Anmerkung: Cover -- Preface -- Contents -- Editors -- List of Contributors -- Road Vehicle Technologies and Fuels -- 1 Background -- 1.1 Fuels and Pollutants Emitted -- 2 Compression Ignition Engines -- 3 Spark Ignition Engines -- 4 Fuels for Transportation -- 4.1 Fuel Properties -- 4.2 Alternative Fuels -- 5 Market Share -- 6 Future Trends -- 6.1 Advanced Combustion Strategies -- 6.2 Cylinder Deactivation -- 6.3 Variable Compression Ratio -- 6.4 Variable Valve Actuation and Atkinson-Miller Cycles -- 6.5 Stop-Start -- References -- Gaseous and Particle Greenhouse Emissions from Road Transport -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Carbon Dioxide Emissions -- 3 Methane Emissions -- 4 Nitrous Oxide Emissions -- 5 Equivalent Carbon Dioxide Emissions -- 6 Particle Emissions -- 7 Future Trends -- References -- Local-acting Air Pollutant Emissions from Road Vehicles -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Fuel Type, Fuel Quality, and Vehicle Technology -- 2.1 Fuel Sulfur Reduction -- 2.2 Fuel Additives, Including Tetraethyl-lead, Methylcyclopentadienyl Manganese Tricarbonyl, and Lube Oil Additives -- 2.3 Tailpipe NOx, CO, VOCs, and PM Emission Related to the Combination of Technology and Fuel -- 2.4 After-treatment Controls for Modern Vehicles -- 2.5 Fugitive VOC Emissions from Vehicles -- 2.6 Non-tailpipe PM Emissions from Vehicles -- 2.7 Electric and Fuel Cell Vehicles -- 3 Evolution of Roadway Emissions -- 3.1 Primary and Secondary Pollutants -- 3.2 Changes in Pollutant Concentrations Downwind of Roadways -- 3.3 Key Air Pollutants Associated with Roadway Emissions -- 4 Impacts on Human Health -- 4.1 Health Impacts of Near-roadway Exposures and Urban Air Pollution from Traffic Emissions -- 4.2 The Contributions of Mobile Sources to PM and O3 in Cities around the World -- 5 Impacts on the Natural and Built Environments -- 6 Impacts on Remote Sites -- 7 Global Trends in Emissions. , 8 Future Technologies and Projected Trends -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Water and Soil Pollution Implications of Road Traffic -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Primary Pollutants from Road Traffic -- 2.1 Pollutant Sources -- 2.2 Influential Factors in Pollutant Generation -- 2.3 Primary Pollutants -- 3 Pollutant Processes -- 3.1 Pollutant Build-up -- 3.2 Pollutant Wash-off -- 3.3 Impact of Climate Change on Pollutant Processes -- 3.4 Pollutant-Particulate Relationships and Mobility of Particle-bound Pollutants -- 4 Impacts of Traffic Pollutants -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- Cardiovascular Health Effects of Road Traffic Noise -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Biological Mechanisms -- 2 Assessment of Traffic Noise Exposure in Epidemiological Studies -- 3 Health Studies of Cardiovascular Disease in Adults -- 3.1 Hypertension -- 3.2 Cardiovascular Disease Incidence, Morbidity and Mortality -- 3.3 Cardiovascular Risk Factors -- 3.4 Further Factors to Consider in the Interpretation of Epidemiological Studies: Confounding and Effect-modifying Factors -- 4 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Environmental Impact of Hybrid and Electric Vehicles -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Energy Storage and Conversion Technologies -- 3 Hybrid Vehicles -- 4 Impact of Different Usage Cases -- 5 Life Cycle Assessment -- 5.1 Battery Utilisation -- 5.2 Vehicle-to-grid -- 5.3 Battery Lifetime and Degradation -- 5.4 Recycling and Second Life -- 6 Conclusion -- References -- Development Implications for Malaysia: Hydrogen as a Road Transport Fuel -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Energy Demand, Economic Growth and CO2 Emissions -- 3 Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicles and Hydrogen Pathways -- 4 Concepts in Fostering Hydrogen in Transportation -- 5 Simulation Experiments -- 5.1 Dynamic Computable General Equilibrium Model -- 5.2 Malaysian Social Accounting Matrix -- 5.3 Model Specifications. , 6 Scenarios and Results -- 7 The Way Forward -- References -- Latest Trends and New Challenges in End-of-life