Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- Notation -- Greek Symbols -- Superscripts -- Subscripts -- Other Mathematical Symbols -- Abbreviations -- Chapter 1 Elements of Thermodynamically Constrained Averaging Theory -- 1.1 Overview -- 1.2 Identification of Scales for Modeling -- 1.2.1 Length Scales -- 1.2.2 Time Scales -- 1.3 Thermodynamically Constrained Averaging Theory Approach -- 1.3.1 Overview -- 1.3.2 Microscale Conservation Principles -- 1.3.3 Microscale Thermodynamics -- 1.3.4 Microscale Equilibrium Conditions -- 1.3.5 Averaging Theorems -- 1.3.6 Larger-scale Conservation Principles -- 1.3.7 Larger-scale Thermodynamics -- 1.3.8 Evolution Equations -- 1.3.9 Constrained Entropy Inequality -- 1.3.10 Simplified Entropy Inequality -- 1.3.11 Closure Relations -- 1.3.12 Closed Models -- 1.3.13 Subscale Modeling and Applications -- 1.4 Summary -- Exercises -- References -- Chapter 2 Microscale Conservation Principles -- 2.1 Overview -- 2.2 General Conservation and Balance Principles -- 2.2.1 General Qualitative Formulation -- 2.2.2 General Quantitative Formulation -- 2.2.3 Species-based Quantitative Formulation -- 2.3 Conservation and Balance Principles for a Phase -- 2.3.1 General Microscale Point Forms -- 2.3.2 Specific Conservation and Balance Principles -- 2.4 Conservation and Balance Principles for an Interface -- 2.4.1 General Microscale Point Form -- 2.4.2 Specific Conservation and Balance Principles -- 2.5 Conservation and Balance Principles for a Common Curve -- 2.5.1 General Microscale Point Form -- 2.5.2 Specific Conservation and Balance Principles -- 2.6 General Multispecies Formulation for a Common Point -- 2.6.1 General Microscale Point Form -- 2.7 Summary -- Exercises -- References -- Chapter 3 Microscale Thermodynamics -- 3.1 Overview -- 3.2 Essence of Equilibrium Thermodynamics -- 3.3 Fluid-phase Equilibrium Thermodynamics. , 3.3.1 Fundamental and Differential Forms -- 3.3.2 Euler Equation for Internal Energy -- 3.3.3 Gibbs-Duhem Equation for a Fluid -- 3.4 Normalized Internal Energy Formulation -- 3.5 Other Thermodynamic Potentials -- 3.5.1 Helmholtz Free Energy -- 3.5.2 Enthalpy -- 3.5.3 Gibbs Free Energy -- 3.5.4 Comments on Energy Potentials -- 3.6 Relation between -- and -- 3.7 Solid-phase Equilibrium Thermodynamics -- 3.8 Interface and Common Curve Equilibrium Thermodynamics -- 3.8.1 Interface Thermodynamics -- 3.8.2 Common Curve Thermodynamics -- 3.9 Microscale Multiphase System Notation -- 3.10 Partial Mass Quantities -- 3.10.1 Fluid Phase -- 3.10.2 Solid Phase -- 3.10.3 Interface -- 3.10.4 Common Curve -- 3.11 Classical Irreversible Thermodynamics (CIT) -- 3.12 Other Thermodynamic Theories -- 3.12.1 Rational Thermodynamics (RT) -- 3.12.2 Extended Irreversible Thermodynamics (EIT) -- 3.12.3 Theory of Internal Variables (TIV) -- 3.13 Summary -- Exercises -- References -- Chapter 4 Microscale Equilibrium Conditions -- 4.1 Overview -- 4.2 Components of Variational Analysis -- 4.3 Variation of Microscale Quantities -- 4.3.1 Variation of Green's Strain Tensor -- 4.4 Variation of Energy Integrals -- 4.4.1 Analysis of the Integral of -- 