Description: database_Fig1: AMOC_index (AMOC strength, Sv) IMDtoDeep_density_anomalies (Density anomalies, kg/m^3) MLD_timeseries (Mixed layer depth anomalies, m) NPIW_index (NPIW strength, Sv) depth_mpiom_3d (Depth, m) --- database_Fig2: AMLD_winter_HS1toLGM (Winter Mixed layer depth anomalies, m) ASST_winter_HS1toLGM (Winter sea surface temperature anomalies, K) APME_winter_HS1toLGM (Winter Net Precipitation anomalies, mm/mon) ASLP_winter_HS1toLGM (Winter sea level pressure anomalies, Pa) ASSS_winter_HS1toLGM (Winter sea surface salinity anomalies, psu) lat (Latitude) lon (Longitude) --- database_Fig3: AleutieanLow_index (Aleutian Low strength, Pa) Westlie_NP_index (Westlie speed over North Pacific, m/s) SPG_NP_index (Strength of North Pacific Subpolar Gyre, m) --- database_Fig4: Dprofile (Vertical Density profile, kg/m^3) Tprofile (Vertical Temperature profile, K) Sprofile (Vertical Salinity profile, psu) depth (Depth, m)

Description: This data release contains stable isotope data from benthic foraminifera isolated from sediment core OMEXII-9K off the Iberian Margin, from 0 to 204cm, and an updated age model.

Description: This data release contains stable silicon isotope data from sponge spicules isolated from sediment core RAPiD15-4P off Iceland, from 10 to 18 ka.

Description: This data release contains stable silicon isotope data from sponge spicules isolated from sediment core OMEXII-9K off the Iberian Margin, from 0 to 336cm, and an updated age model.

Description: Prominent maxima of biological productivity are recorded in both the Northwest and Northeast Pacific during the deglacial, interstadial Bølling-Allerød. These have been linked to a suite of differing causes and mechanisms, such as preservation effects, iron fertilization, riverine fluxes, upper ocean stratification and coastal upwelling. There is also widespread evidence for shifts in the subarctic Pacific ocean circulation during the deglaciation. However, while the dynamics of nutrient provision and limitation within the photic zone are certainly of high significance, the important role of physical circulation changes in the subsurface to deep ocean in replenishing nutrient supplies to the upper ocean, and of upper ocean temperature changes in fostering productivity peaks, remain largely unconstrained over the course of the last deglaciation. Here, using an Earth System Model COSMOS, we conducted a simulation representing the climate transition from the Last Glacial Maximum to the Bølling-Allerød. In association with marine proxy evidence, we will discuss the deglacial evolution of the surface to deep ocean circulation and mixing in the North Pacific, and examine their respective roles in determining the upwelling of nutrients from deeper layers, along with the formation of the North Pacific Intermediate water.

Description: Arctic and subarctic regions are sensitive to climate change and, reversely, provide dramatic feedbacks to the global climate. With a focus on discovering paleoclimate and paleoceanographic evolution in the Arctic and Northwest Pacific Oceans during the last 20,000 years, we proposed this German–Sino cooperation program according to the announcement “Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) of the Federal Republic of Germany for a German–Sino cooperation program in the marine and polar research”. Our proposed program integrates the advantages of the Arctic and Subarctic marine sediment studies in AWI (Alfred Wegener Institute) and FIO (First Institute of Oceanography). For the first time, the collection of sediment cores can cover all climatological key regions in the Arctic and Northwest Pacific Oceans. Furthermore, the climate modeling work at AWI enables a “Data-Model Syntheses”, which are crucial for exploring the underlying mechanisms of observed changes in proxy records.

Description: Phytoplankton productivity and community structure in the East China Sea (ECS) play an important role in marine ecology and carbon cycle, but both have been changing rapidly in response to recent oceanic and atmospheric circulation changes. However, the lack of long-term records of phytoplankton productivity and community structure variability in the region hinders our understanding of natural forcing mechanisms. Here, we use the phytoplankton biomarker (brassicasterol, dinosterol and alkenones) contents as well as the ratios between these biomarkers in three sediment cores from the ECS shelf to reconstruct the spatiotemporal variations of productivity and community of diatoms, dinoflagellates and coccolithophores during the Holocene, respectively. During 9–7 ka, the ECS shelf was characterized by low phytoplankton productivity with low coccolithophore contribution, caused by the oligotrophic condition mainly owing to the restricted Kuroshio Current (KC) intrusion under low sea-level conditions, thus the lack of nutrient input. Phytoplankton productivity generally increased during 7–4.6 ka, in response to the initial intrusion of the Yellow Sea Warm Current (YSWC, a branch of the KC), bringing nutrient from the subsurface KC to the upper layer of the ECS for phytoplankton growth. Phytoplankton productivity continuously increased during 4.6–1 ka, due to an enhanced circulation system (YSWC and Yellow Sea Coastal Current (YSCC)) driven by strong East Asia Winter Monsoon (EAWM). Significantly, high alkenone contents and coccolithophore contribution in the eastern core F11A was associated with its location closer to the warm and saline YSWC, which was suitable for coccolithophore growth. Beyond diagenetic processes which could partly account for higher biomarker contents near core tops, elevated phytoplankton productivity during the last 1 ka might be induced by more nutrient supply from the intensified circulation system driven by enhanced KC and anthropogenic activities. The latter also resulted in high dinoflagellate proportions in all three cores. These temporal and spatial changes of phytoplankton productivity and community structure in the ECS during the Holocene corresponded to different mechanisms by the air-sea interaction, providing insights into distinguishing natural forcing and anthropogenic influences on marine ecology.

Description: Quaternary East Asian winter monsoon (EAWM) evolution has long been attributed to high‐latitude Northern Hemisphere climate change. However, it cannot explain the distinct relationships of the EAWM in the northern and southern East Asian marginal sea in paleoclimatic records. Here we present an EAWM record of the northern East China Sea over the past 300 ka and a transient climate simulation with the Kiel Climate Model through the Holocene. Both proxy record and simulation suggest anticorrelated long‐term EAWM evolution between the northern East China Sea and the South China Sea. We suggest that this spatial discrepancy of EAWM can be interpreted as El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO)‐like controlling, which generates cyclonic/anticyclonic wind anomalies in the northern/southern East Asian marginal sea. This research explains much of the controversy in nonorbital scale variability of Quaternary EAWM records in the East Asian marginal sea and supports a potent role of tropical forcing in East Asian winter climate change.