pattern -- 3.1 Role of Satellite-Based Products in Change Monitoring -- 3.2 Case Study: Water Quality Indexing for Lake Burullus -- 3.2.1 Water Quality Index -- 3.2.2 Study Area -- 3.2.3 Selected Variables and Spectral Processing -- 3.2.4 Result Analysis: WQI -- 4 Strategy for Coastal Lake Restoration -- 4.1 Proposed Management Strategies -- 4.2 Reasoning Challenges, Effectiveness, and Adaptability -- 5 Conclusions and Recommendations -- References -- Summary, Conclusions, and Recommendations for Egyptian Coastal Lakes and Wetlands: Climate Change and Biodiversity -- 1 Summary -- 1.1 Climate Change and Water Quality Modeling -- 1.2 Biodiversity, Zooplankton, and Fish -- 1.3 Remote Sensing Applications and Potential Restoration of Lakes -- 2 Challenges Facing the Egyptian Coastal Lakes -- 3 Conclusions -- 4 Recommendations -- References -- Erratum to: Earth Observations for Egyptian Coastal Lakes Monitoring and Management -- Index.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- Introducing the Book -- 1 Introduction to "Water Resources Management in Romania" -- 1.1 Romania: A Brief Background -- 1.2 Main Themes of the Book -- 1.3 Water Quality -- 1.4 Water Supply -- 1.5 Antropic Influences to Water Resources -- 1.6 Hydrology -- 1.7 Case Studies -- References -- Water Quality -- 2 Implementation of EU Water Framework Directive (2000/60/EC) in Romania-European Qualitative Requirements -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Methodology -- 2.3 Results and Discussions -- 2.3.1 The Hydrographical Basin Management Plan -- 2.4 Conclusions -- 2.5 Recommendations -- References -- 3 Causes and Effects of Water Pollution in Romania -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.1.1 Water Pollution and Types -- 3.2 Methodology -- 3.2.1 Significant Point Sources of Significant Pollution in Romania -- 3.3 Results and Discussions -- 3.3.1 Surface Water Bodies (SWB) -- 3.3.2 Groundwater Bodies -- 3.4 Conclusions -- 3.5 Recommendations -- References -- 4 Management of Surfaces Water Resources-Ecological Status of the Mureș Waterbody (Superior Mureș Sector), Romania -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.1.1 Principles and Aspects of Water Resources Integrated Management -- 4.1.2 The Importance of Water and Areas of Use -- 4.1.3 Surface Water Resources at a National Level -- 4.2 Water Quality and Surface Water Pollution -- 4.2.1 The Necessity of Water Quality Protection -- 4.2.2 Classification of Water Pollution -- 4.2.3 Water Pollution Sources -- 4.2.4 Water Pollutants -- 4.2.5 Legal Aspects in the Field of Water Protection -- 4.2.6 Monitoring Romanian Water Quality -- 4.3 Pollutant Impact on Surface Waters -- 4.4 Case Study-Water Quality in the Mureş Hydrographic Basin, Mureş Waterbody Confluence Petrilaca-Confluence Arieş,-Reflected in an Overview of Physico-Chemical and Biological Indicators -- 4.4.1 General Presentation of the Mureş Basin. , 4.4.2 Water Contamination Indicators of Water Pollution of the Upper Mureș River Basin (2015-2017) -- 4.5 Conclusions -- 4.6 Recommendations -- References -- Water Supply -- 5 Water Supply Challenges and Achievements in Constanta County -- 5.1 Overview of Surface and Groundwater Resources in Constanta County -- 5.2 Drinkable Water Supply Systems -- 5.2.1 Past and Present of Drinkable Water Supply Infrastructures -- 5.2.2 Urban and Rural Drinkable Water Supply -- 5.2.3 Efficiency of Drinkable Water Supply Systems -- 5.3 Irrigation Water Supply Systems -- 5.3.1 Past and Present in Irrigation Infrastructure -- 5.3.2 Overview of the Main Types of Irrigation Water Supply Pumping Stations Used in Agriculture -- 5.3.3 Towards High-Yield Irrigation Water Pumping Stations -- 5.4 Numerical Simulation-Fundamental for Water Supply System Engineering Design -- 5.4.1 Drinkable Water Distribution Network in the Rural Area. Numerical Simulation -- 5.4.2 Irrigation Water Supply Pumping Installation. Numerical Simulation -- 5.5 Future Challenges for Reliable and Resilient Water Supply Systems. Environmental Impact -- 5.6 Conclusions -- 5.7 Recommendations -- References -- 6 Drinking Water Supply Systems-Evolution Towards Efficiency -- 6.1 Introduction and Short Historical Perspective -- 6.2 Opportunities After 1990 -- 6.3 GIS Technology -- 6.4 SCADA Technology -- 6.5 Multiple Criteria Decision-Making Paradigm -- 6.6 Steps to the Future -- 6.7 Conclusions -- 6.8 Recommendations -- References -- Antropic Influence to Water Resources -- 7 The Vulnerability of Water Resources from Eastern Romania to Anthropic Impact and Climate Change -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 General Features of the Region -- 7.3 Methodologies Implemented in the Assessment of Water Resource Vulnerability -- 7.4 The Hydrographic Network, Natural and Artificial Lakes and Groundwater Bodies. , 7.5 Demographic Backgrounds -- 7.6 The Anthropic Impact upon Water Resources -- 7.7 The Evaluation of the Anthropic Impact -- 7.8 The Impact of Climate Change upon Water Resources -- 7.9 Conclusions -- 7.10 Recommendations -- References -- 8 Romanian Danube River Floodplain Functionality Assessment -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.1.1 Reconsidering the Flooding Lines of Defense of the Settlements -- 8.1.2 Assessing the Suitability of Economic Activities Towards a Multipurpose Polder -- 8.2 Materials and Methods -- 8.2.1 Developing the Digital Elevation Model (DEM) -- 8.2.2 Building the Hydraulic Model -- 8.3 Results and Discussions -- 8.3.1 Hierarchy of Spatial Distribution of the Categories of Ecological Equipotential Areas -- 8.3.2 Hydrological Scenarios in Danube's Floodplain -- 8.3.3 The Hydrographical Danube River Plan -- 8.4 The Consequences of Changing the Hydrological Conditions -- 8.5 Conclusions -- 8.6 Recommendations -- References -- 9 Deforestation and Frequency of Floods in Romania -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Study Area -- 9.3 Methods -- 9.4 Results -- 9.4.1 The Evolution of Deforested Areas in Romania -- 9.4.2 Frequency of Floods in Romania -- 9.5 Conclusions -- 9.6 Recommendations -- References -- Hydrology -- 10 Hydrological Impacts of Climate Changes in Romania -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Synthesis of Studies on Streamflow Change Detection at Global and European Scale -- 10.2.1 Observed Hydrological Changes -- 10.2.2 Future Hydrological Changes -- 10.3 Overview of Changes in Main Climate Parameters Controlling the River Flow in Romania -- 10.3.1 Observed Climate Changes -- 10.3.2 Climate Changes Projections -- 10.4 Review of Studies on Streamflow Trends and Hydrological Impacts of Climate Changes in Romania -- 10.4.1 Observed Changes in River Flow at the Country and Regional Scale -- 10.4.2 Projected Hydrological Changes. , 10.5 Hydrological Responses to Climate Changes: The Example of the Valea Cerbului River Catchment -- 10.5.1 Study Area, Data and Methods -- 10.5.2 Observed Changes in Valea Cerbului River Flow -- 10.5.3 Projected Hydrological Responses to Climate Changes -- 10.6 Conclusions and Recommendations -- References -- 11 Monitoring and Management of Water in the Siret River Basin (Romania) -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Study Area -- 11.3 Methodology -- 11.4 Results and Discussions -- 11.5 Conclusions -- 11.6 Recommendations -- References -- 12 Water Resources from Romanian Upper Tisa Basin -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.1.1 Literature About Water Resources -- 12.1.2 The Upper Tisa Basin and the Romanian Upper Tisa Basin -- 12.1.3 The Hydrometric Monitoring Network -- 12.1.4 Sources and Technics Used in the Study Development -- 12.2 Several Natural Components Which Condition the Water Resource -- 12.2.1 Geological Component -- 12.2.2 Morphological Component -- 12.2.3 Climatic Components (Precipitations and Evapotranspiration) -- 12.2.4 Hydrographic Component -- 12.2.5 Pedogeographic and Land Cover Components -- 12.3 Water Resource -- 12.3.1 Surface Water Resources -- 12.3.2 Types f Hydrological Regime of the Rivers in the Upper Tisa Romanian Basin -- 12.3.3 Groundwater Resources -- 12.3.4 Water Balance in the Upper Tisa Romanian Basin -- 12.4 Water Resource Available for the Population -- 12.4.1 Public Access to Networks or Systems of Water Supply -- 12.4.2 Required Water for the Population -- 12.4.3 Surface Water Resource and the Population Water Requirements -- 12.5 Conclusions -- 12.6 Recommendations -- References -- Case Studies -- 13 Particularities of Drain Liquid in the Small Wetland of Braila Natural Park, Romania -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Study Area -- 13.2.1 Modifications of the Water Course -- 13.2.2 The Distribution of Stream Flows on the Channels. , 13.3 Methods -- 13.4 Applications of the Liquid Leak Study -- 13.4.1 Distance to Roads and Accessibility -- 13.4.2 The Building Restrictions -- 13.4.3 Optimal Solution -- 13.5 Conclusions -- 13.6 Recommendations -- References -- 14 Assessment of Some Diurnal Streamwater Profiles in Western and Northern Romania in Relation to Meteorological Data -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Review of the Literature Describing Diurnal Streamwater Profiles -- 14.3 Geographic Description of the Study Area and Measurement Sites -- 14.3.1 General Description of the Study Area -- 14.3.2 Measurement Sites -- 14.4 Instruments, Data and Methods -- 14.4.1 Instruments -- 14.4.2 Data -- 14.4.3 Methodology -- 14.5 Diurnal Streamwater Profiles -- 14.6 Conclusions -- 14.7 Recommendations -- References -- 15 Drought and Insolvency: Case Study of the Producer-Buyer Conflict (Romania, the Period Between the Years 2011-2012) -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Materials and Methods -- 15.3 Results -- 15.4 Discussions -- 15.5 Conclusions and Policy Implications -- References -- 16 Water Resources from Apuseni Mountains-Major Coordinates -- 16.1 Introduction -- 16.1.1 Literature About Water Resources in Apuseni Mountains -- 16.1.2 Apuseni Mountains in Carpathian and National Context -- 16.1.3 Sources and Technics Used in the Study Development -- 16.2 Natural Components Which Condition the Water Resource -- 16.2.1 Climatic Components (Precipitations and Evapotranspiration) -- 16.2.2 Geological and Morphological Components -- 16.2.3 Pedogeographic and Land Cover Components -- 16.2.4 Hydrographic Component -- 16.3 Water Resource in the Apuseni Mountains -- 16.3.1 Underground Water Resource -- 16.3.2 Surface Water Resources -- 16.4 Water Balance in the Apuseni Mountains -- 16.5 Conclusions -- 16.6 Recommendations -- References -- Conclusion. , 17 Update, Conclusions, and Recommendations for "Water Resources Management in Romania".

Note: Intro -- The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry Also Available Electronically -- Series Preface -- Preface -- Contents -- An Overview of Aswan High Dam and Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam -- 1 Overview of the Nile River -- 2 Brief Description of Aswan High Dam -- 3 Impacts of Aswan High Dam -- 4 Aswan High Dam Reservoir -- 5 Brief Description of GERD Project -- 6 The Historical Development of GERD -- 6.1 Lakes Border Dam -- 6.2 Project X -- 6.3 Grand Millennium Dam -- 6.4 Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam -- 7 GERD Benefits, Disadvantages, and the Major Threats to Egypt -- 7.1 GERD and the Threat of Egyptian Water Resources -- 7.2 GERD and the Threat of the Egyptian Agricultural Sector -- 7.3 GERD and the Threat of Electricity Generation Sector in Egypt -- 8 Conclusions -- References -- Environmental Impacts of AHD on Egypt Between the Last and the Following 50 Years -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Dam Description and Difficulties Associated with the AHD Execution -- 3 Environmental Impacts of AHD on Egypt -- 3.1 Identification of Positive vs. Negative Impacts -- 3.2 Positive Impacts -- 3.2.1 Stability of Water Resources -- 3.2.2 Land Reclamation -- 3.2.3 Increase the Yield of the Agricultural Lands -- 3.2.4 Reduced Climate Change -- 3.2.5 Improved Navigation and Tourism -- 3.2.6 Protection Against Floods -- 3.2.7 AHD Generate Our Electricity -- 3.3 Negative Impacts -- 3.3.1 Increased in Soil Salinity and Water Logging of Agricultural Land -- 3.3.2 Development of Land Drainage -- 3.3.3 Human Issues and Resettlement of the Nubians -- 3.3.4 Changes to the Egyptian Fishing Industry -- 3.3.5 Erosion of the Delta -- 3.3.6 Riverbed Degradation and Coastal Erosion -- 3.3.7 Water Quality Changes -- 3.3.8 Decreasing the Fertility of the Agricultural Lands -- 4 Synthesis of AHD Impacts on Environmental and Ecosystem Sustainability. , 4.1 Environmental and Ecosystem Sustainability -- 4.2 Complex Issues with No Single Answer -- 5 Mitigation of the Negative Impacts -- 5.1 Toshka Flood Escape -- 5.2 Potential Fear of GERD Construction -- 6 Conclusions -- References -- Importance of Aswan High Dam to Egypt -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Why Is Hydropower the Most Attractive Option? -- 3 Egypt Before Aswan High Dam -- 4 Collective Benefits of AHD -- 4.1 Increase Water Share of Egypt and Sudan -- 4.2 Control River Floods and Protect Infrastructure -- 4.3 Protects Egypt from Frequent Drought -- 4.4 Increase Agricultural Productivity -- 4.5 Regulate the Nile River Stream -- 4.6 Prevent Siltation of the Irrigation Canal Net System -- 4.7 Increase the Agriculture Extension and Greening the Desert -- 4.8 Cultivate the Nile Valley and Delta Lands All Around the Year -- 4.9 Doubling the Cultivation Areas of Rice and Sugar Cane -- 4.10 Increase the Access to Electricity -- 4.11 Improving Navigation and Enhance Tourism -- 4.12 Restructuring the Agriculture Pattern to More Cash Crops -- 4.13 Increase Fishery and Fish Production -- 4.14 Save the Nile Water from Being Wasted in the Mediterranean -- 4.15 Economic Value of the High Aswan Dam -- 4.16 Infrastructure and Drinking Water -- 5 Conclusion and Recommendation -- References -- Impacts of Constructing the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam on the Nile River -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Area -- 3 Models -- 3.1 ArcGIS Data -- 3.2 HEC-RAS Data -- 4 Results and Discussions -- 4.1 Hydrological Impacts Assessment of the Dam -- 4.1.1 Dam Storage Reservoir -- 4.1.2 Reservoir Filling Scenarios -- 4.1.3 Dam Failure Scenarios -- 4.2 Environmental Impacts of the Dam -- 4.2.1 Impacts of Dam Reservoir on the Host Country -- People Resettlement -- Greenhouse Gas Emissions -- 4.2.2 Impacts of Dam Reservoir on the Downstream Countries. , 4.3 Post-construction Assessment of the Dam -- 4.4 Policy Implications -- 5 Conclusions -- 6 Recommendations -- References -- Stochastic Investigation of the GERD-AHD Interaction Through First Impoundment and Beyond -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Stochastic