4.4.2 General Condition of Equilibrium -- 4.5 Single-fluid-phase Porous Medium System -- 4.5.1 Equilibrium Conditions -- 4.6 Two-fluid-phase Porous Medium System -- 4.6.1 Identification of Index Sets -- 4.6.2 Identification of Simpler Equilibrium Conditions -- 4.6.3 Equilibrium Variational Analysis -- 4.6.4 Additional Equilibrium Conditions -- 4.7 Summary -- Exercises -- References -- Chapter 5 Microscale Closure for a Fluid Phase -- 5.1 Overview -- 5.2 System Definition -- 5.3 Conservation and Thermodynamic Equations -- 5.3.1 Entropy Inequality -- 5.3.2 Conservation Equations -- 5.3.3 Thermodynamic Relations. , 5.4 Constrained Entropy Inequality -- 5.4.1 Introduction of Constraints -- 5.4.2 Selection of Lagrange Multipliers -- 5.4.3 Reduction to the CEI -- 5.5 Simplified Entropy Inequality -- 5.5.1 Introduction of Approximations -- 5.5.2 Consideration of Equilibrium Conditions -- 5.6 Closure Relations -- 5.6.1 Count of Variables -- 5.6.2 Diffusive Flux Rearrangement -- 5.7 Special Cases -- 5.7.1 Single-species Phase -- 5.7.2 Single-species, Isothermal Phase -- 5.8 Conjugate Force-flux Closure -- 5.8.1 Stress Tensor -- 5.8.2 Diffusion Vector -- 5.8.3 Non-advective Heat Flux -- 5.8.4 Chemical Reaction -- 5.9 Cross-coupled Closure -- 5.10 Summary -- Exercises -- References -- Chapter 6 Macroscale Conservation Principles -- 6.1 Overview -- 6.2 Averaging Conventions and Notation -- 6.2.1 Intrinsic Averages -- 6.2.2 Mass Averages -- 6.2.3 Unique Averages -- 6.2.4 Examples of Averaging Notation -- 6.3 Averaging Theorems -- 6.3.1 Averaging Theorems for Phases -- 6.3.2 Averaging Theorems for Interfaces -- 6.3.3 Averaging Theorems for Common Curves -- 6.3.4 Averaging Theorem for Common Points -- 6.4 Application of Averaging Process -- 6.5 Macroscale Principles for a Phase -- 6.5.1 Conservation of Mass -- 6.5.2 Conservation of Momentum -- 6.5.3 Conservation of Energy -- 6.5.4 Balance of Entropy -- 6.5.5 Body Force Potential -- 6.6 On the Forms of Macroscale Equations -- 6.7 Macroscale Principles for an Interface -- 6.7.1 Example: Conservation of Species Mass -- 6.7.2 Comment on Interface Equations -- 6.8 Macroscale Principles for a Common Curve -- 6.8.1 Example: Conservation of Common Curve Momentum -- 6.8.2 Comment on Common Curve Equations -- 6.9 Mixed Forms of Macroscale Equations -- 6.9.1 Species-based Equations -- 6.9.2 Entity-based Energy and Entropy -- 6.9.3 Entity-based Momentum, Energy, and Entropy -- 6.10 Internal Energy Equation. , 6.10.1 Species- and Entity-based Equations -- 6.10.2 Mixed Formulation with Species Conservation -- 6.11 Summary -- Exercises -- References -- Chapter 7 Macroscale Thermodynamics -- 7.1 Overview -- 7.2 Macroscale Euler Equations -- 7.2.1 Fluid Phase -- 7.2.2 Solid Phase -- 7.2.3 Interface and Common Curve -- 7.3 Macroscale Energy Differentials -- 7.4 Fluid Energy Dynamics -- 7.4.1 Fluid Species Energy -- 7.4.2 Fluid Species Potential Energy -- 7.4.3 Fluid-phase Energy -- 7.4.4 Fluid-phase Potential Energy -- 7.5 Solid-phase Energy Dynamics -- 7.5.1 Solid Species Energy -- 7.5.2 Solid Species Potential Energy -- 7.5.3 Solid-phase Energy -- 7.5.4 