Vehicle Recycling -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Legislation on End-of-life Vehicle Recycling and Its Implications -- 2.1 Background on the Evolution of Legal Systems -- 2.2 Comparison of EPR-based ELV Recycling Laws -- 3 Popularization of Next-generation Vehicles and Their Impact on Vehicle Recycling -- 3.1 Significant Developments in the Popularization of Next-generation Vehicles -- 3.2 Trends in NGV Popularization -- 3.3 Effective Utilization of Waste Batteries from Next-generation Vehicles -- 3.4 Limitations on the Reuse and Recycling of Batteries -- 4 Effects of Second-hand Vehicle Exportation on International Resource Circulation and Emerging Cross-border Environmental Problems -- 4.1 The Two Sides of Second-hand Vehicle Exportation -- 4.2 Conditions and Characteristics of Second-hand Vehicle Exportation in Japan -- 4.3 Analysis of the Condition of Second-hand Vehicle Imports in Mongolia -- 4.4 Effect of Second-hand Vehicle Imports on Resource Recycling and the Environment -- 5 Environmental Pollution Caused by Improper End-of-life Vehicle Processing in Developing Countries: A Case Study on Lead Battery Recycling in Mongolia -- 5.1 Potential of Serious Environmental Damage -- 5.2 Overview of Field Investigations and Their Results -- 5.3 Challenges from a Case Study -- 6 Environmental Problems Associated with the Proliferation of Used Vehicles in Metro Manila, Philippines -- 6.1 Current State of Used Vehicles in the Philippines -- 6.2 Existing Legislation -- 6.3 Current Proposals to Undertake ELV Recycling -- 6.4 Future of ELV Recycling in Metro Manila -- 6.5 Challenges in Undertaking ELV Recycling in the Philippines -- 7 Recommendations and Challenges for the Future -- Notes and References -- Life Cycle Assessment of Road Vehicles. , 1 Life Cycle Assessment: A General Concept -- 1.1 Definition of the Goal and Scope of the Assessment -- 1.2 Life Cycle Inventory -- 1.3 Life Cycle Impact Assessment -- 1.4 Interpretation of Results and Conclusions -- 2 Life Cycle Analysis: Review of the State-of-the-art -- 3 Life Cycle Analysis of Road Vehicles -- 3.1 Material Life Cycle of Vehicles -- 3.2 Fuel Life Cycle of Vehicles -- 3.3 Vehicle Use Phase -- 4 Uncertainties and Limitations -- 5 Practical Example of Life Cycle Assessment: Comparison of Fuel Types for Cars -- 6 Life Cycle Assessment and the Role of the Road Transport Sector in Urban Air Quality -- 7 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Subject Index.

Anmerkung: Cover -- Preface -- Contents -- Editors -- List of Contributors -- Global Atmosphere - The Antarctic Ozone Hole -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Observations of Antarctic Ozone -- 3 Causes of Antarctic Ozone Depletion -- 3.1 Dynamical Preconditioning -- 3.2 Polar Stratospheric Clouds -- 3.3 Catalytic Ozone Loss Cycles -- 3.4 Modelling of Polar Ozone Depletion -- 4 Ozone Depletion at Other Latitudes -- 4.1 Arctic -- 4.2 Mid-latitudes -- 4.3 Tropics -- 5 Regulation and Control: The Montreal Protocol -- 5.1 Chlorine and Bromine Source Gases -- 5.2 The Montreal Protocol -- 5.3 Reasons for Success of the Montreal Protocol -- 5.4 Climate Benefit of the Montreal Protocol -- 6 Outlook -- 6.1 Very Short-lived Species -- 6.2 Recovery of the Ozone Layer -- 6.3 Impact of Ozone Depletion on Surface Climate -- 7 Summary -- References -- Global Atmosphere - Greenhouse Gases -- 1 The Greenhouse Effect -- 1.1 What is the Greenhouse Effect? -- 1.2 Radiative Forcing -- 1.3 Uncertainty -- 1.4 Greenhouse Gas Emissions -- 1.5 Atmospheric CO2 Concentrations -- 1.6 The Consequences of Climate Forcing -- 2 The International Response to Climate Change -- 2.1 The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change -- 2.2 Industrialised and Developing Countries -- 2.3 The Kyoto Protocol -- 2.4 Post-Kyoto Protocol -- 2.5 Unilateral and Bilateral Initiatives -- 2.6 Mobilizing Climate Finance -- 3 GHG Emissions Data: Measurement, Reporting and Verification -- 3.1 Role of Emissions Inventories -- 3.2 Policy and Inventories -- 3.3 Sub-national and City Inventories -- 3.4 Inventory Verification -- 4 