Simulation of GERD-AHD System -- 2.1 Generation of Synthetic Flow Data -- 2.2 Flow Simulation Model -- 3 Impact Assessment -- 4 Short-Term Impacts: GERD First Impoundment -- 5 Medium-Term Impacts -- 6 Long-Term Impacts -- 7 Some Economic Implications -- 8 Summary and Conclusions -- 9 Recommendations -- References -- Model-Based Optimization for Operating the Ethiopian Renaissance Dam on the Blue Nile River -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Problem Statement -- 3 Objectives -- 4 Methodology -- 5 Simulation Model Description -- 5.1 Models and Applications -- 5.2 System Description -- 5.3 Assessment Scope -- 5.4 Assessment Criteria and Measures -- 6 Results and Discussion -- 6.1 Analysis of Model Results -- 6.2 Best Regulation Policies Under Category A (Normal Flood) -- 6.2.1 Results of Energy-Target Regulation Policy -- 6.2.2 Results of 20 BCM Reserve Regulation Policy -- 6.2.3 Results of 10 BCM Reserve Regulation Policy -- 6.3 Best Regulation Policies Under Categories B and C -- 7 Conclusions -- 8 Recommendations -- References -- GERD Failure Analysis and the Impacts on Downstream Countries -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Hydraulic Simulation Methodology -- 3 Hydraulic Simulation Reaches -- 4 Calibration of Hydraulic Simulation -- 5 Hydraulic Simulation Results and Discussions -- 6 Impacts of GERD Failure on AHD -- 7 Conclusions -- References -- Environmental Impacts of the GERD Project on Egypt´s Aswan High Dam Lake and Mitigation and Adaptation Options -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Southern Egypt´s Lakes -- 2.1 Toshka Lake -- 2.2 High Dam Lake -- 2.2.1 Soils Surrounding Lake Nasser -- 3 Impact of GERD Project on AHD. , 3.1 Reduction in the Water Share of Egypt -- 3.2 Reduction in Power Generated at Aswan High Dam -- 3.3 Increased Salinization of Egypt´s Agricultural Lands -- 3.4 Increase in Seawater Intrusion -- 3.5 Environmental Degradation -- 3.6 Infilling Lake Nasser/Lake Nubia with Sediment -- 4 Recommendations to Minimize the Water Scarcity Problem -- 4.1 Reducing Evaporation Losses from Lake Nasser -- 4.2 Maximizing the Use of Groundwater Wells and Rainwater in Egypt -- 4.3 Seawater Desalination -- 4.4 Sewage Treatment and Reusing Irrigation Water -- 4.5 Maximizing Water Use Efficiency -- 4.6 Starting Giant Projects Out of the Narrow Valley and Delta -- 5 Conclusions and Outlook -- References -- The Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam, Agriculture, and the Rural Poor in Egypt -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Agricultural Sector and Food Self-Sufficiency in Egypt -- 2.1 Importance of the Agricultural Sector -- 2.2 Egypt´s Food Self-Sufficiency -- 3 The GERD Reservoir Filling Scenarios and Macro-Micro Implications -- 3.1 Impacts of Water Shortage on the Macro Level -- 3.2 Impacts of Water Shortage on the Micro Level -- 4 The Sustainable Livelihood Framework -- 4.1 Farmers´ Livelihood Assets -- 4.1.1 Human Assets -- 4.1.2 Natural Assets -- 4.1.3 Physical Assets -- 4.1.4 Social Assets -- 4.1.5 Financial Assets -- 4.2 Farmers´ Livelihood Strategies -- 4.2.1 Agricultural Intensification -- 4.2.2 Diversification -- 4.2.3 Migration -- 4.3 Farmers´ Livelihood Outcomes -- 5 Conclusions and Recommendations -- Annex -- References -- Assessment of Sediment Deposition in Aswan High Dam Reservoir During 50 Years (1964-2014) -- 1 Statement of the Problem -- 2 Types of Reservoir Sedimentation -- 2.1 Backwater Deposition -- 2.2 Delta Formation -- 2.3 Bottom-Set Bed Depositions -- 2.4 Depress Flow -- 3 Sedimentation in Nile Basin -- 4 The Aswan High Dam Reservoir Sedimentation Rate. , 5 Relation Between Discharges and Sedimentation in Aswan High Dam Reservoir -- 6 Previous Sedimentation Studies in AHDR -- 7 Different Techniques for Calculating Sedimentation in AHDR -- 7.1 GIS Method -- 7.1.1 Algorithm of DTM -- 7.1.2 Spatial Analysis -- 7.1.3 Volumetric Calculations -- 7.2 Traditional Method -- 8 Percentage of Volume of Sedimentation for Every Cross Section to All Cross Sections of the AHDR -- 9 The Thickness of Sedimentation on the Lowest Point at All Cross Sections During 1964-2012 -- 10 Results and Analysis -- 11 Conclusion -- 12 Recommendations -- References -- Evaluation of Merowe Dam´s Effect on the Accumulated Sediment in Lake Nubia, Sudan Using RS/GIS -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Area -- 2.1 Merowe Dam in Brief -- 2.2 Active Sedimentation Portion (Study Area) -- 3 Collected Data -- 3.1 Hydrographic Survey Data -- 3.2 Remote Sensing (RS) Data -- 3.3 Water Level Data -- 4 Methodology -- 4.1 Building 3D Profiles -- 4.2 Creation of Maps of Changes -- 5 Results and Discussions -- 5.1 Created 3D Profiles -- 5.2 Creation of Maps of Changes -- 5.3 Estimating Total Amount and Annual Rate of Sediment -- 5.4 Comparisons -- 5.5 Effect of Other Sudanese Eastern Dams -- 5.5.1 Khashm el-Gibra Dam -- 5.5.2 Sennar Dam -- 5.5.3 Roseires Dam -- 6 Conclusions and Recommendations -- References -- Impacts of GERD on the Accumulated Sediment in Lake Nubia Using Machine Learning and GIS Techniques -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Description of the Study Area -- 2.1 Nile River Basin -- 2.2 Aswan High Dam Lake (AHDL) -- 2.3 Active Sedimentation Portion (Study Area) -- 2.4 The Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam in Brief -- 3 Collected Data -- 3.1 Bathymetric (Geometric) Data -- 3.1.1 Hydrographic Survey Data -- 3.1.2 Topographic Maps -- 3.2 Sediment Data -- 3.2.1 Old Longitudinal Section of AHDL -- 3.2.2 Sediment Rate -- 3.2.3 Lake Bed Material Samples. , 3.3 Remote Sensing (RS) Data.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- Introduction -- 1 Introduction to "Environmental Remote Sensing and GIS in Iraq" -- 1.1 Iraq: A Brief Background -- 1.2 Soil Characterization, Modelling, and Mapping -- 1.3 Proximal Soil Sensing -- 1.4 RS and GIS for Land Cover/Land Use Change Monitoring -- 1.5 Land Degradation, Drought, and Dust Storms -- 1.6 Remote Sensing and GIS for Natural Resources -- References -- Soil Characterization, Modelling, and Mapping -- 2 Using Radar and Optical Data for Soil Salinity Modeling and Mapping in Central Iraq -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Methods and Materials -- 2.2.1 Study Area -- 2.2.2 Data -- 2.2.3 Approaches and Procedures -- 2.3 Results and Discussion -- 2.3.1 Correlation -- 2.3.2 Soil Salinity Models and Maps -- 2.3.3 Assessment of the Developed Approaches -- 2.4 Conclusions -- 2.5 Recommendations -- References -- 3 Using Remote Sensing to Predict Soil Properties in Iraq -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Case Studies -- 3.2.1 Prediction of Soil Organic Carbon and Nitrogen Forms -- 3.2.2 Prediction of Soil Salinity -- 3.2.3 Physical Properties -- 3.2.4 Prediction of Some Soil Water Properties -- 3.3 Conclusions -- References -- 4 Characterization and Classification of Soil Map Units by Using Remote Sensing and GIS in Bahar Al-Najaf, Iraq -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Geology of the Study Area -- 4.2.1 Geomorphological and Hydrological Phenomena of the Study Area -- 4.2.2 Classification of Iraqi Alluvial Soils -- 4.2.3 Remote Sensing -- 4.2.4 Accuracy Assessment of Digital Image Classification -- 4.2.5 Applications of RS in the Field of Iraqi Environment and Soils -- 4.2.6 Soil Surveying and Classification