Solid-phase Potential Energy -- 7.6 Interface Energy Dynamics -- 7.6.1 Interface Species Energy -- 7.6.2 Interface Species Potential Energy -- 7.6.3 Interface-entity Energy -- 7.6.4 Interface-entity Potential Energy -- 7.7 Common Curve Energy Dynamics -- 7.7.1 Common Curve Species Energy -- 7.7.2 Common Curve Species Potential Energy -- 7.7.3 Common Curve Entity Energy -- 7.7.4 Common Curve Entity Potential Energy -- 7.8 Equilibrium Conditions -- 7.8.1 Two-phase Equilibrium Conditions -- 7.8.2 Three-phase Equilibrium Conditions -- 7.9 Summary -- Exercises -- References -- Chapter 8 Evolution Equations -- 8.1 Overview -- 8.2 Derivation of Evolution Equations -- 8.2.1 General Expression -- 8.3 Single-fluid-phase Flow -- 8.3.1 Phases -- 8.3.2 Interface -- 8.4 Single-fluid-phase Flow Geometric Relations -- 8.5 Two-fluid-phase Flow -- 8.5.1 Solid Phase -- 8.5.2 Fluid Phases -- 8.5.3 Fluid-solid Interfaces -- 8.5.4 Fluid-fluid Interface -- 8.5.5 Common Curve -- 8.6 Two-fluid-phase Flow Geometric Relations -- 8.6.1 Solid Phase and Fluid-solid Interfaces -- 8.6.2 Fluid-fluid Interface Evolution -- 8.6.3 Common Curve Evolution -- 8.7 Average Normal Velocities -- 8.7.1 Fluid-fluid Interface Velocity Approximation. , 8.7.2 Common Curve Velocity Approximation -- 8.8 Summary -- Exercises -- References -- Chapter 9 Single-fluid-phase Flow -- 9.1 Overview -- 9.2 Single-phase-flow System Definition -- 9.3 Conservation and Thermodynamic Equations -- 9.3.1 Entropy Inequality -- 9.3.2 Conservation Equations -- 9.3.3 Thermodynamic Relations -- 9.4 Constrained Entropy Inequality -- 9.4.1 Augmented Entropy Inequality -- 9.4.2 Selection of Lagrange Multipliers -- 9.4.3 Elimination of Time Derivatives -- 9.4.4 Manipulation Insights -- 9.4.5 Formulation of the CEI -- 9.5 Simplified Entropy Inequality -- 9.5.1 The Need for Approximations -- 9.5.2 Elimination of Terms -- 9.5.3 Approximation of Averages -- 9.5.4 General SEI -- 9.6 Example Restricted Application -- 9.6.1 Statement of Secondary Restriction -- 9.6.2 Count of Variables -- 9.6.3 Reduction in Number of Variables -- 9.6.4 Conjugate Force-flux Closure -- 9.6.5 Closed Conservation Equation Set -- 9.7 Model of Fluid and Elastic Solid -- 9.7.1 Compressible Elastic Solid with Small Deformation -- 9.7.2 Passive Solid Phase -- 9.8 Summary -- Exercises -- References -- Chapter 10 Single-fluid-phase Species Transport -- 10.1 Overview -- 10.2 System Definition by Primary Restrictions -- 10.3 Constrained Entropy Inequality -- 10.3.1 Augmented Entropy Inequality -- 10.3.2 Determination of Lagrange Multipliers -- 10.3.3 Formulation of the CEI -- 10.4 Simplified Entropy Inequality -- 10.4.1 Elimination of Small Terms -- 10.4.2 Breaking of Averages -- 10.4.3 General SEI -- 10.5 SEI for Application to Non-isothermal Species Transport -- 10.5.1 Imposition of Secondary Restrictions -- 10.6 Isothermal Transport with No Interphase Mass Exchange -- 10.6.1 Simplification of SEI -- 10.6.2 Count of Equations and Variables -- 10.7 Isothermal Transport with Interphase Mass Exchange -- 10.7.1 Simplification of the SEI. , 10.7.2 Additional Variables and Constraints.

