Anmerkung: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- Contributors -- Chapter 1: Role of Nano-photocatalysis in Heavy Metal Detoxification -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Heavy Metals and Their Toxicological Effects -- 1.2.1 Cadmium -- 1.2.2 Chromium -- 1.2.3 Copper -- 1.2.4 Lead -- 1.2.5 Mercury -- 1.2.6 Nickel -- 1.2.7 Zinc -- 1.3 Overview of Photocatalysis -- 1.4 Mechanism of Photocatalysis -- 1.5 Types of Photocatalysis -- 1.5.1 Homogeneous Photocatalysis -- 1.5.2 Heterogeneous Photocatalysis -- 1.6 Overview and Mechanism of Nano-photocatalysis -- 1.7 Photocatalytic Nanoparticle Synthesis -- 1.7.1 Organic Synthesis -- 1.7.1.1 Plant Extracts Aqueous Solutions -- 1.7.1.2 Microorganisms -- 1.7.2 Chemical Synthesis -- 1.7.2.1 Sol-Gel Method -- 1.7.2.2 Hydrothermal Method -- 1.7.2.3 Polyol Synthesis -- 1.7.2.4 Precipitation Method -- 1.7.3 Physical Synthesis -- 1.7.3.1 Ball Milling -- 1.7.3.2 Melt Mixing -- 1.7.3.3 Physical Vapour Deposition (PVD) -- 1.7.3.4 Laser Ablation -- 1.7.3.5 Sputter Deposition -- 1.8 Mode of Operation on Nano-photocatalysis -- 1.9 Parameters Affecting the Photocatalytic Efficiency -- 1.9.1 Effect of pH of the Reaction Solution -- 1.9.2 Effect of Photocatalyst Concentration -- 1.9.3 Effect of Substrate Adsorption -- 1.9.4 Effect of Dissolved Oxygen -- 1.10 Application -- 1.10.1 Chromium -- 1.10.1.1 pH -- 1.10.1.2 Light Intensity -- 1.10.1.3 Photocatalyst Dosage -- 1.10.1.4 Presence of Organic Compounds -- 1.10.2 Mercury -- 1.10.3 Arsenic -- 1.10.4 Uranium -- 1.11 Disadvantages of Photocatalysis -- 1.12 Photocatalyst Modifications -- 1.12.1 Dye Sensitization -- 1.12.2 Ion Doping -- 1.12.3 Composite Semiconductor -- 1.13 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 2: Solar Photocatalysis Applications to Antibiotic Degradation in Aquatic Systems -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Solar Photocatalysis Process. , 2.3 Solar Photocatalysis Treatment for Antibiotic Degradation -- 2.3.1 Trimethoprim -- 2.3.2 Sulfamethoxazole -- 2.3.3 Erythromycin -- 2.3.4 Ciprofloxacin -- 2.4 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 3: Biomass-Based Photocatalysts for Environmental Applications -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Background of Biomass-Derived Carbon -- 3.2.1 Biochar -- 3.2.2 Activated Carbon (AC) -- 3.3 Synthesis Methods of Biomass-Derived Carbon -- 3.3.1 Pyrolysis -- 3.3.2 Hydrothermal Carbonization -- 3.3.3 Physical and Chemical Activation -- 3.4 Photocatalysts and Photocatalysis Reactions -- 3.5 Functionalized AC and Applications -- 3.5.1 Types of Functionalized AC -- 3.5.2 Functionalized AC Photocatalysts and Its Application -- 3.6 Future Challenges and Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 4: Application of Bismuth-Based Photocatalysts in Environmental Protection -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Photocatalytic Oxidation of Pharmaceuticals in Water -- 4.2.1 Tetracycline -- 4.2.2 Ciprofloxacin and Other Antibiotics -- 4.2.3 Carbamazepine -- 4.2.4 Ibuprofen and Diclofenac -- 4.2.5 Other Pharmaceuticals -- 4.3 Photocatalytic Oxidation of Industrial Micropollutants -- 4.3.1 Bisphenol A -- 4.3.2 Oxidation of Other Industrial Pollutants -- 4.4 Oxidation of the Indoor Air Pollutant NOx -- 4.5 Photocatalytic Reduction of Pollutants in Water and Air -- 4.5.1 Reduction of Cr(VI) in Water -- 4.5.2 Reduction of CO2 in Air -- 4.6 Water Splitting -- 4.7 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 5: Phosphors-Based Photocatalysts for Wastewater Treatment -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Phosphor Materials: A Historical Background -- 5.3 Inorganic Phosphors in Photocatalysis -- 5.3.1 Types of Inorganic Phosphor Materials -- 5.3.2 Down-Conversion Phosphors in Photocatalysis -- 5.3.3 Up-Conversion Phosphors in Photocatalysis -- 5.3.4 Long-Persistent Phosphors in Photocatalysis. , 5.4 Organic Up-Conversion Phosphors in Photocatalysis -- References -- Chapter 6: Nanocarbons-Supported and Polymers-Supported Titanium Dioxide Nanostructures as Efficient Photocatalysts for Remedi... -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.1.1 Heterogeneous Semiconductor Photocatalysis -- 6.1.2 Potential TiO2-Based Photocatalysts -- 6.1.3 Limitations of the Fine Powder Form of TiO2-Based Photocatalysts -- 6.1.3.1 Comparison of Synthesis Methods -- 6.1.3.2 Improvements in TiO2 Performance by Structural Change, Doping, and Hybridization -- 6.2 TiO2 Photocatalysts with Polymer-Based Hybrid Photocatalysts for Wastewater Treatment -- 6.2.1 Need for Immobilization of TiO2-Based Photocatalysts -- 6.2.1.1 Features of a Stable Substrate, and Available Substrates -- 6.2.1.2 Comparison of Polymeric Supports for Wastewater Treatment -- 6.3 TiO2 Photocatalysts Supported with Nanocarbons for Wastewater Treatment -- 6.3.1 TiO2-Functionalized Nanocarbon-Based Photocatalysts -- 6.3.1.1 Potential Photocatalytic Improvements with Carbon Nanostructures for Wastewater Treatment -- 6.4 Conclusions and Future Outlook -- References -- Chapter 7: Investigation in Sono-photocatalysis Process Using Doped Catalyst and Ferrite Nanoparticles for Wastewater Treatment -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Dependency of Catalytic Activity -- 7.2.1 Size-Dependent Catalytic Activity -- 7.2.2 Shape-Dependent