Description: This dataset contains a modern core top collection of Mg/Ca in planktic foraminifera; the same dataset averaged to 1 x 1 grids; a collection of Mg/Ca in culture experiments with planktic foraminifera; a collection of Mg/Ca and Mg/Ca of seawater in culture experiments with planktic and benthic foraminifera; and a collection of geological estimates of the Mg/Ca of seawater.

Description: In this article, methods and results are presented for the analysis of the behaviour of an alpine glacier, the Vernagtferner, Oetztal Alps, Austria. Since 1601, the advances and retreats of Vernagtferner are documented and analysed with rising temporal and spa- tial precision. Early pictorial documents (from 1601 to 1844), high-resolution maps since 1889, mass balance investigations with the glaciological method since 1964 and meteorological-hydrological records and models since 1974 deliver, with increasing temporal resolution, a consistent pattern of the continual ice loss of this glacier over more than 30 years.

Description: These basalts represent the earliest response to subduction initiation in the Izu-Bonin arc system during the early Eocene. They are highly refractory and formed by high degrees of partial melting of a previously depleted source.

Description: A comprehensive hydrometeorological and glaciological data set is presented, originating from a multitude of recordings at several intensively operated research sites in the Rofental (1891 - 3772 m a.s.l., Ötztal Alps, Austria). The data sets are spanning a period of 150 years and hence represent a unique, worldwide unprecedented pool of high mountain observations. Their collection has originally been initiated to support the scientific investigation of the glaciers Hintereis-, Kesselwand- and Vernagtferner. Later, additional measurements of meteorological and hydrological variables have been undertaken; data now comprise records of temperature, relative humidity, short- and longwave radiation, wind speed and direction, air pressure, precipitation and water levels. For the glaciers, annual mass balance, glacier front variation and flow velocities as well as photographic images of the glacier status have been recorded. Since 2001, a series of distributed (airborne and terrestrial) laserscans has been processed. Most recently, a permanent terrestrial laser scanner installed on 'Im hintern Eis' (3244 m a.s.l.) enables to continuously observe almost the entire area of Hintereisferner. The data and research undertaken at the sites of investigation enable combined research of atmospheric, cryospheric and hydrological processes in complex terrain, and support the development of several state-of-the art hydroclimatological and glacier mass balance models. The institutions taking part in the Rofental research framework have joined to a cooperation consortium and promote their site in several international research initiatives. In the framework of INARCH, all original research data sets are now provided to the scientific community according to the Creative Commons Attribution License by means of the PANGAEA repository.