Science and Policy Challenges -- 4.1 Benchmarks -- 4.2 Growth -- 4.3 Short-lived Climate Forcing Agents -- 4.4 Credibility -- 4.5 Political Economy -- 4.6 Outsourcing Emissions -- 5 The Energy Sector and Technology -- 5.1 Technology Types -- 5.2 Market Potential and Challenges. , 6 What does the Future Hold? -- 6.1 GHG Emissions -- 6.2 The Global Environment -- 6.3 Overcoming the Barriers to Effective Action -- References -- Trends in Local Air Quality 1970-2014 -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The United Kingdom -- 2.1 Trends in Emissions in 1970 -- 2.2 Ambient Air Monitoring -- 2.3 Trends in Airborne Concentrations from 1970 -- 3 The United States of America -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Trends in Emission -- 3.3 Trends in Airborne Concentrations -- 3.4 Conclusions -- 4 Less Developed Countries: China as a Case Study -- 4.1 Trends in Emissions since 1970 -- 4.2 Ambient Air Monitoring - Development of the Networks -- 4.3 Trends in Airborne Concentrations -- 4.4 Commentary upon Differences in Trends in Emissions and Air Quality -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Mercury and Lead -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Anthropogenic Insult -- 3 The Global Biogeochemical Cycles of Mercury and Lead -- 3.1 Mercury Cycling in Aquatic Systems -- 3.2 Lead in the Biosphere -- 4 Policy Response and Impact -- 4.1 Lead -- 4.2 Mercury -- 5 Trends in the Future -- References -- Persistent Organic Pollutants -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Stockholm Convention on POPs -- 3 POPs Criteria -- 4 Sources and Applications of POPs -- 4.1 Pesticide POPs -- 4.2 Byproduct POPs -- 4.3 Industrial Chemicals -- 4.4 Hexachlorobenzene (HCB) -- 5 Toxicity/Adverse Effects of POPs -- 5.1 Ecotoxicity -- 5.2 Human Toxicity -- 5.3 Exposure Pathways and Combined Adverse Effects -- 6 Long-range Transport of POPs -- 6.1 Atmospheric Transport -- 6.2 The ''Grasshopper" Effect -- 6.3 Oceanic Currents -- 6.4 Migratory Animals -- 7 Temporal Trends - Has Legislation Really Worked? -- 7.1 Legacy POPs -- 7.2 Newer POPs -- 8 Climate Change and POPs - Future Scenario -- 9 Managing the Problem -- 10 Concluding Remarks -- References. , Emerging Chemical Contaminants: How Chemical Development Outpaces Impact Assessment -- 1 Chemical Ubiquity -- 2 Birth of the Chemical Industry -- 3 Birth of the Pharmaceutical Industry -- 4 Discovery of Estrogens in Water -- 5 Ubiquity of Chemicals in the Environment -- 6 Formation of New and Previously Unknown Products -- 7 Regulatory History and Current Framework in the US -- 8 Evolution in Analytical Methodologies -- 9 Implications for Water Sustainability -- References -- A Change of Emphasis: Waste to Resource Management -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Application of the Waste Hierarchy -- 3 Regulatory and Legal Aspects -- 4 Collection of Wastes -- 5 Trends in Waste Arisings -- 5.1 Sources and Composition -- 6 Methods of Waste Treatment and Disposal -- 6.1 Disposal -- 6.2 Energy Recovery -- 6.3 Recycling and Composting -- 6.4 Reuse -- 6.5 Prevention and Minimisation -- 7 Specific Waste Streams -- 8 Environmental Impacts of Waste Management -- 9 The Emergence of the Circular Economy -- 10 Summary -- References -- From ''Dilute and Disperse'' to ''Recycle & -- Reuse'' - Changes in Attitude and Practice of Effluent Management -- 1 Effluent Discharges Before 1972-The Historical Background -- 2 Developments in the Regulatory Environment -- 2.1 Pollutants Don't Recognise Political Boundaries -- 2.2 Integration across the Water Cycle is Desirable -- 2.3 Pollutants have Many Sources and Don't Stay Where They are Put -- 3 Putting the Theories into Practice -- 3.1 ''Dilution is the solution to pollution -- 3.2 Increasing Concern about Persistence -- 3.3 A European Consensus -- 4 Effluent Management in the 21st Century -- 4.1 Water Conservation and Reuse -- 4.2 Advanced Effluent Treatment -- 4.3 Green Chemistry -- 4.4 21st Century Regulatory Processes -- 5 Improvements in the Environment Since 1970 -- 6 Future Prospects -- References -- Subject Index.