Catalytic Effect -- 7.2.3 Interparticle Distance-Dependent Catalytic Effect -- 7.2.4 Support Interaction and Charge Transfer-Dependent Reactivity -- 7.3 Type of Nanoparticles -- 7.3.1 Non-metallic Nanoparticles -- 7.3.2 Metallic Nanoparticles -- 7.3.3 Semiconductor Nanoparticles -- 7.3.4 Ceramic Nanoparticles -- 7.3.5 Polymer Nanoparticles -- 7.3.6 Lipid-Based Nanoparticles -- 7.4 Types of Nanoparticles Based on Structure -- 7.5 Synthesis and Applications -- 7.5.1 Discussions -- 7.6 Synergetic Effect. , 7.7 Conclusion and Overview -- References -- Chapter 8: Magnetic-Based Photocatalyst for Antibacterial Application and Catalytic Performance -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Magnetic-Based Photocatalysts in Inactivation of the Microorganism -- 8.3 Factors Affecting the Photocatalytic Bacterial Inactivation -- 8.3.1 Effect of Magnetic-Based Photocatalyst Concentration and Light Intensity -- 8.3.2 Nature of Microorganism -- 8.3.3 Solution pH of Magnetic-Based Photocatalyst Suspension -- 8.3.4 Initial Bacterial Concentration -- 8.3.5 Physiological State of Bacteria -- 8.4 Proposed Mechanism for Bacteria Disinfection by the Magnetic-Based Photocatalyst -- 8.5 Using Magnetic-Based Catalyst in Photocatalytic Abatement of Organics -- 8.6 Photocatalysis for the Simultaneous Treatment of Bacteria and Organics -- 8.7 Conclusion and Future Prospects -- References -- Chapter 9: Antimicrobial Activities of Photocatalysts for Water Disinfection -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Mechanisms of Photocatalytic Disinfection -- 9.3 Pure and Modified Photocatalysts -- 9.4 Photocatalytic Films and Biofilms -- 9.5 Photocatalytic Composites and Nanocomposites -- 9.6 Materials with Antimicrobial Activity in the Absence of Light -- 9.7 Case Study: Application of Supported Photocatalysts in Disinfection of Whey-Processing Water -- 9.8 Final Considerations -- References -- Chapter 10: Medicinal Applications of Photocatalysts -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.1.1 Background -- 10.2 Antifungal Activity -- 10.3 Virucidal Activity -- 10.4 Antimicrobial Activity -- 10.5 Anticancer Activity -- 10.6 Conclusion -- References -- Index.

Anmerkung: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- 1 Green Approach: Microbes for Removal of Dyes and Metals via Ion Binding -- Abstract -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Pollutants in the Environment -- 1.2.1 Toxic Metals -- 1.2.2 Triphenylmethane Dyes -- 1.3 Bioremediation Approaches in Removing Pollutants -- 1.3.1 Non-microbial Strategies -- 1.3.2 Microbial-Based Strategies -- 1.4 Mechanisms for Removal of Pollutant Ions -- 1.4.1 Mechanisms for Removal of Metal Ions -- 1.4.2 Mechanisms for Removal of Dyes -- 1.5 Innovations in the Removal of Pollutant Ions -- 1.6 Conclusions and Future Prospects -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 2 Removal of Heavy Metal from Wastewater Using Ion Exchange Membranes -- Abstract -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Heavy Metal -- 2.2.1 Chromium -- 2.2.2 Nickel -- 2.2.3 Copper -- 2.2.4 Zinc -- 2.2.5 Cadmium -- 2.2.6 Mercury -- 2.2.7 Lead -- 2.3 Physical Treatment Methods -- 2.3.1 Ultrafiltration -- 2.3.2 Nanofiltration -- 2.3.3 Reverse Osmosis -- 2.3.4 Forward Osmosis -- 2.3.5 Adsorption -- 2.4 Chemical Treatment Methods -- 2.4.1 Electrodialysis Method -- 2.4.2 Fuel Cell Method -- 2.5 Remaining Challenges and Perspectives -- 2.6 Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 3 Separation and Purification of Uncharged Molecules -- Abstract -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Separation and Purification of Vitamin B12 -- 3.2.1 Downstream Processing of Vitamin B12 for Measurement -- 3.3 Separation and Purification of Haemoglobin -- 3.4 Separation and Purification of Uncharged Dyes -- 3.4.1 Purification and Separation of Dyes -- 3.5 Conclusion -- References -- 4 Aluminosilicate Inorganic Polymers (Geopolymers): Emerging Ion Exchangers for Removal of Metal Ions -- Abstract -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Methodology and Calculations -- 4.2.1 Terminology: Ion Exchange or Adsorption -- 4.2.2 Evidence for Ion Exchange. , 4.2.3 Modeling of Adsorption of Metal Ions on Geopolymers -- 4.2.4 Geopolymer Preparation -- 4.2.5 Washing of the Geopolymeric Adsorbent -- 4.2.6 Comparison Between Geopolymers and Zeolites -- 4.2.7 Geopolymers as Ion Exchangers -- 4.2.7.1 Geopolymers as Ion Exchangers for Alkali Metal Ions -- 4.2.7.2 Geopolymers as Ion Exchangers for Ammonium Ion -- 4.2.7.3 Geopolymers as Ion Exchangers for Alkaline Earth Metals -- 4.2.7.4 Geopolymers as Ion Exchangers for Heavy Metals -- Metakaolin-Based Geopolymers -- Fly Ash-Based Geopolymers -- Zeolite-Based Geopolymers -- 4.2.7.5 Geopolymers as Ion Exchangers/Adsorbents for Cationic Organic Dyes -- 4.2.8 Comparison of Geopolymers with Zeolites -- 4.2.8.1 Synthesis Conditions -- 4.2.8.2 Crystallinity -- 4.2.8.3 Surface Area and Porosity -- 4.2.8.4 Cation Exchange Capacity -- 4.2.8.5 Selectivity for Metal Ions -- 4.2.8.6 Stability in Acidic Solutions -- 4.2.8.7 Thermal Stability -- 4.2.8.8 Mechanical Strength -- 4.2.8.9 Regeneration -- 4.2.9 Stabilization/Solidification/Encapsulation of Ion Exchangers in Geopolymers -- 4.3 Concluding Remarks -- References -- 5 Microwave-Assisted Hydrothermal