Beschreibung: Cells in multicellular organisms are genetically heterogeneous owing to somatic mutations. The accumulation of somatic genetic variation in species undergoing asexual (or clonal) reproduction (termed modular species) may lead to phenotypic heterogeneity among modules. However, abundance and dynamics of somatic genetic variation under clonal growth, a widespread life history in nature, remain poorly understood. Here we show that branching events in a seagrass clone or genet leads to population bottlenecks at the cellular level and hence the evolution of genetically differentiated modules. Studying inter-module somatic genetic variation, we uncovered thousands of SNPs that segregated among modules. The strength of purifying selection on mosaic genetic variation was greater at the intra-module comparing with the inter-module level. Our study provides evidence for the operation of selection at multiple levels, of cell population and modules. Somatic genetic drift leads to the emergence of genetically unique modules; hence, modules in long-lived clonal species constitute an appropriate elementary level of selection and individuality.

Beschreibung: Underway temperature and salinity data was collected along the cruise track with a thermosalinograph (TSG) together with a SBE38 Thermometer. Both systems worked throughout the cruise. While temperature is taken at the water inlet in about 4 m depth, salinity is estimated within the interior TSG from conductivity and interior temperature. No temperature calibration was performed. Salinity was calibrated with independent water samples taken at the water inlet. For details to all processing steps see Data Processing Report.

Beschreibung: This dataset includes information specific to the Eco-Evo assay applied to a long-term community selection experiment after 80,186, and 288 days. The community contained Emiliania huxleyi and Chaetoceros affinis (details about Species and genotypes used can be found in doi:10.1098/rsbl.2016.0774). The long-term community selection phase to ambient and high CO2 (400 and 1250ppm, respectively) started on the 10th of January 2017, details about the sorting phase in semi-continuous batch cycles can be found in doi:10.1594/PANGAEA.887780. Here, the raw data from the subsequent Eco-Evo assay are presented, as well as the calculated relative importance of species and genotype sorting.The first eco-evo Assay (after 80 days) previously served to validate the new method (https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2435.13923) and Abundance (column 8) of Time 80 (first 25 rows) and the calculated relative contribution to total changes of that timepoint (column 28- first 4 rows) are also included in the previous dataset (https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.896220). Abundance-weighted means are calculated as the sum of each species' cell abundances multiplied with their respective trait, divided by the total cell abundance. Relative Importance of eco-evolutionary changes to the total change are calculated following the formula given in Hattich et al 2022 (https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2435.13923).

Beschreibung: Underway temperature and salinity data was collected along the cruise track with a thermosalinograph (TSG) together with a SBE38 Thermometer. Both systems worked throughout the cruise. While temperature is taken at the water inlet in about 4 m depth, salinity is estimated within the interior TSG from conductivity and interior temperature. No temperature calibration was performed. Salinity was calibrated with independent water samples taken at the water inlet. For details to all processing steps see Data Processing Report.

Beschreibung: This dataset includes information specific to the Eco-Evo assay applied to a long-term community selection experiment after 80,186, and 288 days. The community contained Emiliania huxleyi and Chaetoceros affinis (details about Species and genotypes used can be found in doi:10.1098/rsbl.2016.0774 ). The long-term community selection phase to ambient and high CO2 (400 and 1250ppm, respectively) started on the 10th of January 2017, details about the sorting phase in semi-continuous batch cycles can be found in doi:10.1594/PANGAEA.887780 . Here, the raw data from the subsequent Eco-Evo assay are presented, as well as the calculated relative importance of species and genotype sorting. The first eco-evo Assay (after 80 days) previously served to validate the new method (https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2435.13923) and Abundance (column 8) of Time 80 (first 25 rows) and the calculated relative contribution to total changes of that timepoint (column 28- first 4 rows) are also included in the previous dataset (https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.896220). Abundance-weighted means are calculated as the sum of each species' cell abundances multiplied with their respective trait, divided by the total cell abundance. Relative Importance of eco-evolutionary changes to the total change are calculated following the formula given in Hattich et al 2022 (https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2435.13923). Nutrients were measured at the end of the assay when most communities have reached stationary phase with a Autoanalyzer (Thermo Scientific Flash).