Anmerkung: Cover -- Contents -- Preface -- Editors -- List of Contributors -- Emissions of Primary Particulate Matter -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Source Categories -- 2.1 Residential Combustion -- 2.2 Road Transport -- 2.3 Energy and Manufacturing Industries -- 2.4 Maritime Traffic -- 2.5 Agricultural Activities -- 2.6 Natural Sources -- 3 Particle Size Distribution -- 4 Speciation -- 4.1 PM Speciation Source Profiles -- 5 European PM Emission Inventories -- 6 Long-term Trends in Europe -- 7 Regulations and Mitigation Measures -- 7.1 Eco-design Directive -- 7.2 Diesel Vehicle Emission Standards and Abatement Technologies -- 7.3 Urban Access Regulations -- 7.4 MARPOL Convention -- References -- Where Did This Particle Come From? Sources of Particle Number and Mass for Human Exposure Estimates -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Background -- 3 Particle Mass Concentrations -- 4 Particle Number Concentrations -- 4.1 New-particle Formation -- 4.2 Primary Particle Number Emissions -- 4.3 Primary Emissions vs. New-particle Formation -- 4.4 Issues of Scale -- 5 Implications for Human Exposure -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Source Apportionment: Principles and Methods -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Diurnal, Spatial, and Chemical Patterns Indicate PM Origins -- 3 Solutions to the CMB Equations -- 4 CMB Model Assumptions and Effects of Deviations -- 5 More Information from Existing Samples -- 6 How to Judge a Source Apportionment Study -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Case Studies of Source Apportionment from North America -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Historic Development -- 3 Applications -- 3.1 Chemical Mass Balance -- 3.2 Unmix -- 3.3 Positive Matrix Factorization -- 4 Advanced Model Applications -- 4.1 Constrained Models -- 4.2 Multiple Sample Type Data -- 4.3 Time Synchronization Model -- 4.4 Spatially Distributed Data -- 4.5 Mixed Way Data -- 4.6 Size-Composition-Time Data. , 5 Summary -- References -- Case Studies of Source Apportionment and Suggested Measures at Southern European Cities -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methods -- 2.1 PM Sampling and Measurements -- 2.2 Sample Treatment and Analysis -- 2.3 Source Apportionment -- 3 Results -- 3.1 PM Levels and Seasonality -- 3.2 PM Chemical Characterization -- 3.3 PM Mass Closure -- 3.4 PM Source Apportionment -- 4 Comparison Among Case Study Cities -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- PM10 Source Apportionment in Five North Western European Cities-Outcome of the Joaquin Project -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Site Description and Chemical Characterisation of PM10 -- 2.1 Sites -- 2.2 PM10 Sampling and Gravimetric Analysis -- 2.3 Chemical Analysis -- 3 Source Apportionment Using Positive Matrix Factorization -- 3.1 Data Preparation and Uncertainty Matrix -- 3.2 Positive Matrix Factorization -- 4 Results and Discussion -- 4.1 PM10 Mass Concentrations -- 4.2 Identification and Temporal Variation of the Calculated Factors -- 4.3 Spatial Variation of the Source Profiles -- 4.4 Wind-directional and Trajectory Analysis of the Source Profiles -- 4.5 Source Profiles on Days Exceeding the Daily Limit Value -- 4.6 Estimated Uncertainty of the PMF Analysis -- 5 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- PM2.5 Source Apportionment in China -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Time Trends -- 2.1 Visibility Trends -- 2.2 Emission