Synthesis of Agglomerated Spherical Zirconium Phosphate for Removal of Cs+ and Sr2+ Ions from Aqueous System -- Abstract -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Materials and Methods -- 5.2.1 Preparation of Agglomerated Spherical Zirconium Phosphate -- 5.2.2 Characterization -- 5.2.3 Ion Exchange Properties -- 5.2.4 Elution Behaviour -- 5.2.5 Distribution Studies -- 5.3 Results and Discussion -- 5.3.1 Fourier-Transform Infrared (FT-IR) Characterization -- 5.3.2 Powder X-ray Diffraction Studies -- 5.3.3 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy Dispersive (EDS) Characterization -- 5.3.4 Zeta and Surface Area Analysis -- 5.3.5 Ion Exchange Characteristics -- 5.3.6 Mechanism of Sr2+ Interaction with Zirconium Phosphate -- 5.4 Conclusion. , Acknowledgements -- References -- 6 Metal Hexacyanoferrates: Ion Insertion (or Exchange) Capabilities -- Abstract -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Ion Exchange -- 6.2.1 Ion Exchange in MHCF at Work: Potentiometric Ion Sensors -- 6.2.2 An Ion Exchange-Based Approach for the Recovery of Metal Ions: The Case of Cesium and Thallium -- 6.2.3 Electrochemically Driven Ion Exchange -- 6.2.4 Reversible Ion Insertion in Battery Systems -- 6.3 Conclusion -- References -- 7 Biosorbents and Composite Cation Exchanger for the Treatment of Heavy Metals -- Abstract -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Agro-Based Biosorbents for Heavy Metal Removal -- 7.3 Biopolymers -- 7.3.1 Functional Groups -- 7.3.2 Cellulose -- 7.3.3 Chitosan -- 7.3.4 Nanofiber Membranes and Packed-Bed Adsorbers -- 7.4 Composite Ion Exchangers -- 7.5 Conclusion and Future Outlook -- References -- 8 Rare Earth Elements-Separation Methods Yesterday and Today -- Abstract -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Rare Earth Elements -- 8.2.1 General Characteristics -- 8.2.2 The Occurrence of Rare Earth Elements -- 8.2.3 Physicochemical Properties of Rare Earth Elements -- 8.2.4 Application of Rare Earth Metals -- 8.2.5 Production and Consumption of Rare Earth Elements in the World -- 8.3 Rare Earth Element Recovery from Nickel-Metal Hydride Batteries -- 8.4 Rare Earth Element Recovery from Permanent Magnets -- 8.5 Separation of High-Purity Rare Earth Elements -- 8.5.1 Separations of Rare Earth Elements of High Purity Using Cation Exchangers -- 8.5.2 Separations of Rare Earth Elements of High Purity Using Anion Exchangers -- 8.5.3 Separations of Rare Earth Elements of High Purity Using Chelating Ion Exchangers -- 8.6 Current Technologies -- 8.7 Conclusions -- References -- 9 Sequestration of Heavy Metals from Industrial Wastewater Using Composite Ion Exchangers -- Abstract -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Ion-Exchange Materials. , 9.2.1 Organic Materials -- 9.2.2 Inorganic Materials -- 9.2.3 Composite Materials -- 9.2.3.1 Hybrid Materials -- 9.2.3.2 Nanocomposite -- 9.3 Mechanism of Ion-Exchange Process -- 9.4 Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 10 Applications of Organic Ion Exchange Resins in Water Treatment -- Abstract -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Removal of Heavy Metals -- 10.3 Removal of Organics -- 10.3.1 Natural Organic Matter (NOM) -- 10.3.2 Disinfection by-Products (DBPs) -- 10.3.3 Surfactants -- 10.3.4 Pharmaceuticals -- 10.3.5 Dyes -- 10.3.6 Small Organic Matter -- 10.4 Desalination -- 10.5 Boron Removal -- 10.6 Removal of Anions -- 10.7 Removal of Cations -- 10.7.1 Hardness -- 10.7.2 Ammonium -- 10.8 Conclusions -- References.

Anmerkung: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- Contributors -- Chapter 1: Nanophotocatalysts for Fuel Production -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Quantum Dot Semiconductors -- 1.3 Synthesis of Quantum Dots -- 1.4 Application of Quantum Dots for Fuel Production -- 1.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 2: Highly Stable Metal Oxide-Based Heterostructured Photocatalysts for an Efficient Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production -- 2.1 Photocatalysis -- 2.1.1 Photocatalytic Mechanism -- 2.1.2 Band Edge Positions -- 2.2 Semiconducting Metal Oxides for Photocatalytic Water Splitting -- 2.2.1 Metal Oxide-Based Heterostructured Photocatalysts -- 2.2.1.1 Energy Structure of TiO2 -- 2.2.1.2 Lattice Structure of TiO2 -- 2.3 The Challenges in Photocatalytic H2 Production Using TiO2 Particulate Systems -- 2.4 Strategies for Improving TiO2 Photocatalytic Activity -- 2.4.1 Addition of Sacrificial Reagents -- 2.4.2 TiO2-Based Semiconductors Under UV Light Irradiation -- 2.4.3 Photocatalytic Performance of TiO2 Under Visible Irradiation -- 2.4.4 Functionalization of TiO2 with Carbon Nanomaterials -- 2.4.4.1 Carbon Nanotubes -- 2.4.4.2 Graphene Oxide/Reduced Graphene Oxide (RGO) -- 2.5 Future Scope/Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 3: Novelty in Designing of Photocatalysts for Water Splitting and CO2 Reduction -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 CO2 Reduction -- 3.2.1 Principles of CO2 Reduction -- 3.2.2 By-Products of CO2 Reduction -- 3.2.3 Synthesis of Nanoparticles -- 3.2.3.1 Doping of Photocatalyst -- 3.2.4 Commercial Challenges of CO2 Reduction -- 3.3 Water Splitting -- 3.3.1 The Basic Principle of Water Splitting -- 3.3.2 Photocatalyst for Water Splitting -- 3.3.2.1 Oxide-Based Photocatalyst -- 3.3.2.2 Nitride-Based Photocatalyst -- 3.3.3 Commercial Challenges of Water Splitting -- 3.4 Conclusion and Way Forward -- References. , Chapter 4: Z-Scheme Photocatalysts for the Reduction of Carbon Dioxide: Recent Advances and Perspectives -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Basic Principles of the Z-Scheme Reduction of CO2 -- 4.3 Advances in Z-Scheme Photocatalytic Reduction of CO2 -- 4.3.1 Z-Scheme Systems with Aqueous Shuttle Redox Mediator -- 4.3.2 All-Solid-State Z-Scheme Systems -- 4.3.3 Semiconductor/Metal-Complex Hybrid Z-Scheme Systems -- 4.3.4 Light Harvesting of Photocatalysts Utilized for the Z-Scheme CO2 Reduction -- 4.3.5 Cocatalyst Strategies for Z-Scheme CO2 Reduction -- 4.4 Summary and Outlook -- References -- Chapter 5: Photocatalysts for Artificial Photosynthesis -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 General Photosynthesis Mechanism -- 5.3 Covalently Linked Molecular Systems for Artificial Photosynthesis -- 5.3.1 Porphyrin-Based Donor-Acceptor Molecular Systems -- 5.3.2 Subphthalocyanine-Based Light-Harvesting Complexes -- 5.3.3 BODIPY-Based Light-Harvesting Systems -- 5.4 Supramolecular Artificial Photosynthetic Systems -- 5.4.1 Metal-Ligand Interactions of Porphyrins/Naphthalocyanines with Electron Acceptors -- 5.4.2 Supramolecular Photosynthetic Complexes Via Crown Ether-Ammonium Cation Interactions -- 5.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 6: Polymeric Semiconductors as Efficient Photocatalysts for Water Purification and Solar Hydrogen Production -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Photocatalysis -- 6.2.1 Basic Principles of Photocatalytic Reaction -- 6.2.2 Photocatalytic Properties -- 6.2.3 Photocatalytic Mechanism -- 6.3 Photocatalytic Functional Materials: Synthesis, Properties and Applications -- 6.3.1 Graphitic Carbon Nitride (g-C3N4) -- 6.3.1.1 Synthesis of Polymeric g-C3N4 -- 6.3.1.2 Photocatalytic Mechanism of g-C3N4 -- 6.3.1.3 Photodegradation of Chemical Pollutants Using g-C3N4 -- 6.3.1.4 Graphene Oxide-Based Hybrid Photocatalysts. , 6.3.2 Metal-Organic Framework (MOF)-Based Photocatalysts -- 6.3.2.1 Principles -- 6.3.2.2 Photocatalytic Applications of MOFs -- 6.3.3 TiO2-Based Hybrid Photocatalysts -- 6.3.3.1 Principles -- 6.3.3.2 Different Forms of TiO2 and Its Physicochemical Properties -- 6.3.3.3 Structure of TiO2 -- 6.3.3.4 Photocatalytic Mechanism of TiO2 -- 6.3.3.5 Hybrid Photocatalysts Based on TiO2 and Organic Conjugated Polymers -- 6.3.3.5.1 Properties of Polythiophene -- 6.3.3.5.2 Properties of Polyaniline -- 6.3.3.5.3 Properties of Polypyrrole -- 6.3.3.5.4 Synthesis of TiO2-Based Hybrid Photocatalysts with Different Organic Conjugated Polymers -- 6.3.3.5.5 Characterization of TiO2/Conjugated Polymer-Based Hybrid Catalysts -- 6.3.3.5.6 Antibacterial Activity of Photocatalysts -- 6.3.3.6 Environmental Application of Different Photocatalysts -- 6.3.3.6.1 Water Purification -- 6.3.4 Graphene Oxide (GO)-Based Photocatalyst for Dye Degradation and H2 Evolution -- 6.3.4.1 Photodegradation of Chemical Pollutants -- 6.3.4.2 Hydrogen (H2) Evolution Reaction by g-C3N4-Based Functional Photocatalysts -- 6.4 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 7: Advances and Innovations in Photocatalysis -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Photocatalysts for Hydrogen Production -- 7.2.1 Nature of Different Sacrificial Agents and Typical Mechanism of Photoreforming -- 7.2.1.1 Methanol as a Sacrificial Agent -- 7.2.1.2 Ethanol as a Sacrificial Agent -- 7.2.1.3 Glycerol as a Sacrificial Agent -- 7.2.1.4 Glucose as a Sacrificial Agent -- 7.2.2 Hydrogen Production from Photocatalytic Wastewater Treatment -- 7.3 Photocatalysts Developed for the Synthesis of Organic Compounds in Mild Conditions -- 7.3.1 The Starting Point -- 7.3.2 The Effect of Supporting Metal Oxides on Titania on Selectivity -- 7.3.3 The Effect of Titania Dopant -- 7.3.4 The Effect of Titania Surface Area. , 7.3.5 The Effect of Substituting Titania -- 7.3.6 The Effect of Reactor and Illumination -- 7.3.7 Cyclohexanol and Cyclohexanone by Gas-Phase Photocatalytic Oxidation? -- 7.4 Photocatalytic Membrane Reactors -- 7.5 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Chapter 8: Solar Light Active Nano-photocatalysts -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Mechanism of Semiconductor-Mediated Photocatalysis -- 8.2.1 Nano-TiO2 as Photocatalysts -- 8.2.2 Nano-ZnO as Photocatalysts -- 8.2.3 Graphitic Carbon Nitride as Photocatalysts -- 8.2.4 Titanates as Photocatalysts -- 8.2.5 Nano-metal Sulphides as Photocatalysts -- 8.3 Strategies for Making Solar/Visible Light Active Photocatalysts -- 8.3.1 Metal/Non-metal Doping -- 8.3.2 Addition of Photosensitive Materials -- 8.3.3 Construction of Heterojunctions/Composites -- 8.3.4 Construction of Nanohybrid Materials -- 8.3.5 Surface Modification -- 8.4 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 9: High-Performance Photocatalysts for Organic Reactions -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Photocatalytic Oxidation of Alcohols -- 9.3 Selective Oxidation and Oxidative Coupling of Amines -- 9.4 Photocatalytic Cyanation -- 9.5 Photocatalytic Cycloaddition and C-C Bond Formation Reactions -- 9.6 Miscellaneous Reactions -- 9.7 Outlook -- 9.8 Conclusion -- References -- Index.