Studies of Bahar Al-Najaf Region -- 4.3 Methodology -- 4.3.1 The Geographical Location of Bahar Al-Najaf Region -- 4.3.2 FieldWork -- 4.3.3 Office Work -- 4.3.4 Accuracy Assessment for Digitalmap Classification. , 4.3.5 Preparation of GIS Database -- 4.4 Results and Discussion -- 4.4.1 Classification and Distribution of Soil Units in the Study Area -- 4.4.2 Digital Image Classification Using Remote Sensing Techniques -- 4.4.3 Accuracy Assessment of Digital Classification -- 4.5 Conclusions -- 4.6 Recommendations -- References -- Proximal Soil Sensing -- 5 Proximal Soil Sensing for Soil Monitoring -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.1.1 Proximal Soil Sensing (PSS) -- 5.1.2 Soil Spectroscopy -- 5.1.3 Acquiring Reflectance Information from Soil -- 5.2 Background of Soil Spectroscopy -- 5.2.1 Soil Spectroscopy for Soil Properties Monitoring -- 5.2.2 Soil Spectroscopy for Soil Contamination Monitoring -- 5.3 Spectroscopic Preprocessing and Calibration -- 5.3.1 Preprocessing -- 5.3.2 Calibration -- 5.4 Accuracy and Uncertainty in Soil Spectroscopy -- 5.5 Soil Spectroscopy for Iron Oxide Prediction: A Case Study in Sulaimani, the Iraqi Kurdistan Region -- 5.5.1 Materials and Methods -- 5.5.2 Results -- 5.6 Conclusions -- 5.7 Recommendations and Future Aspects -- References -- 6 Proximal Soil Sensing Applications in Soil Fertility -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Background: Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Historical Review -- 6.2.1 The Potential of Vis-NIR Spectroscopy and Its Applications to Soil Analysis -- 6.3 Materials and Methods -- 6.3.1 Study Site Description and Soil Sampling -- 6.3.2 Soil Spectra Measurements -- 6.3.3 Data Analysis: Calibration -- 6.3.4 Evaluation of the Prediction Power -- 6.4 Results and Discussion -- 6.4.1 Vis-NIR Spectra of Soils -- 6.4.2 Nutrients Prediction by PLS Analysis -- 6.4.3 Nutrients Prediction by GIS-Kriging -- 6.5 Conclusions -- 6.6 Recommendations -- References -- RS and GIS for Land Cover/Land Use Change Monitoring -- 7 Multi-temporal Satellite Data for Land Use/Cover (LULC) Change Detection in Zakho, Kurdistan Region-Iraq -- 7.1 Introduction. , 7.2 Materials and Methods -- 7.2.1 Study Area -- 7.2.2 Data and Pre-processing -- 7.2.3 LULC Classification -- 7.2.4 LULC Mapping: Post Classification Change Detection -- 7.2.5 Accuracy and Area Assessment -- 7.3 Results and Discussion -- 7.3.1 LULC Analysis -- 7.3.2 LULC Patterns Change in the Study Area Between 1989 and 2017 -- 7.3.3 LULC Conversions for the Last 28 Years (1989-2017) -- 7.4 Conclusion -- 7.5 Recommendations -- References -- 8 Monitoring of the Land Cover Changes in Iraq -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Climate Changes in the World -- 8.3 Rainfall and Temperature -- 8.4 eMODIS NDVI V6 -- 8.5 Land Cover -- 8.6 Vegetation Distribution in Iraq -- 8.7 Vegetation Change Detection in Iraq -- 8.8 Relationship Between Vegetation Distribution, Precipitation and Elevation -- 8.9 Conclusion -- 8.10 Recommendation -- References -- 9 Effects of Land Cover Change on Surface Runoff Using GIS and Remote Sensing: A Case Study Duhok Sub-basin -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.1.1 Land Cover and Land Use -- 9.1.2 Soil Conservation Service Curve Number (SCS-CN) Method -- 9.2 Methodology and Data -- 9.2.1 Study Area -- 9.2.2 Climate Conditions -- 9.2.3 Satellite and Rainfall Data -- 9.2.4 Images Classification -- 9.2.5 SCS-CN Model and the Proposed Method -- 9.2.6 Estimate Runoff Depth -- 9.3 Results and Discussion -- 9.3.1 Changes in Land Cover -- 9.3.2 Rainfall Variable in Time -- 9.3.3 Changes in Potential Runoff -- 9.4 Conclusions -- 9.5 Recommendations -- References -- Land Degradation, Drought, and Dust Storms -- 10 Monitoring and Mapping of Land Threats in Iraq Using Remote Sensing -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Soil Salinity -- 10.2.1 Monitoring and Mapping Soil Salinity -- 10.2.2 Dynamic Salinity Changes -- 10.2.3 Methodology for Monitoring and Mapping Soil Salinity -- 10.2.4 Salinity Changes in Mesopotamia. , 10.2.5 Effect of Soil Salinity on Vegetation Changes in Mesopotamia Plain -- 10.3 Land Cover/Land Use -- 10.3.1 Land Cover/Land Use Dynamic Changes -- 10.3.2 Methodology for Monitoring and Mapping LULC Changes in Iraq -- 10.4 Sand Dunes -- 10.4.1 Dynamic Changes for Sand Dunes Areas During 2006-2016 -- 10.5 Monitoring the Expansion of Urban Land -- 10.5.1 Impacts of Urbanization -- 10.5.2 Causes of Urbanization -- 10.6 Conclusions -- 10.7 Recommendations -- References -- 11 Agricultural Drought Monitoring Over Iraq Utilizing MODIS Products -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Materials and Methods -- 11.2.1 Selection of the Study Area -- 11.2.2 Data Collection and Processing -- 11.3 Results and Discussion -- 11.4 Conclusions -- References -- 12 The Aeolian Sand Dunes in Iraq: A New Insight -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Type of Aeolian Sand Dunes and Their Distribution in the World -- 12.3 Climate and Aeolian Sand Dunes in Iraq -- 12.4 Landsat, Sentinel-SAR Data -- 12.5 Aeolian Sand Dunes Distribution in Iraq -- 12.6 Aeolian Sand Dunes Monitoring in Iraq -- 12.7 Sand Dunes Movement in the Center of Mesopotamia -- 12.7.1 Preparing SAR Data for DInSAR -- 12.7.2 Results and Discussion of DInSAR -- 12.8 Conclusion -- 12.9 Recommendations -- References -- 13 Drought Monitoring for Northern Part of Iraq Using Temporal NDVI and Rainfall Indices -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Background -- 13.2.1 Drought as a Concept and Definition -- 13.2.2 Impact of Drought on Soil Properties -- 13.2.3 Drought Monitoring -- 13.2.4 Remote Sensing and GIS: Their Relation to Drought Issues -- 13.2.5 Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) -- 13.2.6 Drought Mitigation: Options and Implementation -- 13.3 Materials and Methods -- 13.3.1 Study Area -- 13.3.2 Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) -- 13.3.3 Pre-processing of Satellite Images -- 13.3.4 NDVI Calculations. , 13.3.5 Software Used -- 13.4 Result and Discussion -- 13.4.1 Drought Classification Based on Meteorological Data -- 13.4.2 Drought Classification Based on Remote Sensing Data -- 13.4.3 NDVI-Rainfall Relationship -- 13.4.4 Agricultural Drought Risk Based on NDVI Anomaly -- 13.5 Conclusions -- 13.6 Recommendations -- References -- 14 Remote Sensing and GIS for Dust Storm Studies in Iraq -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Remote Sensing for Dust Storm Studies -- 14.2.1 Dust Sources Identification -- 14.2.2 Dust Detection Using Satellite Imagery -- 14.2.3 Atmospheric Patterns of Dust Storms -- 14.2.4 Climate Regimes of Dust Storms -- 14.2.5 Dust Storm Tracking Model -- 14.2.6 Dust Emission (Soil Erosion) Assessment using Remote Sensing -- 14.2.7 Land Use/Land Cover Mapping Using Remote Sensing -- 14.2.8 Morphological Unite Maps -- 14.2.9 Drought and Dust Storms Studies using Remote Sensing -- 14.2.10 Remote Sensing Change Detection -- 14.3 GIS for Dust Storm Studies -- 14.3.1 Dust Sources Modeling with GIS -- 14.3.2 Knowledge-Based Approaches -- 14.3.3 GIS for Modeling the Effect of Dust Storms on Health -- 14.4 Summary -- References -- 15 Drought Monitoring Using Spectral and Meteorological Based Indices Combination: A Case Study in Sulaimaniyah, Kurdistan Region of Iraq -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 The Study Area -- 15.3 Materials and Methods -- 15.3.1 Soil Samples Preparations -- 15.3.2 Remotely Sensed Datasets -- 15.3.3 Preprocessing of the Landsat Images -- 15.3.4 Drought Indices -- 15.3.5 SPI -- 15.3.6 Remote Sensing Based Drought Indices -- 15.3.7 NDVI -- 15.3.8 LST -- 15.3.9 NDWI -- 15.4 Results and Discussions -- 15.4.1 NDVI -- 15.4.2 NDWI -- 15.4.3 LST -- 15.4.4 SPI -- 15.4.5 The Combined NDVI-SPI Drought Maps -- 15.4.6 The Statistical Analysis -- 15.5 Conclusions -- References -- RS and GIS for Natural Resources. , 16 Geo-Morphometric Analysis and Flood Simulation of the Tigris River Due to a Predicted Failure of the Mosul Dam, Mosul, Iraq.