Trends -- 2.3 Meteorology Trends -- 3 Sources of PM2.5 in China -- 3.1 Methods for Source Apportionment -- 3.2 Source Apportionment Results in China -- 3.3 PM2.5 Source Apportionment in Beijing, China -- 4 Future Research -- 4.1 Health Effects -- 4.2 Online Source Apportionment -- 4.3 Integration of Different Source Apportionment Methods -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Case Studies of Source Apportionment from the Indian Sub-continent -- 1 Introduction. , 2 Source Signatures from Indian Sub-continent -- 3 Case Studies from the Indian Sub-continent -- 3.1 India -- 3.2 Pakistan -- 3.3 Bangladesh -- 3.4 Nepal -- 3.5 Sri Lanka -- 3.6 Bhutan -- 3.7 The Maldives -- 4 Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Health Effects of Airborne Particles in Relation to Composition, Size and Source -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Current Evidence on Differential Toxicity -- 2.1 Black Carbon and Organic Carbon -- 2.2 Metals -- 2.3 Inorganic Secondary Aerosols -- 2.4 Size -- 2.5 Source -- 3 Overall Conclusions on Differential Toxicity -- 4 Global Variation in the Composition and Toxicity of Particulate Matter -- 4.1 North America -- 4.2 Europe -- 4.3 Western Pacific and Southeast Asia -- 5 Discussion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Subject Index.

Anmerkung: Cover -- Preface -- Preface to the Second Edition -- Editors -- Contents -- Chapter 1 Introduction and Overview -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Legislative Influences on Electronics Recycling -- 1.2.1 Producer Responsibility Legislation -- 1.2.2 The WEEE Directive -- 1.2.3 The RoHS Directive -- 1.2.4 Other Examples of Legislation -- 1.3 Treatment Options for WEEE -- 1.3.1 Background -- 1.3.2 Material Composition of WEEE -- 1.4 Recent and Emerging WEEE Challenges -- 1.4.1 Critical Raw Materials -- 1.4.2 Changes in Lighting Technology -- 1.4.3 Photovoltaic Panels -- 1.4.4 Printed Electronics and Additive Manufacturing -- 1.4.5 Batteries -- 1.4.6 Socioeconomic Factors -- 1.5 Logistics of WEEE -- 1.6 WEEE - A European Perspective -- 1.7 Barriers to Recycling of WEEE -- 1.8 The Recycling Hierarchy and Markets for Recyclate -- 1.9 WEEE Health and Safety Implications -- 1.10 Future Factors That May Influence Electronic Waste Management -- 1.11 Summary and Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 2 Materials Used in Manufacturing Electrical and Electronic Products -- 2.1 Current Perspective -- 2.2 Impact of Legislation on Materials Used in Electronics -- 2.2.1 Overview -- 2.2.2 The RoHS2 Directive and Proscribed Materials -- 2.2.3 Where Do RoHS Proscribed Materials Occur? -- 2.3 Soldering and the Move to Lead-free Assembly -- 2.3.1 Introduction -- 2.3.2 Lead-free Solder Choices -- 2.4 Printed Circuit Board (PCB) Materials -- 2.4.1 Introduction -- 2.4.2 PCB Materials -- 2.4.3 Provision of Flame Retardancy in PCBs -- 2.4.4 Non-ferrous and Precious Metals -- 2.5 Encapsulants of Electronic Components -- 2.6 Indium Tin Oxide and Liquid Crystal Display Screens -- 2.7 Polymeric Materials in Enclosures, Casings and Panels -- 2.7.1 Polycarbonate -- 2.7.2 Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) -- 2.7.3 High Impact Polystyrene (HIPS) -- 2.7.4 Polyphenyleneoxide (PPO). , 2.7.5 PC/ABS Blends -- 2.8 Critical Raw Materials -- 2.8.1 Gallium -- 2.8.2 Cobalt -- 2.8.3 Tantalum -- 2.8.4 Indium -- 2.8.5 Antimony -- 2.8.6 Silicon -- 2.8.7 Critical Raw Materials and New Developments in Electronics -- 2.9 Materials Composition of WEEE -- 2.9.1 Introduction -- 