Anmerkung: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- 1 Separation and Purification of Amino Acids -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Ion Exchange Chromatography in the Separation of Amino Acids -- 1.3 Ion Exchange Chromatography of Amino Acids -- 1.4 Ion Exchange Resins -- 1.5 Buffer Systems in IEC for Separation of Amino Acids -- 1.5.1 Sodium Citrate Buffer System -- 1.5.2 Lithium Citrate Buffer System -- 1.6 The Relation Between the Concentration of Eluent and Retention Time of Amino Acids -- 1.7 Effect of Temperature on Separation of Amino Acids -- 1.8 Effect of pH on Separation of Amino Acids -- 1.9 Effect of the Flow Rate of the Eluting Buffer on the IEC of Amino Acids -- 1.10 Regeneration of the Ion Exchange Column -- 1.11 Conclusion -- References -- 2 Ion Exchange Chromatography for Enzyme Immobilization -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Enzyme Immobilization -- 2.2.1 Immobilization Approaches -- 2.3 Ion-Exchange as an Immobilization Tool -- 2.4 Enzyme Immobilization Research and Application by Ion-Exchange in the Laboratory and Industry -- 2.5 Conclusion and Future Prospects -- References -- 3 Determination of Morphine in Urine -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.1.1 Structural Features of Morphine -- 3.1.2 Physical Properties -- 3.1.3 Various Routes of Morphine Administration -- 3.1.4 Stay Period of Morphine in the Body -- 3.2 What Is Drug Abuse? -- 3.2.1 Fatal Dose of Morphine -- 3.2.2 Statistics Towards Morphine Addiction -- 3.2.3 Adverse Effect of Morphine -- 3.3 Samples Used for Detection of Morphine -- 3.3.1 Sample Collection/Preparation Prior to Detection -- 3.3.2 Extraction and Derivatization -- 3.4 Detection of Morphine in Urine -- 3.4.1 Chromatographic Methods -- 3.4.2 Liquid Chromatography (LC) and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) -- 3.4.3 Thin-Layer Chromatography (TLC) -- 3.4.4 Capillary Electrophoresis (CE) -- 3.4.5 Electrochemical Detection. , 3.4.6 Combination of Molecularly Imprinted Polymer with Chromatography -- 3.4.7 Some Miscellaneous Detection Techniques -- 3.5 Conclusion and Future Scope -- References -- 4 Chromatographic Separation of Amino Acids -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.1.1 History -- 4.1.2 Classification of Amino Acids -- 4.2 Separation -- 4.2.1 What is Separation? -- 4.2.2 Why Need to Do Separation of Amino Acids? -- 4.2.3 What is Chromatography? -- 4.2.4 Classification of Chromatographic Methods -- 4.2.5 Advantages of Chromatographic Methods Over Other Methods -- 4.3 Separation of Amino Acids by Gas Chromatography (GC) -- 4.4 Liquid Chromatography (LC) -- 4.4.1 Separation of Amino Acids by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) -- 4.4.2 Advantages of Liquid Chromatography Over the Gas Chromatography -- 4.5 Amino Acid Separation by Countercurrent Chromatography (CCC) -- 4.6 Separation of Amino Acids by Thin-Layer Chromatography (TLC) -- 4.6.1 Preparation of Thin Plates -- 4.6.2 Sample Spotting on the Thin-Layer Plate -- 4.6.3 Detection of Amino Acids on the Thin-Layer Plate -- 4.7 Separation of Amino Acids by Capillary Electrophoresis (CE) -- 4.7.1 Various Modes for Capillary Electrophoresis (CE) -- 4.8 Separation of Amino Acids by the Hyphenated Technique -- 4.8.1 List of Hyphenated Techniques -- 4.8.2 Separation of Amino Acids Using GC-MS -- 4.8.3 Separation of Amino Acids by LC-MS -- 4.8.4 Separation of Amino Acids by LC-MS-MS -- 4.8.5 Separation of Amino Acids by CE-MS -- 4.9 Conclusion and Future Scope -- References -- 5 Applications of Ion-Exchange Chromatography in Pharmaceutical Analysis -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Application of Ion-Exchange Chromatography in Quantitative Analysis -- 5.2.1 Single-Mode Ion-Exchange Chromatography -- 5.2.2 Analysis of Small Molecules (Organic and Inorganic Ions) -- 5.2.3 Mixed-Mode Chromatography. , 5.3 Pretreatment and Separation Prior to Analysis -- 5.3.1 Ionic Solid-Phase Extraction -- 5.3.2 Mixed-Mode Ion-Exchange Solid-Phase Extraction -- 5.3.3 Flow Injection Ion-Exchange Preconcentration -- 5.4 Summary -- References -- 6 Thermodynamic Kinetics and Sorption of Bovine Serum Albumin with Different Clay Materials -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Experimental -- 6.3 Results and Discussion -- 6.3.1 The Effect of Some Specific Physicochemical Properties BSA onto Adsorption -- 6.3.2 Analyses of FTIR, TGA, and SEM Images -- 6.3.3 Kinetic Analysis -- 6.3.4 Thermodynamic Parameters -- 6.4 Conclusions -- References -- 7 Sorbitol Demineralization by Ion Exchange -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Industrial Application of Sorbitol -- 7.3 Importance of Demineralization/Deashing of Sorbitol -- 7.4 Role of Ion-Exchange Chromatography -- 7.5 Different Types of Ion Exchangers for Sorbitol Demineralization -- 7.5.1 Cation-Exchange Chromatography -- 7.5.2 Anion-Exchange Chromatography -- 7.6 Conclusion -- References -- 8 Separation and Purification of Nucleotides, Nucleosides, Purine and Pyrimidine Bases by Ion Exchange -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Ion-Exchange Chromatography -- 8.2.1 Mechanism of Ion Exchange -- 8.2.2 Components of Ion-Exchange Chromatography -- 8.3 Nucleotides -- 8.4 Nucleosides -- 8.5 Purines and Pyrimidines -- 8.6 Column Preparation and Operation -- 8.7 Operation -- 8.8 Impact of Separation Parameters -- 8.9 Separation of Nucleotides -- 8.9.1 Fractionation of Nucleotides -- 8.9.2 Cation-Exchange Resin -- 8.9.3 Anion-Exchange Materials -- 8.10 Separation of Nucleosides -- 8.10.1 Purification of Nucleosides -- 8.10.2 Cation-Exchange Chromatography -- 8.10.3 Anion-Exchange Chromatography -- 8.11 Separation of