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- 1 Introduction to the "Waste Management in MENA Regions" -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Summary of Chapters -- 1.2.1 Morocco -- 1.2.2 Tunisia -- 1.2.3 Egypt -- 1.2.4 Palestine -- 1.2.5 Lebanon -- 1.2.6 Syria -- 1.2.7 Jordon -- 1.2.8 Yemen -- 1.2.9 MENA Countries -- References -- 2 Management of Solid Waste in Morocco -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.1.1 Car Industry -- 2.1.2 Aeronautics Sector -- 2.1.3 Textile and Leather -- 2.1.4 Food Industry -- 2.1.5 Mineral Industry -- 2.1.6 Solid Waste -- 2.1.7 Strategies of SW Management -- 2.2 Background Information About Morocco -- 2.2.1 Geographic and Demographic Information -- 2.2.2 Environmental Issue -- 2.2.3 Solid Waste Issue -- 2.3 Potential of SW in Morocco -- 2.3.1 Domestic Waste -- 2.3.2 Properties of Domestic Wastes -- 2.3.3 Industrial and Dangerous Wastes -- 2.3.4 Medical and Pharmaceutical Waste -- 2.3.5 Agricultural Waste -- 2.3.6 Food Losses and Waste (FLW) -- 2.3.7 Collection of SW -- 2.3.8 Attempts of Modeling Collection Phase -- 2.3.9 Waste of Obsolete Pesticides and POPs -- 2.3.10 Treatment of SW -- 2.3.11 Valorization and Recycling -- 2.3.12 Some Local Actions -- 2.4 Institutional and Legislative Aspects -- 2.4.1 Plastic Waste -- 2.4.2 National Solid Waste Program (PNDM) 2008-2022 -- 2.5 Conclusions -- References -- 3 Waste Management in Tunisia-What Could the Past Bring to the Future? -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 General Insight into Waste Management -- 3.2.1 Facts and Figures -- 3.2.2 Classification of Solid Waste -- 3.3 Micropollutants in Wastes -- 3.3.1 Wastewater -- 3.3.2 Leachate -- 3.4 Solid Waste Management -- 3.4.1 Institutional Framework -- 3.4.2 Policy and Strategies -- 3.4.3 Regulatory and Legal Framework -- 3.4.4 Financing and Economic -- 3.4.5 Communication and Sensitization -- 3.4.6 Technologies and Innovations -- 3.5 Conclusions -- 3.6 Recommendations. , References -- 4 Detection and Prediction of Geo-environmental Hazards in Urban Areas and Desert Lands Using an Integrated Structural and Geophysical Approach: Cases from Egypt -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Waste Hazards and Chapter Objectives -- 4.3 Structural Geology -- 4.4 Remote Sensing (RS) -- 4.5 Airborne Geophysics (Magnetic and Radiometric Methods) -- 4.6 Near-Surface Geophysics (DC Resistivity Method) -- 4.7 Structural Geophysics Integration Strategy -- 4.8 Case Studies -- 4.9 Conclusions and Recommendations -- References -- 5 Phytomanagement in Egypt: A Sustainable Approach for Clean Environment Coupled with Meeting Future Energy Demand -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Soil and Water Pollution -- 5.3 Soil and Water Treatment -- 5.4 Phytoremediation -- 5.4.1 Phytodegradation (Phytotransformation) -- 5.4.2 Phytoextraction -- 5.4.3 Phytostabilization -- 5.4.4 Phytovolatilization -- 5.4.5 Phytofiltration -- 5.4.6 Phytomining -- 5.4.7 Rhizodegradation -- 5.5 Harvested Biomass for Energy Production -- 5.5.1 Direct Combustion -- 5.5.2 Gasification -- 5.5.3 Pyrolysis -- 5.5.4 Biological Conversion -- 5.5.5 Bioenergy Plants for Phytoremediation: Case Studies -- 5.6 Phytomanagement in Egypt -- 5.7 Summary -- 5.8 Recommendations -- References -- 6 The Technical Efficiency of Organic Herbs: The Case of Egypt -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 State-of-the-Art Review -- 6.3 Industry Analysis -- 6.4 Methodology -- 6.5 Results -- 6.6 Conclusions -- 6.7 Recommendations -- References -- 7 Biogas Production from Kitchen Wastes: Special Focus on Kitchen and Household Wastes in Egypt -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Biogas Definition -- 7.3 Advantages of Biogas Production -- 7.4 Appropriate Wastes for Biogas Production -- 7.5 Mechanism of Biogas Production -- 7.6 Biogas Digesters -- 7.7 Kitchen Wastes (KWs) in Biogas Production -- 7.8 Composition of Kitchen Wastes. , 7.9 Anaerobic Digestion for Biogas Production -- 7.10 Affecting Factors on Biogas Production -- 7.11 Pretreatment for Enhancing Anaerobic Digestion for Kitchen Wastes -- 7.12 Digestate and Plant Nutrition -- 7.13 Proposed Roadmap for Egypt -- 7.14 Conclusions -- 7.15 Recommendations -- References -- 8 Agricultural Waste Management for Climate Change Mitigation: Some Implications to Egypt -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Agricultural Waste Definition -- 8.3 Obstacles of Utilizing of Agricultural Waste -- 8.4 Agricultural Waste Sources -- 8.5 Agricultural Waste Composition -- 8.6 Wastes and Climate Change -- 8.7 Waste Management for Climate Change Mitigation -- 8.8 Traditional Uses of Agricultural Wastes -- 8.9 Modern Uses of Agricultural Wastes -- 8.10 Agricultural Wastes: Some Implications to Egypt -- 8.11 Conclusions -- 8.12 Recommendations -- References -- 9 Logistics of Waste Management with Perspectives from Egypt -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Waste Management and Reverse Logistics -- 9.2.1 Strategic Level -- 9.2.2 Tactical Level -- 9.2.3 Operational Level -- 9.3 Sustainable Waste Management and Green Logistics -- 9.4 Logistics of Waste Management in Egypt -- 9.5 Conclusions and Recommendations -- References -- 10 Solid Waste Management in Palestine -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.1.1 Current Status of SWM in the West Bank -- 10.1.2 JSCs for SWM -- 10.2 Data Comparison of the 12 JSC -- 10.2.1 Service Coverage -- 10.2.2 Amount of Collected Waste -- 10.2.3 Collection Vehicles' Capacity -- 10.2.4 Workers' Performance -- 10.2.5 Transferred Quantities -- 10.2.6 Disposal System -- 10.2.7 SWM Cost -- 10.2.8 Tariff System and Fee Collection Data -- 10.2.9 Institutional Aspect -- 10.3 Solid Waste Management Capacity in 2022 -- 10.3.1 Waste Collection Plan in 2022 -- 10.3.2 Required Capacity for Vehicles in 2022. , 10.4 Summary of National Strategy for Solid Waste in Palestine -- 10.5 Conclusion and Recommendations -- References -- 11 Waste Management in Lebanon-Tripoli Case Study -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Tripoli Case Study -- 11.2.1 Solid Waste Management in Tripoli -- 11.2.2 Landfill Operations -- 11.2.3 Sorting and Composting Plant -- 11.2.4 New Maritime Sanitary Landfill -- 11.3 Future Management Policy of Solid Waste -- 11.4 Conclusions -- 11.5 Recommendations -- References -- 12 Reducing Methane Emissions from Municipal Solid Waste Landfills by Using Mechanical, Biological Treatment (Case Study Wady Alhaddeh (MBT) Plant, in Tartous) -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.1.1 The Importance of the Study -- 12.1.2 The Objects of the Study -- 12.2 Materials and Methods -- 12.2.1 The Selection of Emission Factors Used