2.9.2 Mobile Phones -- 2.9.3 Televisions -- 2.9.4 Washing Machines -- 2.10 Summary and Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 3 A Circular Economy for Consumer Electronics -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Addressing Waste: A Wealth of Opportunities -- 3.3 The Circular Economy Framework -- 3.3.1 Principles -- 3.3.2 A Vision for Circular Consumer Electronics -- 3.4 The Road to Circularity -- 3.4.1 Design to Keep Products, Components and Materials in Use for Longer -- 3.4.2 Enhance Reverse Logistics,Remanufacturing, Parts Harvesting and Recycling Processes -- 3.4.3 Put in Place the Right Enabling Conditions -- 3.5 Harnessing New Digital Technologies to Catalyse the Transition -- 3.5.1 Intelligent Assets and Enabling Technologies -- 3.5.2 Artificial Intelligence and the Circular Economy -- 3.6 Closing Considerations -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 4 An Overview of Electronic Waste Management in the UK -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Legislative Background -- 4.3 Product Categories -- 4.4 The WEEE Management System -- 4.5 Targets and Fees -- 4.6 EEE and WEEE Arisings -- 4.7 Collection Pathways and Fate of WEEE -- 4.8 Recycling of WEEE -- 4.8.1 Recovery of CRMs -- 4.8.2 Processing and Technologies -- 4.8.3 Operating Standards -- 4.9 Reuse of WEEE -- 4.9.1 Value of Reuse -- 4.9.2 Potential for Reuse -- 4.9.3 Pathways for Reuse -- 4.10 Market Demand -- 4.11 Barriers and Measures to Increase the Reuse of WEEE -- 4.11.1 Barriers -- 4.11.2 Design for Disassembly and Repair -- 4.11.3 Setting Targets for Reuse -- 4.11.4 Fostering Dialogue Across the Supply Chain. , 4.11.5 Improving the Marketability of Reusable WEEE -- 4.12 Prospects -- References -- Chapter 5 Management of Electronic Waste in Africa -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Sources of E-waste -- 5.2.1 Introduction -- 5.2.2 Nigeria -- 5.2.3 Kenya -- 5.2.4 South Africa -- 5.2.5 Synthesis -- 5.3 Collection and Management of E- waste -- 5.3.1 Collection of E-waste -- 5.3.2 Management of E-waste -- 5.4 Environmental and Health Impacts -- 5.4.1 Overview -- 5.4.2 Environmental Impacts -- 5.4.3 Health Impacts -- 5.5 Socio-economic Impact of E-waste Management -- 5.6 Governance Issues in E-waste Management -- 5.7 Effective Business Models for Sound Management of E-waste in Africa -- 5.7.1 The Basel Convention Project -- 5.7.2 Best of Two Worlds -- 5.7.3 A Producers' Model for the Future -- 5.7.4 Hinckley Recycling -- 5.8 Recommendations for Environmentally Sound Management of E-waste in Africa -- References -- Chapter 6 Electronic Waste Management in the Asia Pacific Region -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Collection Systems and Refurbishment -- 6.3 E-waste Generation, Management and Governance -- 6.3.1 Australia -- 6.3.2 China -- 6.3.3 Indonesia -- 6.3.4 India -- 6.3.5 The Philippines -- 6.3.6 Vietnam -- 6.3.7 Malaysia -- 6.3.8 Japan -- 6.3.9 Pakistan -- 6.4 Transboundary Movement of E-waste in the Asia-Pacific -- 6.4.1 A Global Issue -- 6.4.2 China -- 6.4.3 Indonesia -- 6.4.4 Vietnam -- 6.4.5 The Philippines -- 6.4.6 Malaysia -- 6.4.7 Australia -- 6.4.8 Japan -- 6.4.9 Thailand -- 6.4.10 Singapore -- 6.4.11 Republic of Korea -- 6.4.12 India -- 6.5 Summary -- References -- Chapter 7 Traceability of Electronic Waste Using Blockchain Technology -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Overview of Blockchain -- 7.2.1 Principles -- 7.2.2 Blockchain Use Cases -- 7.2.3 Blockchain in Supply Chain Management -- 7.3 Blockchain