Purines and Pyrimidines -- 8.11.1 Cation-Exchange Chromatography -- 8.11.2 Anion-Exchange Chromatography. , 8.12 Applications of Ion-Exchange Chromatography -- 8.13 Conclusion -- References -- 9 Separation and Purification of Vitamins: Vitamins B1, B2, B6, C and K1 -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Significance of Vitamins -- 9.3 Classification of Vitamins -- 9.3.1 Water-Soluble Vitamins -- 9.3.2 Fat-Soluble Vitamins -- 9.4 Sources of Vitamins -- 9.4.1 B Vitamins -- 9.4.2 Vitamin C -- 9.4.3 Vitamin K -- 9.5 Vitamin Deficiency Disorders -- 9.6 B Vitamins -- 9.6.1 Vitamin B1 -- 9.6.2 Vitamin B2 -- 9.6.3 Vitamin B6 -- 9.7 Vitamin C -- 9.8 Vitamin K1 -- 9.9 Separation and Purification of Vitamin -- 9.10 Ion-Exchange Chromatography -- 9.11 Mechanism of Ion-Exchange Chromatography -- 9.12 Separation and Purification of Vitamins B1, B2 and B6 -- 9.13 Separation and Purification of Vitamin C -- 9.14 Ion-Exchange Separation and Purification of Vitamin K1 -- 9.15 Conclusion -- References -- 10 Colour Removal from Sugar Syrups -- 10.1 Colourants in Sugar Solutions -- 10.1.1 Determination of Colour in Sugar and Sugar Juices -- 10.1.2 Colour Substances in Sugar and Sugar Solutions -- 10.1.3 Formation of Beet and Cane Colourants During the Technological Process -- 10.1.4 Removal of Colourants from Beet and Cane Sugar and Sugar Solution -- 10.2 Decolourisation with Ion-Exchange Resins -- 10.2.1 The Terminology Used in Ion-Exchange Technology -- 10.2.2 Types of Ion-Exchange Resins -- 10.2.3 Set-up of Industrial Chromatographic Systems for Colour Removal -- 10.2.4 Comparison of Ion-Exchange Technology with Other Decolourising Techniques -- References.

Anmerkung: Intro -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- Editors and Contributors -- 1 Organic-Inorganic Membranes Impregnated with Ionic Liquid -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Ionic Liquids: General Properties and Applications -- 3 Ionic Liquids as Electrolytes in Fuel Cells -- 4 Ionic Liquid Polymer Membranes for Fuel Cells -- 4.1 Ionic Liquid/Polymer Membranes -- 4.2 Polymerized Ionic Liquid Membranes -- 4.3 IL Gel and Composite Polymer Membranes -- 5 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 2 Organic/TiO2 Nanocomposite Membranes: Recent Developments -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 TiO2-Polymer Electrolyte Membranes (PEMs) -- 2.1 Perfluorinated Organic-Inorganic Nanocomposite Polymer Electrolyte Membranes (PEMs) -- 2.2 Acid-Base Polymer Complex-Based Organic-Inorganic Nanocomposite PEMs -- 2.3 TiO2-Modified Polytetrafluoroethylene Membranes -- 2.4 Poly(ether ether ketone)-Based Nanocomposite PEMs -- 2.5 PANI Based Membranes -- 2.6 PES Based Membranes -- 2.7 Polysulfone-Based Membranes -- 2.8 TiO2 Solar Cells -- 2.9 Carbon Materials and Metal-Carbon Nanotube (CNTs)-TiO2 Composites -- 2.9.1 Carbon-TiO2 Composites -- 2.9.2 Graphene (GN)-TiO2 Composites -- 3 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 3 Organic/Silica Nanocomposite Membranes -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Silica Nanoparticle-Based Membranes -- 3 Conclusion -- References -- 4 Organic/Zeolites Nanocomposite Membranes -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Basic Concepts About Zeolites -- 3 Polymer-Zeolite Composite Membranes: The Role of the Zeolite -- 3.1 Influence of Si/Al Ratio -- 3.2 Proton Mobility in Zeolites -- 3.3 Internal and External Surface Area -- 3.4 Configurational Diffusion -- 3.5 Crystallite Size [17, 18] -- 3.6 Functionalization of Zeolite Surface -- 3.7 Selectivity, Proton Conductivity, and Permeability. , 4 Techniques for Producing Organic/Zeolite Nanocomposite Membranes -- 5 Synthetic Polymers/Zeolite Nanocomposite Membranes for PEMFCs -- 5.1 Route 1: Zeolite + Organic Monomers -- 5.2 Route 3: Inorganic Precursor + Organic Polymer -- 5.3 Route 4: Zeolite + Organic Polymer -- 6 Natural Polymers/Zeolite Nanocomposite Membranes for PEMFCs -- 7 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 5 Composite Membranes Based on Heteropolyacids and Their Applications in Fuel Cells -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Heteropolyacids Types and Structures -- 3 HPAs and Proton Transport in Fuel Cells -- 4 HPAs in PEM Fuel Cell -- 5 HPAs in High-Temperature and Low-Humidity PEMFC -- 6 HPAs in DMFC -- 7 Concluding Remarks and Future Perspectives -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 6 Organic/Montmorillonite Nanocomposite Membranes -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Membrane Fabrication Methods -- 2.1 Phase Inversion -- 2.2 Immersion Precipitation -- 2.3 Evaporation-Induced Phase Separation -- 3 Montmorillonite-Based Nanocomposites Membranes -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- 7 Electrospun Nanocomposite Materials for Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Methanol Fuel Cells -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methanol Crossover and Low Proton Conductivity -- 3 Composite SPEEK -- 4 SPEEK-Clay Nanocomposite as PEM for DMFC -- 5 Morphology Types and the Importance of Exfoliated Surface Structure on DMFC Performance -- 6 Preparation of Exfoliated Nanocomposite Membranes -- 7 Electrospinning as a Membrane Morphological Modification Technique -- 8 Electrospun Polymer-Based Nanofiber Membranes for DMFC Application -- 9 Electrospinning Parameters -- 10 Future Directions and Conclusion -- References -- 8 A Basic Overview of Fuel Cells: Thermodynamics and Cell Efficiency -- Abstract -- 1 What Is a Fuel Cell? -- 2 Fuel Cell Structure and Classification -- 3 Fuel Cell Construction. , 4 PEMFC Types, Electrode Reactions, and Cell Potential -- 4.1 H2/O2 PEMFC -- 4.2 Direct