Note: Intro -- Foreword -- Preface -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- Microplastics in the Food Chain: Food Safety and Environmental Aspects -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Plastic Material -- 2.1 Top 5 Plastics Found in Waste -- 2.1.1 Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE) -- 2.1.2 Polypropylene (PP) -- 2.1.3 Polyphthalamide (PPA) -- 2.1.4 High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE) -- 2.1.5 Polyethylene (PE) -- 3 Degradation of Plastic Polymers -- 3.1 Biodegradable Plastic -- 4 Plastic Waste Disposal -- 4.1 Burying in Landfill -- 4.2 Incineration -- 4.3 Recycling -- 5 EU Legislation Regarding Plastic Waste -- 5.1 Circular Economy Action Plan -- 5.1.1 Make Recycling Profitable for Business -- 5.1.2 Curb Plastic Waste -- 5.1.3 Stop Littering at Sea -- 5.1.4 Drive Investment and Innovation -- 5.1.5 Spur Change Across the World -- 6 Environmental Aspects -- 6.1 Terrestrial Ecosystem -- 6.2 Marine Ecosystem -- 6.3 Freshwater Ecosystem -- 6.4 Microplastics in Aquatic Organisms of Commercial Interest -- 7 Food Safety Aspects -- 7.1 Adverse Effects -- 7.2 Potential Effects on Humans -- 8 Conclusions -- References -- Toxicity of Graphene: An Update -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Physiochemical Properties Determine the Fate and the Toxicity of Graphene -- 3 In Vitro Toxicity -- 4 In Vivo Toxicity -- 5 Simulation Studies on Graphene Toxicity -- 6 Environmental Toxicity -- 7 Toxicity Is Beneficial in the Context of Cancer and Microbiology! -- 8 How to Reduce the Toxicity? -- 9 Conclusion -- References -- Multi-Level Gene Expression in Response to Environmental Stress in Aquatic Invertebrate Chironomids: Potential Applications in... -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Chironomids as Bioindicator Species in Aquatic Ecosystem -- 3 Molecular Genetic Research on Environmental Stress in Chironomids -- 3.1 Gene Responses to Physical Stressors in Chironomids -- 3.1.1 Heat Shock -- 3.1.2 Temperature. , 3.2 Gene Responses to Chemical Stressors in Chironomids -- 3.2.1 UV Filters -- 3.2.2 Heavy Metals -- 3.2.3 Nanoparticles -- 3.2.4 Endocrine Disruptor Chemicals (EDCs) -- 3.2.5 Insecticides -- 3.2.6 Antibiotics -- 3.2.7 Herbicides -- 3.2.8 Fungicides and Biocides -- 3.2.9 Carcinogenic Substances and Synthetic Estrogen -- 3.2.10 Mixture and Field Exposure -- 4 Discussion -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- Role of Structural Morphology of Commodity Polymers in Microplastics and Nanoplastics Formation: Fragmentation, Effects and As... -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Plastics, Microplastics and Nanoplastics -- 2 Sources and Behaviour -- 2.1 Properties of Commodity Polymers -- 2.2 Mechanical Properties -- 3 Fragmentation Pathways -- 4 Common Commercial Plastics and Their MP/NP Derivatives -- 4.1 Thermoplastics -- 4.1.1 Polyethylene -- 4.1.2 Polypropylene -- 4.1.3 Polystyrene -- 4.1.4 Polyvinyl Chloride -- 4.1.5 Polyethylene Terephthalate -- 4.2 Thermosets -- 4.2.1 Polyurethane -- 4.2.2 Epoxy Resins -- 4.2.3 Poly(Styrene-Co-Divinylbenzene) -- 4.2.4 Styrene-Butadiene Rubber -- 5 Toxicity of Commodity Polymer MPs and NPs -- 5.1 Thermoplastics -- 5.1.1 Polyethylene -- 5.1.2 Polypropylene -- 5.1.3 Polystyrene -- 5.1.4 Polyvinyl Chloride -- 5.1.5 Polyethylene Terephthalate -- 5.2 Thermosets -- 5.2.1 Polyurethanes -- 5.2.2 Epoxy Resins -- 5.2.3 Poly(Styrene-Co-Divinylbenzene) -- 5.2.4 Styrene-Butadiene Rubber -- 5.2.5 Interactions with Other Contaminants -- 6 Detection -- 7 Regulations and International Initiatives -- 8 Conclusions -- References -- Prioritization of Pesticides for Assessment of Risk to Aquatic Ecosystems in Canada and Identification of Knowledge Gaps -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methods -- 2.1 Scope of the Review -- 2.2 Identification of Pesticides of Top Concern for Aquatic Biota -- 3 Pesticides in the Canadian Aquatic Environment. , 3.1 National Results and Regional Contexts -- 3.2 Top-Priority Active Ingredients -- 3.3 Review of Top-Priority Active Ingredients -- 3.3.1 Herbicides -- Atrazine -- Presence in the Aquatic Environment -- Toxicity Towards Aquatic Organisms -- Exposure Risks for Aquatic Organisms -- Diquat -- Presence in the Aquatic Environment -- Toxicity Towards Aquatic Organisms -- Exposure Risks for Aquatic Organisms -- S-Metolachlor -- Presence in the Aquatic Environment -- Toxicity Towards Aquatic Organisms -- Exposure Risks for Aquatic Organisms -- 3.3.2 Insecticides -- Chlorpyrifos -- Presence in the Aquatic Environment -- Toxicity Towards Aquatic Organisms -- Exposure Risks for Aquatic Organisms -- Clothianidin -- Presence in the Aquatic Environment -- Toxicity Towards Aquatic Organisms -- Exposure Risks for Aquatic Organisms -- Permethrin -- Presence in the Aquatic Environment -- Toxicity Towards Aquatic Organisms -- Exposure Risks for Aquatic Organisms -- 3.3.3 Fungicides -- Chlorothalonil -- Presence in the Aquatic Environment -- Toxicity Towards Aquatic Organisms -- Exposure Risks for Aquatic Organisms -- 4 General Knowledge Gaps and Recommendations -- 4.1 Baseline Fish and Fish Habitat Data -- 4.2 Pesticide Monitoring Data -- 4.3 Marine and Sediment Benchmarks -- 4.4 Mixture Toxicity -- 4.5 Study Design and Analytical Methods for Compounds with Low Benchmarks -- 4.6 Habitat and Food Web-Mediated Effects on Fish -- 4.7 Current-Use and Legacy Pesticides in the Arctic -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- Correction to: Prioritization of Pesticides for Assessment of Risk to Aquatic Ecosystems in Canada and Identification of Knowl.