Technology and WEEE Management. , 7.3.1 Legal and Regulatory Obligations -- 7.3.2 New Business Models -- 7.4 Future Trends and Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 8 Electronics: A Broken Story about Production and Consumption -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.1.1 Measuring Economic, Social and Environmental Impact -- 8.2 Electronics Production: The Role of Companies -- 8.2.1 Background -- 8.2.2 Product Planning, Design and Engineering -- 8.2.3 Procurement, Manufacturing and Logistics -- 8.2.4 Marketing and Sales -- 8.2.5 Service, Recycling and Disposal -- 8.3 Electronics Consumption: The Role of Consumers -- 8.3.1 Need Recognition/Inspiration -- 8.3.2 Information Searches, Evaluation and Purchase -- 8.3.3 Usage, Recycling and Disposal -- 8.4 Discussion and Implementation -- 8.4.1 Companies -- 8.4.2 Consumers -- 8.4.3 Policymakers -- References -- Chapter 9 The Recycling of Lithium-ion Batteries: Current and Potential Approaches -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Waste and Redundancy Issues of Exhausted Batteries -- 9.3 EU Legislation -- 9.3.1 Directives and Regulations -- 9.3.2 Targets -- 9.4 UK Legislation -- 9.4.1 Relevant Regulations -- 9.4.2 Producer Responsibility -- 9.4.3 Obligations of Retailers Selling Portable Batteries -- 9.4.4 Duty of Care and Waste Classification -- 9.4.5 Other Relevant Legislation -- 9.4.6 Safe Transportation -- 9.5 Waste Battery Treatment Options -- 9.5.1 Prevention -- 9.5.2 Reuse/Reconfiguration -- 9.5.3 Recycling -- 9.5.4 Application of Recycling Technologies -- 9.5.5 Examples of Hydrometallurgical Approaches -- 9.5.6 Global Recycling Overview -- 9.5.7 Disposal -- 9.6 Proposed Hydrometallurgical Approaches -- 9.6.1 Pre-commercial Approaches -- 9.6.2 Commercial Approaches -- 9.7 Funded Projects -- 9.7.1 UK Battery Funded Projects -- 9.7.2 EU Battery Funded Projects -- 9.7.3 Potential Impacts of EU Funding -- 9.8 Conclusions -- References. , Chapter 10 Environmentally Sustainable Solvent-based Process Chemistry for Metals in Printed Circuit Boards -- 10.1 Introduction and Overview -- 10.2 DESs as Alternative Solvents for PCB Coatings -- 10.2.1 Electrolytic Coatings from DES -- 10.2.2 Galvanic Immersion Coatings -- 10.3 DESs in PCB Assembly and Process Control -- 10.3.1 Soldering -- 10.3.2 Surface-mount Assembly -- 10.3.3 A New Solderable Surface Finish -- 10.3.4 Process Control and Analysis -- 10.4 Waste Processing and Metal Recovery -- 10.5 Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 11 Plastics in Electronic Waste: Results from the PolyCE Project -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 PolyCE project: Objectives and Methodology -- 11.3 PolyCE Circular Business Models -- 11.3.1 Business Model Characterisation -- 11.3.2 Dematerialisation Models, Opportunities and Barriers -- 11.4 The WEEE Plastics Value Chain -- 11.4.1 The Role of Stakeholders -- 11.4.2 WEEE Recycling Processes -- 11.5 Material Flow and Mass Balance: Current Situation -- 11.5.1 PCR Plastic Availability -- 11.6 Closing the Loop: the ReValue Model -- 11.6.1 Supply and Demand -- 11.6.2 Material Flow and Mass Balance Considerations -- 11.7 Barriers and Challenges to Adopting the ReValue Model -- 11.8 Large Scale Demonstrator Prototypes -- 11.8.1 Aims and Objectives -- 11.8.2 Demonstrator 1: Cooling and Freezing Appliances -- 11.8.3 Demonstrator 2: Large Household Appliances -- 11.8.4 Demonstrator 3: Small Household Appliances -- 11.9 Summary and Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Subject Index.