Methanol Fuel Cells (DMFC) -- 4.3 Direct Ethanol Fuel Cells (DEFC) -- 4.4 Direct Formic Acid Fuel Cells (DFAFC) -- 4.5 Direct Borohydride Fuel Cells (DBFCs) -- 5 Fuel Cell Thermodynamics -- 5.1 Effect of Temperature -- 5.2 Effect of Pressure -- 5.3 Effect of Concentration of Reactant -- 6 Fuel Cell Efficiency -- 6.1 Losses in Actual System -- 6.2 Activation Overpotential -- 6.3 Ohmic Polarization Losses -- 6.4 Mass Transport Overpotential -- 7 Conclusion -- References -- 9 Organic/Inorganic and Sulfated Zirconia Nanocomposite Membranes for Proton-Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Proton-Exchange Membranes (PEMs) -- 2 Organic/Inorganic Hybrid Membranes -- 3 Organic-Sulfated Metal Oxide Hybrid Membrane -- 4 Sulfated Zirconia Nanocomposite Membranes -- 5 Conclusion and Future Prospects -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 10 Electrochemical Promotional Role of Under-Rib Convection-Based Flow-Field in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 General Description of Performance Improvements in PEMFCs -- 2.1 Proton Exchange Membrane -- 2.2 Electrode and Catalyst -- 2.3 Gas Diffusion Layer -- 2.4 Membrane Electrode Assembly -- 2.5 Bipolar Plate -- 2.6 Single Cell and Stack -- 2.6.1 Water and Heat Management -- 2.6.2 Fuel Crossover, Oxidation, and CO Poisoning -- 2.6.3 Scale-up and Long-Term Experiments -- 3 Structured Techniques for Flow-Field Optimization -- 3.1 Experimental Approaches to Flow-Field Optimization -- 3.1.1 Current Density Measurement -- 3.1.2 Flow Visualization -- 3.1.3 Polarization Curve Evaluation -- 3.2 Modeling Approaches to Flow Optimization -- 3.2.1 Computational Fluid Dynamic Modeling -- 3.2.2 Two-Phase Modeling for Water Management -- 3.2.3 Complex Flow-field Interaction Modeling. , 3.3 Validation of Experimental and Numerical Results -- 4 New Flow-field Optimization Approaches Utilizing Under-Rib Convection -- 4.1 Homogeneous Distribution of the Reactants -- 4.2 Uniformity of Temperature and Current Density Distributions -- 4.3 Facilitation of Liquid Water Discharge -- 4.4 Reduction in Pressure Drop -- 4.5 Improvement in Output Power -- 5 Summary -- References -- 11 Methods for the Preparation of Organic-Inorganic Nanocomposite Polymer Electrolyte Membranes for Fuel Cells -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methods for Preparation of Nanocomposite Polymer Electrolyte Membranes -- 2.1 Blending of Nanoparticles in Polymer Matrix -- 2.1.1 Phase Inversion Method for Preparation of PEMs -- 2.1.2 Solution Casting Method -- 2.1.3 Hot Press -- 2.2 Doping or Infiltration and Precipitation of Nanoparticles and Precursors -- 2.3 Self-assembly of Nanoparticles -- 2.4 Non-hydrolytic Sol-Gel (NHSG) Method -- 2.5 Layer-by-Layer Fabrication Method -- 2.6 Nonequilibrium Impregnation Reduction -- 2.7 Surface Patterning Method -- 3 Future Directions and Conclusion -- References -- 12 An Overview of Chemical and Mechanical Stabilities of Polymer Electrolytes Membrane -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Durability of Polymer Electrolyte Membrane (PEM) -- 3 Proton Conductivity of PEM -- 4 Chemical Stabilities and Degradation of PEM -- 5 Mechanical Stability and Degradation of PEM -- 6 Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 13 Electrospun Nanocomposite Materials for Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Electrospinning Process -- 2.1 Electrospun Fibers -- 2.1.1 Poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) -- 2.1.2 Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) -- 2.1.3 Poly(phenylene oxide) (PPO) -- 2.1.4 Poly(arylene ether)s -- 2.1.5 Poly(imide)s -- 2.1.6 Poly(benzimidazole) (PBI) -- 2.2 Crosslinking of Electrospun Fibers. , 2.3 Interface Bonding -- 3 Reducing Methanol Crossover -- 4 Improving Proton Conductivity -- 4.1 Electrospinning of Nafion -- 4.2 Aligned Nanofibers -- 5 Other Applications of Electrospinning in Fuel Cells -- 6 Conclusion -- References -- 14 Fabrication Techniques for the Polymer Electrolyte Membranes for Fuel Cells -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Recent Developments of PEM-Based on Organic-Inorganic Nanocomposites -- 3 Fabrication Techniques for the Preparation of PEM -- 3.1 Different Polymerization Routes -- 3.2 Plasma Methods -- 3.3 Sol-Gel Method -- 3.4 Ultrasonic Coating Technique -- 3.5 Phase Inversion Method -- 3.6 In Situ Reduction -- 3.7 Catalyst-Coated Membrane by Screen Printing Method -- 3.8 Solution Casting Method -- 3.9 Other Methods -- 4 Summary -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 15 Chitosan-Based Polymer Electrolyte Membranes for Fuel Cell Applications -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Chitosan: An Overview -- 3 Characterization of the Polymer Membrane and Their Desired Properties -- 4 Chitosan Based Membranes for Polymer Electrolyte -- 4.1 Chitosan Blend Polymer Electrolyte -- 4.2 Chitosan Cross-Linked Polymer Electrolyte -- 4.3 Chitosan Polymer Composite Based Polymer Electrode -- 5 Chitosan for Fuel Cell -- 6 Chitosan for Biofuel Cell -- 6.1 Microbial Biofuel Cell -- 6.2 Enzymatic Biofuel Cell -- 7 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 16 Fuel Cells: Construction, Design, and Materials -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Different Types of Fuel Cells -- 3 Construction and Design of Different FC -- 3.1 PEMFC -- 3.2 DMFC -- 3.3 AEMFC -- 3.4 PAFC -- 3.5 SOFC -- 3.6 MCFC -- 4 Catalysts for Different FCs -- 5 Materials and Methods for Preparation of PEM for Fuel Cells -- 6 Characterizations and Characteristic Properties of PEM for Different FC -- 7 Summary -- References. , 17 Proton Conducting Polymer Electrolytes for Fuel Cells via Electrospinning Technique.