as Input Constituents of the Equation to Calculate Landfill Methane Production -- 12.2.2 The Calculation of Methane Amount After Mechanical and Biological Treatment -- 12.3 Results and Discussions -- 12.3.1 Methane Emissions from Municipal Solid Waste Landfills -- 12.3.2 Methane Emissions Resulted from Mechanical and Biological Treatment -- 12.3.3 Achieved Reduction of Methane Emissions -- 12.4 Conclusions and Recommendations -- References -- 13 Thermal Sewage Sludge Disposal in Stationary Fluidized Bed Combustion DN 400 by Using Fuel BRAM (Fuel from Solid Waste) -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Materials and Methods -- 13.2.1 Study Materials -- 13.2.2 Methods of Analysis -- 13.3 Characterization of the Process and the Fuels -- 13.3.1 Fuel from Garbage-BRAM -- 13.3.2 Sewage Sludge from Different Countries -- 13.4 Results and Discussions -- 13.4.1 Operating Characteristics -- 13.4.2 Harmful Gas Binding -- 13.4.3 Automation -- 13.4.4 Sampling of Process Residues Fly Ash and Bedding Material -- 13.5 Summary and Recommendations. , 13.6 Recommendation of the Thermal Sewage Sludge Disposal Option in Syria -- References -- 14 Solid Waste Characterization and Recycling in Syrian Refugees Hosting Communities in Jordan -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.1.1 Institutional Framework -- 14.2 Materials and Methods -- 14.2.1 Study Area -- 14.2.2 Methodology -- 14.3 Results and Discussions -- 14.3.1 Urbanization Index of the Targeted Municipalities -- 14.3.2 Waste Generation and Composition -- 14.3.3 Solid Waste Recycling -- 14.3.4 MSW Recycling Approach -- 14.4 Conclusions -- References -- 15 Innovation Technologies in Wastewater Treatment: A Cost-Effective Solution-Jordan Case Study -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Overview-IWRM Projects in Jordan and Short Description of Some Projects Activities in the Region -- 15.2.1 SWIM Project -- 15.2.2 NICE Project -- 15.2.3 SMART Research Project -- 15.2.4 ACC Project -- 15.3 Successful Case Studies-SMART Facility-Jordan -- 15.3.1 Materials and Methods -- 15.3.2 Short Description of Several Technologies from SMART Site -- 15.4 Results and Discussions -- 15.5 Conclusions -- 15.6 Recommendations -- References -- 16 Biomass Waste in Yemen: Management and Challenges -- 16.1 Introduction -- 16.2 Biomass Resources -- 16.2.1 Urban Wastes and Other Wastes -- 16.3 Solid Waste Management in Yemen -- 16.3.1 Legislations -- 16.3.2 MSWM-The Case of Sana'a City -- 16.4 Biomass Conversion Technologies in Yemen -- 16.4.1 Thermal Conversion Processes -- 16.4.2 Environmental Impact -- 16.4.3 Socioeconomic Implications -- 16.5 Yemen Water Issues -- 16.5.1 Water Resources -- 16.5.2 Wastewater Assessment -- 16.5.3 Wastewater Reuse -- 16.5.4 Treatment Plant Issues -- 16.6 Conclusions -- References -- 17 Toward Three R's Agricultural Waste in MENA: Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle -- 17.1 Introduction -- 17.2 Middle East and North Africa (MENA) Description. , 17.3 Agricultural Waste Components.

Note: Intro -- The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry Also Available Electronically -- Aims and Scope -- Series Preface -- Preface -- Contents -- Part I: Introduction to the Nile Delta -- Nile Delta Biography: Challenges and Opportunities -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Description of the Nile Delta -- 2.1 Geography -- 2.2 Climate -- 2.3 Geology -- 3 Nile Delta Challenges -- 3.1 Land Use Change -- 3.2 Coastal Erosion -- 3.3 Potential Impacts of Sea Level Rise (SLR) -- 3.4 Water Quality Deterioration -- 3.5 Seawater Intrusion -- 4 Proposed Mitigation, Adaptation Scenarios, and Opportunities -- 4.1 Land Use Challenge Adaptation -- 4.2 Coastal Erosion/Accretion Adaptation -- 4.3 Potential Impacts of Sea Level Rise (SLR) Adaptation -- 4.4 Water Quality Deterioration Adaptation -- 4.5 Seawater Intrusion Adaptation -- 5 Summary -- References -- Ancient Water Supply System in Tall Tanis, Archaeological Area Northeastern Nile Delta Region, Port Said, Egypt -- 1 Background -- 1.1 Geomorphology -- 1.2 Historical Background -- 2 Water Supply System -- 3 The Water Lifting System -- 3.1 The Shaduf -- 3.2 The Saqiya (Noria-Waterwheel) -- 4 The Water Stored System -- 5 Conclusion and Recommendation -- References -- Part II: Groundwater in the Nile Delta -- Nile and Groundwater Interaction in the Western Nile Delta, Egypt -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Geology of the Nile Delta -- 3 Sampling and Analysis -- 4 Climate -- 4.1 Temperature -- 4.2 Rainfall -- 4.3 Evaporation -- 4.4 Relative Humidity -- 5 Hydrogeology -- 5.1 Oligocene Aquifer -- 5.2 Moghra (Miocene) Aquifer -- 5.3 Wadi El Natrun (Pliocene) Aquifer -- 5.4 Delta (Quaternary) Aquifer -- 6 Hydrogeochemistry -- 6.1 Electric Conductivity (EC) -- 6.2 Hydrogen Ion Activity (pH) -- 6.3 Salinity Content -- 6.4 Major Cations -- 6.4.1 Sodium -- 6.4.2 Potassium -- 6.4.3 Calcium -- 6.4.4 Magnesium -- 6.5 Major Anions -- 6.5.1 Chloride. , 6.5.2 Sulfate -- 6.5.3 Bicarbonate -- 6.5.4 Nutrients -- 7 Groundwater Types -- 7.1 Sulin´s Classification for the Groundwater -- 7.2 Sodium Adsorption Ratio -- 7.3 Residual Sodium Carbonate -- 8 Trace Elements -- 9 Summary and Conclusions -- References -- Mapping of Groundwater in Egypt Using RS/GIS: Case Studies, Areas Surrounding Nile Valley and Its Delta -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Water Resources in Egypt -- 3 Groundwater Mapping -- 3.1 Concepts and Benefits of Groundwater Mapping -- 3.2 Elements of a Groundwater Map -- 4 Applications of RS and GIS in Groundwater Mapping -- 4.1 Overview of Applications -- 4.2 Mapping Using Aerial Photos and Satellite Images -- 4.3 Mapping Using Radar Data -- 5 Mapping of Groundwater in Egypt Using RS and GIS (Case Studies) -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Nile Delta Areas -- 5.3 Eastern Nile Valley Areas -- 5.4 Western Nile Valley Areas -- 6 Conclusions and Recommendations -- References -- GIS-Based Spatial Distribution of Groundwater Quality in the Western Nile Delta, Egypt -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Basics of Multivariate Analysis -- 2.1 Principal Components Analysis -- 2.2 Factor Analysis -- 3 Water Quality Indices -- 3.1 National Sanitation Foundation Water Quality Index -- 3.2 Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment Water Quality Index -- 3.3 Oregon Water Quality Index -- 3.4 Weighted Arithmetic Water Quality Index Method -- 4 Suitability of Groundwater of Irrigation -- 4.1 Total Dissolved Solid -- 4.2 Sodium Adsorption Ratio -- 4.3 Sodium Percentage -- 4.4 Residual Sodium Carbonate -- 4.5 Magnesium Hazard -- 4.6 Permeability Index -- 4.7 Kelly´s Ratio -- 4.8 Chloro-alkaline Indices -- 4.9 Corrosively Ratio -- 5 Case Study and Data Collection -- 6 Materials and Methods -- 7 Results and Discussions -- 7.1 Spatial Distribution of Groundwater Quality Parameters Based on Multivariate Analysis. , 7.2 Suitability of Groundwater for Drinking and Irrigation -- 7.2.1 Drinking -- 7.2.2 Irrigation -- 8 Conclusion and Recommendations -- References -- Modeling of Fertilizer Transport Through Soil, Case Study: Nile Delta -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Groundwater Aquifers -- 2.1 Types of Aquifers -- 2.1.1 Confined Aquifers -- 2.1.2 Unconfined Aquifer -- 2.2 Physical Properties of Aquifers -- 2.2.1 Hydraulic Conductivity -- 2.2.2 Transmissivity -- 2.2.3 Storativity -- 2.3 Fundamental Equations of Groundwater Flow -- 2.3.1 Darcy Law -- 2.3.2 Equation of Continuity -- 3 Principles of Groundwater Contamination -- 3.1 Organic Contaminants -- 3.1.1 Hydrolysis -- 3.1.2 Oxidation-Reduction -- 3.1.3 Biodegradation -- 3.1.4 Adsorption -- 3.1.5 Volatilization -- 3.2 Inorganic Contaminants -- 3.2.1 Nitrogen -- 3.2.2 Phosphorous -- 3.2.3 Sulfur -- 4 Fertilizers in Nile Delta -- 4.1 Farming Systems and Agroecological Zones -- 4.1.1 Old Land -- 4.1.2 New Land -- 4.1.3 Oases -- 4.1.4 Rainfed Areas -- 4.2 Agricultural Production Systems -- 4.3 Crop Production System -- 4.3.1 Cereal Crops -- 4.3.2 Sugar Crops -- 4.3.3 Horticultural Crops -- 4.4 Cropping Patterns -- 4.5 Fertilizer Requirements and Crop Needs -- 4.6 Methods of Fertilizer Application -- 5 Transport of Contaminants in Groundwater -- 5.1 Advection -- 5.2 Dispersion -- 5.3 Retardation -- 6 Numerical Models and Computer Codes -- 6.1 Numerical Models -- 6.1.1 Finite Difference Methods -- 6.1.2 Finite Element Methods -- 6.1.3 Boundary Element Methods -- 6.2 Computer Codes -- 6.2.1 MODFLOW -- 6.2.2 MT3DMS -- 6.2.3 Groundwater Modeling System -- 6.2.4 Soil and Water Assessment Tool -- 6.2.5 Finite Element Subsurface Flow and Transport Simulation System -- 6.2.6 SUTRA -- 6.2.7 HYDRUS -- 6.2.8 SEAWAT -- 7 Case Study -- 7.1 General Considerations -- 7.2 Modeling Groundwater Flow -- 7.3 Modeling NO3- Transportation Processes. , 7.4 Results and Discussion -- 8 Conclusion and Recommendation -- References -- Groundwater Degradation and Remediation in the Nile Delta Aquifer -- 1 Introduction to Groundwater Contamination -- 1.1 Aspects of Groundwater Degradation -- 1.2 Sources of Groundwater Contamination -- 1.2.1 Nitrate -- 1.2.2 Pathogens -- 1.2.3 Arsenic Contamination of Groundwater -- 1.2.4 Fluoride -- 1.2.5 Landfill Leachate -- 1.2.6 On-Site Sanitation Systems -- 1.2.7 Sewage Treatment Plants -- 1.2.8 Hydraulic Fracturing -- 1.2.9 Others -- 1.3 Migration of Groundwater Contaminants -- 1.3.1 Interactions with Surface Water -- 1.3.2 Seawater Intrusion in Coastal Aquifers -- 1.4 Advection-Dispersion Solute Transport -- 1.5 Remediation of Contaminated Groundwater -- 2 State of the Art of the Nile Delta Aquifer -- 2.1 Land Use and Climate Conditions -- 2.2 Irrigation-Drainage Network -- 2.3 Hydrogeology and Aquifer Characteristics -- 2.4 Recharge-Discharge Sources of the Nile Delta Aquifer -- 2.5 Groundwater Use and Quality in the Nile Delta -- 3 Groundwater Contamination and Degradation in Nile Delta -- 3.1 Groundwater Movement and Contaminant Distribution -- 3.2 Sources of Groundwater Pollution in the Nile Delta -- 3.3 Vulnerability of Aquifer to Pollution -- 3.4 Groundwater Pollution Hazard and Assessment -- 4 Groundwater Quality Monitoring in the Nile Delta -- 4.1 Basic Types of Groundwater Monitoring -- 4.1.1 Ambient Monitoring -- 4.1.2 Compliance Monitoring -- 4.1.3 Assessment Monitoring -- 4.1.4 Remediation Monitoring -- 4.1.5 Post-Closure Monitoring -- 4.2 Groundwater Quality Monitoring Systems -- 4.3 Choice of Monitoring System -- 4.4 Locations and Depths of Monitoring Wells -- 4.5 Statistical Analysis of Monitoring Data -- 4.6 Groundwater Quality Sampling and Testing -- 5 Groundwater Solute Transport Modeling -- 5.1 Advection with Dispersion and Chemical Retardation. , 5.2 Advective-Dispersive Transport Equations -- 5.3 Conceptual Modeling -- 5.4 Mathematical Modeling -- 5.4.1 Finite Difference Method -- 5.4.2 Finite Element Method -- 5.5 Numerical Modeling of Nile Delta Aquifer -- 5.5.1 Model Design (Input Parameters) -- 5.5.2 Model Discretization -- 5.5.3 Boundary Conditions -- 5.5.4 Groundwater Recharge -- 5.5.5 Abstraction Wells -- 5.6 Numerical Modeling of Groundwater Contamination -- 6 Assessment of Groundwater Quality in the Nile Delta -- 6.1 Groundwater Quality Standards -- 6.2 Hydrochemistry and Stable Isotopes -- 6.3 Groundwater Quality Index WQI -- 6.4 Nile Delta Groundwater Quality Assessment -- 7 Remediation of Contaminated Groundwater in Nile Delta -- 7.1 Locating On-Site Sanitation Systems -- 7.2 Point-of-Use Treatment -- 7.3 Remedial Priority Ranking of Contaminated Sites -- 7.4 Groundwater Remediation Schemes -- 7.5 Remediation of Nitrate Contamination -- 8 Groundwater Salinity Management in Nile Delta -- 8.1 Freshwater-Saltwater Interface in the Nile Delta Aquifer -- 8.2 Groundwater Salinity Management in Nile Delta -- 8.3 Conclusions and Recommendations -- References -- Part III: Land and Soil, On-Farm Irrigation and Drainage Water -- Land Degradation in the Nile Delta -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Geographic and Overview -- 2.1 Soils of the Nile Delta -- 2.2 The Main Key Facts of the Nile Delta [2] -- 3 Land Degradation -- 3.1 The Causes of Land Degradation -- 3.1.1 Natural Causes -- 3.1.2 Human-Induced Causes -- 3.2 Types and Causes of Land Degradation [9] -- 4 Land Degradation in the Nile Delta and Its Impact -- 4.1 Salinity -- 4.1.1 Irrigation Water -- 4.1.2 Shallow Water Table and Logging -- 4.1.3 Seawater Intrusion -- 4.2 Seawater Rise -- 4.3 Contamination of Surface Water Canals -- 4.4 Land Compaction and Nutrient Depletion -- 4.5 Deterioration of Soil Structure -- 4.6 Urban Sprawl. , 5 Assessment of Soil Degradation due to Salinity.

Note: Intro -- The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry Also Available Electronically -- Aims and Scope -- Series Preface -- Preface -- Contents -- Nile River Biography and its Journey from Origin to End -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Key Facts of the Nile -- 2.1 Key Problems -- 3 Geography and Voyage of the Nile River and Its Basins -- 3.1 The Course of the Nile -- 3.2 Catchment Areas, Dams, and Lakes -- 3.3 The Sudd Swamp and Jonglei Canal -- 4 Climate and Rain -- 4.1 Rainfall -- 4.2 Seasonal Rainfall Distribution [1, 2] -- 4.3 Evapotranspiration -- 4.3.1 Water Loss from the Earth´s Surface -- 4.3.2 Spatial and Temporal Evapotranspiration Trends -- 4.3.3 A Diverse and Highly Variable Climate -- 5 Lakes of the Nile Basin -- 5.1 Great Equatorial Lakes Nile [20-22] -- 5.1.1 Lake Victoria [14] -- 5.1.2 Lake Kyoga -- 5.1.3 Lake Albert and Semliki River -- 5.1.4 Lake George -- 5.1.5 Lake Edward -- 5.2 Eastern Nile Subbasin Lakes -- 5.2.1 Lake Tana -- Wetlands -- The Sudd and Machar Swamp in South Sudan -- Mara Wetland -- The Ethiopian Wetlands -- Wetlands in Rwanda -- Dams of Different Kinds, Financed in Different Ways -- The Aswan High Dam and Lake Nasser, Egypt -- Tekeze Dam and Renaissance Reservoir in Ethiopia -- The Sinnar, Jebel Aulia, and Khashm El-Girba Dams in Sudan -- Roseires and Merowe Reservoirs in Sudan -- Owen Falls Dam in Uganda -- References -- Part I: The Aswan High Dam Reservoir -- Estimating the Life Time Span of Aswan High Dam Reservoir Using Numerical Simulation of Nubia Lake -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Area and Data Collection -- 3 Simulation Model (CCHE2D) -- 4 Boundary and Initial Conditions -- 5 Model Calibration -- 6 Model Verification -- 7 Predication of Life Time Span of AHDR -- 7.1 Using the Traditional Method -- 7.2 Using the CCHE2D Simulation Model -- 8 Conclusions and Recommendations. , Appendix: Initial and Boundary Conditions Data of Section 4 -- References -- A Satellite Remote Sensing Approach to Estimate the Lifetime Span of Aswan High Dam Reservoir -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Description of the Study Area -- 2.1 The First Part (Lake Nasser) -- 2.2 The Second Part (Lake Nubia) -- 3 Collected Data -- 3.1 Bathymetric Data -- 3.1.1 Hydrographic Survey Data -- 3.1.2 Topographic Maps -- 3.2 Sediment Data -- 3.3 Remote Sensing Data -- 3.4 Water Levels Data -- 4 Methodology -- 4.1 Water Surface Areas Extraction -- 4.2 Prediction of the 3D Bed Surfaces -- 4.3 Studying the Dead Zone Capacity -- 4.4 Studying the Live Zone Capacity -- 5 Results -- 5.1 Results for Lake Nasser -- 5.1.1 Creation of the 3D Bed Profiles -- Dead Zone Bed Surfaces -- Live Zone Bed Surfaces -- 5.2 Results for Lake Nubia -- 5.2.1 Creation of the 3D Bed Profiles -- Dead Zone Bed Surfaces -- Live Zone Bed Surfaces -- 6 Discussions -- 6.1 Discussions for Lake Nasser -- 6.1.1 Sedimentation in Dead Zone -- The Present Method (RS/GIS Approach) -- The Traditional Method -- 6.1.2 Sedimentation in Live Zone -- The Present Method (RS/GIS Approach) -- The Cross-Section (Traditional) Method -- 6.2 Discussions for Lake Nubia -- 6.2.1 Sedimentation in Dead Zone -- The Present Method -- The Cross-Section (Traditional) Method -- 6.2.2 Sedimentation in Live Zone -- The RS/GIS Approach -- The Cross-Section (Traditional) Method -- 6.3 Lifetime Span of AHDL -- 6.3.1 The Present Method (RS/GIS Approach) -- 6.3.2 The Traditional Method -- 6.4 Comparisons -- 7 Conclusions and Recommendations -- References -- Estimating the Sediment and Water Capacity in the Aswan High Dam Lake Using Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Area and Data Collection -- 2.1 The Study Area -- 2.2 In Situ Data -- 2.2.1 Hydrographic Survey Data -- 2.2.2 Water Levels Data. , 2.2.3 Inflow Velocity Data -- 2.2.4 Inflow Quantity Data -- 2.3 Satellite Images (Remote Sensing Data) -- 3 Methodology -- 3.1 Water Surface Areas Extraction -- 3.2 Prediction of the 3D Bed Surfaces -- 3.3 Change Detection Technique -- 3.4 Establishing Maps of Changes -- 3.5 Generation of the Inflow Velocity Contour Maps -- 3.6 Establishing the Rating Curves -- 3.7 Rating Curves Equations and Their Validation -- 4 Results -- 4.1 Creation of the 3D Bed Profiles -- 4.2 Maps of Changes -- 4.3 Velocity Maps -- 5 Discussion -- 5.1 Sediment and Erosion Changes -- 5.2 Effect of Inflow Quantity on Sediment and Erosion Amounts -- 5.3 Effect of Inflow Velocity on Sediment and Erosion in the Lake Bed Surface -- 5.4 Rating Curves and Their Validation -- 5.4.1 Volume/Level Relation -- 5.4.2 Area/Level Relation -- 5.5 Water Capacity of the Study Area -- 5.6 Effect of Sediment and Erosion Amounts on Water Capacity of the Study Area -- 5.7 Application and Comparisons -- 6 Conclusions and Recommendations -- References -- Water Quality Assessment of Aswan High Dam Reservoir -- 1 Introduction -- 2 State of the Art -- 2.1 Water Quality Indices -- 2.2 Trophic Status Indices -- 3 Case Study: Aswan High Dam Reservoir -- 3.1 Study Area -- 3.2 Data Collection -- 3.3 Historical Review and Research Deficits -- 3.4 Methodology -- 3.4.1 NSF WQI -- 3.4.2 CCME WQI -- 3.4.3 Carlson TSI -- 3.4.4 LAWA TI -- 3.5 Results and Discussions -- 3.5.1 NSF WQI -- 3.5.2 CCME WQI -- 3.5.3 Carlson TSI -- 3.5.4 LAWA TI -- 3.5.5 Results Summary -- 3.6 Conclusions and Recommendations for Future Work -- 3.6.1 Conclusions -- 3.6.2 Recommendations for Future Work -- References -- Part II: The Nile from Aswan to its Promontories -- Morphological Variation of the Nile River First and Second Reaches Using RS/GIS Techniques -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Description of the Study Areas. , 2.1 The Reach from Aswan City to Esna Barrages -- 2.2 The Reach from Esna Barrages to Nagaa Hammady Barrages -- 3 Collected Data -- 3.1 Satellite Data -- 3.2 Digital Maps -- 4 Methodology -- 4.1 Pre-processing of Landsat Satellite Images -- 4.2 Generating of (Land-Water) Maps -- 4.3 Reference Maps -- 4.4 Accuracy Assessment of (Land-Water) Maps Generation -- 4.5 Surface Changes Detection Using All Water Indices -- 4.6 Accuracy Assessment of Change Detection -- 4.7 Multi-Temporal Change Detection Using the Most Suitable Technique -- 5 Results -- 5.1 Results for the First Reach -- 5.1.1 Generation of (Land-Water) Maps -- 5.1.2 Surface Change Detection -- 5.1.3 Generation of (Land-Water) Maps Using NDWI Index Only -- 5.1.4 Multi-Temporal Change Detection Using the Most Suitable Technique -- 5.2 Results for the Second Reach -- 5.2.1 Generation of (Land-Water) Maps -- 5.2.2 Surface Change Detection -- 5.2.3 Generation of (Land-Water) Maps Using NDWI Index Only -- 5.2.4 Multi-Temporal Change Detection Using the Most Suitable Technique -- 6 Discussions -- 6.1 Discussions for the First Reach -- 6.1.1 Accuracy of (Land-Water) Maps Generation -- 6.1.2 Surface Change Detection -- 6.2 Discussions for the Second Reach -- 6.2.1 Accuracy of (Land-Water) Maps Generation -- 6.2.2 Surface Change Detection -- 6.3 Validation Check of the Generated Maps of Changes -- 7 Conclusions and Recommendations -- References -- Bed Morphological Changes of the Nile River DS Major Barrages -- 1 Introduction -- 2 River Nile Flow -- 3 Numerical Modeling of River Morphological Changes -- 4 Reach DS New Naga-Hammadi Barrage -- 4.1 New Naga-Hammadi Barrage -- 4.2 Available Data -- 5 Deterministic Simulations of Riverbed Morphology -- 5.1 Erosion and Deposition Patterns -- 5.2 Bed Level Changes -- 5.3 Navigation Conditions Changes -- 5.4 Effect of Bed Material Uniformity. , 6 Stochastic Simulations of Riverbed Morphology -- 7 Conclusions -- References -- Distribution of Natural Radioactivity in the Egyptian Part of the Nile River from Aswan to El-Minia -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Ionizing Radiation -- 1.2 Radioactive ``Half-Lives´´ -- 1.3 Definitions and Units -- 1.4 Sources of Ionizing Radiation Exposure -- 1.5 Radiation Background -- 1.6 Radiation Detection -- 1.6.1 Gas-Filled Detectors -- 1.6.2 Scintillation Detectors -- 1.6.3 Semiconductor Detectors -- 1.7 Quality Control -- 2 Natural Radioactivity -- 2.1 Uranium and Thorium Series -- 2.2 Single Occurrence 40K -- 3 Black Sand -- 4 Pathways of Radioisotopes to Aquatic System (Rivers) -- 5 Distribution of Natural Radioactivity in the Upper Egypt Nile River -- 5.1 238U, 232Th, and 40K Activity Concentrations -- 6 Division the Area of Interest into Four Regions [20] -- 6.1 The First Section -- 6.2 The Second Section -- 6.3 The Third Section -- 6.4 The Fourth Section -- 7 Factors Affecting the Distribution of Radioactivity in Sediments Along the Nile River from El-Minia to Aswan -- 8 Absorbed Dose Rate -- 9 Conclusion -- References -- Assessment of Water Quality and Bed Sediments of the Nile River from Aswan to Assiut, Egypt -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Background -- 2.1 Water Resources in Egypt -- 2.2 Sources of the River Nile -- 2.2.1 Ethiopian Sources -- The Blue Nile -- The Baro-Akobo-Sobat River -- The Atbara River -- 2.2.2 Equatorial Sources -- The White Nile -- Victoria Lake -- 3 Material and Methods -- 4 Results and Discussion -- 4.1 Water Quality -- 4.1.1 Temperature -- 4.1.2 Turbidity -- 4.1.3 Electrical Conductivity (EC) -- 4.1.4 Total Suspended Solids -- 4.1.5 Total Dissolved Solids -- Nile Water Quality Compared to Some Major Rivers and Lakes -- 4.1.6 The pH Values -- 4.1.7 Dissolved Oxygen (DO) -- 4.1.8 Nutrients -- 4.1.9 Orthophosphate -- 4.1.10 Total Phosphorus. , 4.1.11 Organic Matter.