Anmerkung: Cover -- Contents -- Preface -- Editors -- List of Contributors -- Integrating Technologies to Minimize Environmental Impacts -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Developments and Emerging Trends in the Crop Protection Industry -- 3 Improving the Sustainability of Crop Production -- 3.1 Improved Properties of Synthetic Pesticides -- 3.2 Emerging Technologies -- 3.3 Enhanced Application Technologies -- 3.4 Better Land Management -- 4 Role of Regulation in Technology Development -- Acknowledgments -- References -- The Environmental Impact of Fertiliser Nutrients on Freshwater -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Requirements and Utilisation of N and P by Different Crops -- 3 The Loss, Impact and Management of Fertiliser N and P from Land to Water -- 3.1 The Availability of Nutrient Sources to Loss -- 3.2 Pathways of Nutrient Loss -- 3.3 Attenuation -- 3.4 Processing of N and P in Freshwaters -- 3.5 Strategies to Mitigate N and P Losses -- 4 Future Directions and Research Gaps -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Pesticides -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Pesticides and Terrestrial Wildlife -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Pesticide Use and Impacts on Terrestrial Biodiversity: Past and Present -- 2.3 Wildlife Protection Goals in Pesticide Regulation -- 2.4 Direct Effects -- 2.5 Indirect Effects -- 2.6 Pesticides and Protected Sites and Habitats -- 2.7 Conclusion -- 3 Pesticide Resistance -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Herbicide Resistance -- 3.3 Fungicide Resistance -- 3.4 Insecticide Resistance -- 3.5 Managing Resistance -- 4 Pesticides in Water -- 4.1 What Is the Issue? -- 4.2 Pesticide Movement to Water -- 4.3 Regulatory Control -- 4.4 Mitigation -- 4.5 Looking Ahead: Do We Have All the Answers? -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Agroecology and Organic Farming as Approaches to Reducing the Environmental Impacts of Agricultural Chemicals -- 1 Introduction. , 2 What are Agroecology and Organic Farming? -- 2.1 Agroecology -- 2.2 Organic Farming -- 3 Typical Practices and Systems -- 3.1 What Role Does Chemistry Play in these Approaches? -- 3.2 Restricting Inputs or Redesigning Systems? -- 4 Performance of Agroecological Approaches Relative to Conventional Intensive Systems -- 4.1 Biodiversity -- 4.2 Resource Use and Emissions -- 4.3 Productivity -- 4.4 Financial Viability -- 5 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Crop Biotechnology for Weed and Insect Control -- 1 Global Trends of GM Crop Adoption -- 2 Herbicide Tolerance -- 2.1 A Driver for Changing Agronomic Practices -- 2.2 Conservation Tillage Agriculture -- 2.3 Managing Resistance -- 3 Pest/Disease Resistance -- 3.1 Bt Genes and Toxins -- 3.2 Reduction in Insecticide Use -- 3.3 Evolution of Insect Resistance to Cry Toxins -- 4 What Does the Future Hold? -- 4.1 Regulatory Hurdles and Asynchronous Approvals -- 4.2 What is the Future for Crop Biotechnology? -- References -- Aquaculture -- 1 Aquaculture - A Modern Food Industry with a Long History -- 1.1 Our Seas and Oceans as a Source of Food -- 1.2 A Changing Landscape -- 1.3 A Long History -- 1.4 The Present Day -- 2 Challenges -- 3 The Use of Chemicals for Pest/Disease/Parasite Control -- 3.1 The Requirement to Use Pesticides -- 3.2 Sea Lice Treatments in Salmon Aquaculture -- 3.3 Non-salmonid Aquaculture -- 3.4 Anti-fouling Compounds -- 3.5 Disinfectants -- 4 Potential Impacts on the Environment and Non-target Species -- 5 Strategies to Reduce Chemical Usage -- 5.1 Testing the Products -- 5.2 Changes to Husbandry -- 5.3 Minimising Infection Pressure by Cooperation Between Farms within a Geographically Connected Area -- 5.4 Bioremediation -- 5.5 Using Natural Compounds which are Environmentally Benign -- 5.6 Improving the Host's Resistance to Disease -- 5.7 Natural Predators -- 6 Conclusions. , Acknowledgments -- References -- Horticulture -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Overview -- 2.1 Fertilisers -- 2.2 Soil Health -- 2.3 Pests, Diseases and Weeds -- 2.4 Water Use and Water Quality -- 3 Case Studies -- 3.1 Case Study 1: Carrot Production in the UK -- 3.2 Case Study 2: Integrated Pest and Disease Management (IPDM) in Apple Orchards -- 4 Future Perspectives -- 5 Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Subject Index.