Anmerkung: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- 1 Use of Ion-Exchange Resins in Dehydration Reactions -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Catalytic Processes of Dehydration -- 1.2.1 Dehydration of Alcohols to Alkenes -- 1.2.2 Dehydration of Alcohols to Ethers -- 1.2.3 Dehydration of Carbohydrates -- 1.2.4 Other Dehydration Processes -- 1.3 Conclusion -- References -- 2 The Application of Ion-Exchange Resins in Hydrogenation Reactions -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Ion-exchange resin as a catalyst and support in reaction processes -- 2.2.1 Hydrogenation reactions and catalysis -- 2.3 Ion-Exchange Resins as Catalyst and Support for Hydrogenation Reactions -- 2.3.1 Hydrogenation of Unsaturated Hydrocarbon Compounds Using Ion-Exchange Resins -- 2.3.2 Reduction, Removal, and Hydrogenation of Nitrates Using Ion-Exchange Resin -- 2.3.3 Hydrodechlorination Reaction Using Ion-Exchange Resin -- 2.4 Conclusions -- References -- 3 Use of Ion-Exchange Resins in Alkylation Reactions -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Aspects of Ion-Exchange Resins for the Alkylation Reaction -- 3.3 Alkylation Process Using Ion-Exchange Resins -- 3.3.1 Reactors and Heterogeneous Catalysis -- 3.3.2 Alkylation Process -- 3.3.3 A Process for Continuous Alkylation of Phenol Using Ion-Exchange Resin -- 3.3.4 Process for Alkylating Benzene with Tri- and Tetra-substituted Olefins with a Sulfonic Acid Type Ion-Exchanger Resin -- 3.4 Alkylation of Alkenes with Isoalkanes -- 3.5 The Reaction of Alkylation of Sulfur Compounds with Olefins -- 3.6 Alkylation of Aromatic Compounds -- 3.6.1 The Reaction of Aromatic Compounds with Olefins -- 3.6.2 The Reaction of Aromatic Compounds with Alkyl Halides and Alcohols -- 3.7 Alkylation of Phenol -- 3.8 Alkylation of Furan and Indol Derivatives -- 3.8.1 Indole Alkylation -- 3.8.2 Furan Alkylation -- 3.9 Conclusions -- References. , 4 Ion Exchange Resins Catalysed Esterification for the Production of Value Added Petrochemicals and Oleochemicals -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Ion Exchange Resin Catalysed Esterification for the Production of Petrochemicals -- 4.2.1 Esterification of Acetic Acid -- 4.2.2 Esterification of Acrylic Acid -- 4.2.3 Esterification of Lactic Acid -- 4.2.4 Esterification of Maleic Acid -- 4.3 Ion Exchange Resin Catalysed Esterification for the Production of Oleochemicals -- 4.3.1 Esterification of Oleic Acid -- 4.4 Esterification of Butyric Acid -- 4.5 Esterification of Palmitic Acid -- 4.6 Esterification of Nanonoic Acid -- 4.7 Esterification of Free Fatty Acid in Plant Oil -- 4.8 Summary and Future Prospects -- References -- 5 Synthesis and Control of Silver Aggregates in Ion-Exchanged Silicate Glass by Thermal Annealing and Gamma Irradiation -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Materials and Methods -- 5.2.1 Glass Composition -- 5.2.2 Ion Exchange -- 5.2.3 Gamma Irradiation and Thermal Treatment -- 5.2.4 UV-Vis Optical Absorption Spectrometry -- 5.3 Results and Discussion -- 5.3.1 Effect of Ion Exchange Conditions -- 5.3.2 Effect of Thermal Annealing Conditions -- 5.3.3 Effect of Gamma Irradiation -- 5.3.4 Combined Effects of Gamma Irradiation and Thermal Annealing -- 5.4 Conclusion -- References -- 6 Use of Ion-Exchange Resin in Reactive Separation -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Use of Ion-Exchange Resin in Reactive Separation -- 6.2.1 Reactive Distillation (RD) -- 6.3 Reactive Chromatography (RC) -- 6.4 Reactive Extraction (RE) -- 6.5 Reactive Absorption (RA) -- 6.6 Conclusion -- References -- 7 Chromatographic Reactive Separations -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.1.1 Reactive Distillation (RD) -- 7.1.2 Reactive Chromatography (RC) -- 7.1.3 Reactive Extraction (RE) -- 7.1.4 Reactive Membranes (RM) -- 7.1.5 Reactive Crystallization (RCr) -- 7.2 Concluding Remarks -- References. , 8 Ion-Exchange Chromatography in Separation and Purification of Beverages -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Ion-Exchange Resins -- 8.2.1 Properties of Ion-Exchange Resins Used for Industrial Applications -- 8.2.2 Applications in Drinking Water Treatment -- 8.2.3 Major Ion-Exchange Processes in Water Treatment -- 8.2.4 Applications in Nonalcoholic Beverages -- 8.2.5 Applications in Alcoholic Beverages -- 8.3 Conclusions -- References -- 9 Ion Exchange Resin Technology in Recovery of Precious and Noble Metals -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Recovery of Metals from Their Pregnant Solutions -- 9.2.1 Gold -- 9.2.2 Recovery and Removal of Silver from Aqueous Industrial Solutions by Ion Exchange Technology -- 9.2.3 Removal of Copper from Industrial Effluents by Ion Exchange Technology -- 9.2.4 Uranium -- 9.2.5 Removal of Iron and Sulfate Ions from Copper Streams by Ion Exchange Technology -- 9.3 Conclusions -- References.