Note: Includes index

Note: Front Cover -- Finite Element Simulation in Surface and Subsurface Hydrology -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Dedication -- Preface -- Chapter 1. Introduction -- 1.1 Purpose and Scope of the Book -- 1.2 Approximations, Errors, and Significant Figures -- 1.3 Initial Value and Initial Boundary Value Problems -- 1.4 Classification of Partial Differential Equations -- 1.5 Matrix Operations Related to the Finite Element Method -- 1.6 Direct Methods for the Solution of Linear Algebraic Equations -- 1.7 Iterative Methods for the Solution of Linear Algebraic Equations -- References -- Chapter 2. Introduction to Finite Difference Theory -- 2.1 Why Consider Finite Difference Theory? -- 2.2 Finite Difference Approximations -- 2.3 Temporal Finite Difference Approximations -- References -- Chapter 3. The Method of Weighted Residuals -- 3.1 Finite Element Applications -- 3.2 The Fundamentals of Weighted Residual Procedures -- 3.3 Galerkin's Method -- 3.4 Convergence of the Finite Element Method -- 3.5 Approximations in the Time Domain -- 3.6 Summary of Approximation Methods -- References -- Chapter 4. Finite Elements -- 4.1 The Finite Element Concept -- 4.2 Linear Basis Functions -- 4.3 Higher-Degree Polynomial Basis Functions -- 4.4 Hermitian Polynomials -- 4.5 Transient Problem in One Space Variable -- 4.6 Finite Elements in Two Space Dimensions -- 4.7 Relationship between the Finite Element and Finite Difference Methods -- 4.8 Triangular Finite Elements in Two Space Dimensions -- 4.9 Use of Triangular Finite Elements in Two Space Dimensions for Transient Problems -- 4.10 Curved Isoparametric Elements -- 4.11 Three-Dimensional Elements -- 4.12 Odds and Ends -- References -- Chapter 5. Finite Element Method in Subsurface Hydrology -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Flow of Homogeneous Fluids in Saturated Porous Media. , 5.3 Flow of Nonhomogeneous Fluids in Saturated Porous Media -- 5.4 Saturated-Unsaturated Flows -- 5.5 Saturated-Unsaturated Flow of a Single Fluid -- 5.6 Saturated-Unsaturated Transport -- References -- Chapter 6. Lakes -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 The Equations Which Describe the Flow -- 6.3 Simplified Flow Model -- 6.4 Generalized Flow Model -- 6.5 Hydrothermal Model for Lakes -- 6.6 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 7. Analysis of Model Behavior -- 7.1 Stability and Consistency -- 7.2 Equations and Restrictions -- 7.3 Analytical Solution -- 7.4 Numerical Solution -- 7.5 Central Implicit Scheme on Linear Elements -- 7.6 Higher-Order Central Implicit Scheme -- 7.7 Alternative Time Stepping Scheme -- 7.8 Uncentered Implicit Scheme -- References -- Chapter 8. Estuaries and Coastal Regions -- 8.1 Scope of the Study -- 8.2 Basic Equations -- 8.3 Linearized Hydrodynamic Model -- 8.4 Implicit Nonlinear Model -- 8.5 Contaminant Transport in Estuaries -- 8.6 Summary -- References -- Index.

Note: Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- AUTHOR'S INTRODUCTION -- THE AUTHOR -- Table of Conents -- Introduction -- Direct Use of Fungi as Food -- Mushrooms as Human Food -- Fungi as Animal Food -- Use of Fungi in Food Processing -- Fungi in the Processing of Cheese -- Aging and Flavoring of Meat -- Oriental Fungus-Processed Foods -- Potential Additional Uses of Fungi as Food -- Mycelia of Fleshy Fungi -- Mold Type of Mycelium -- Myxomycéte Plasmodia -- Toxic Substances in Fungi -- Stachybotryotoxicosis -- Aspergillustoxicosis -- Moldy Corn Toxicosis -- Facial Eczema in Ruminants -- Alimentary Toxic Aleukia (ATA) -- Estrogenic Condition in Swine -- Toxic Moldy Rice -- Aflatoxin and Other Toxins -- Summation -- Acknowledgments -- References.