Beschreibung: Measurements of cell size, cell density, nutrient concentration and genotype composition in a long-term experiment (182 days) with the marine phytoplankton species Chaetoceros affinis and Emiliania huxleyi, each consisting of nine genotypes. The species were cultivated together at three different nutrient regimes (10 N, 20 N, 30 N) with increasing nitrate supply in a semi-continuous batch cycle system. The genotype composition of both species was assessed after 49, 91, and 182 days using microsatellites. In a short-term experiment cell size and density of nine Chaetoceros affinis genotypes separately were measured after 7 days growth at seven nitrate levels (2.5, 5, 7.5, 12.5, 20, 30, and 45 μmol L−1 N).

Beschreibung: This dataset includes information specific to the Eco-Evo assay applied to a long-term community selection experiment after 80,186, and 288 days. Nutrients were measured at the end of the assay when most communities have reached stationary phase with a Autoanalyzer (Thermo Scientific Flash).

Beschreibung: Onboard, cephalopods were identified morphologically to the lowest taxonomic level possible (species, genus or family), and whole specimens were preserved in formalin as voucher. In addition, tissue samples of some specimen were collected and preserved in ethanol for barcoding and the genetic reference database used for eDNA metabarcoding.

Beschreibung: Pelagic video transects with the Pelagic In-Situ Observation System (PELAGIOS, (Hoving et al., 2019a)) were conducted during the cruises MSM49 (Christiansen et al., 2016) (transects between 30 and 1000 m, total towing duration 〉 80h), MSM61 (Fiedler et al., 2020) (transects between 80 and 1200 m, total hours of observations 〉 32h), POS520 (Hoving et al., 2018, p. 520) (transects between 30 and 2500 m, total hours of observations 27h), POS532 (Hoving et al., 2019b) (transects between 30 and 990 m, total hours of observations 19h) and M119 (Brandt, 2016) (transects between 50 and 700 m, total hours of observations 〉 20h) between 2015 and 2019 (Figure 1). PELAGIOS is a battery powered, high-definition camera system that is towed horizontally via a single-wired conductive sea-cable at 0.5 m s -1. Around 0.45 m2 of the water column in front of the camera is illuminated with an LED array. The attached depth sensor and/or a sensor for conductivity, temperature and depth (CTD) with oxygen sensor allows for hydrographic measurements and depth monitoring during transects. Pelagic video transects were conducted between 11-33 minutes per depth, towing the camera horizontally at specified depths. A deep-sea telemetry system allows for transmission of a low-resolution preview of the recorded video. During the cruises POS520 and POS532 the manned submersible JAGO (GEOMAR, Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research) was used for 30 deployments of about four hours each between the surface and 350 m water depth. During the dives, video was recorded by a high-resolution camera. The videos taken during the PELAGIOS and JAGO dives were annotated manually using the Video Annotation and Reference System (VARS) developed at the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, which allows annotation and congruent collection of video frames. We also provide raw data on environmental DNA samples taken during POS532 in February 2019 at five stations. The stations off the islands Santo Antão and Fogo were close to the coast (maximum sampled depth 2500 m), CVOO was a reference station in the open ocean (maximum sampled depth 3000 m) and the stations Cyclone and Anticyclone were located eddies that had formed in the wake of Fogo and had propagated southwards (maximum sampled depths 2200 and 600 m, respectively). Per sampled depth, three biological replicates of two liters of seawater each were collected from three different 10 liter Niskin bottles mounted on a CTD rosette. For filtration, 0.22 µm pore size Sterivex-GP filter (Merck Millipore) were directly connected to the Niskin bottle with sterile tubing. The weight of the water in the Niskin bottles was sufficient to filter two liters of seawater per filter. The filters were closed with sterile plastic caps and stored at -80°C until further processing in the laboratory.

Beschreibung: Net catches of cephalopods were obtained during the cruises POS320/2 (March 2005), MSM49 (November/December 2015) and WH383 (March/April 2015) off Cabo Verde at a total of 18 stations at depths between 0 and 1000 m. Cephalopods were caught during POS320/2 with either a Isaacs-Kidd midwater trawl (IKMT) with a 6 m2 net opening, 4 mm mesh size equipped with a flowmeter, a Hydro-Bios Multinet Maxi with a 0.5 m2 net opening and 500 µm mesh size between the surface and 250 m water depth, or an 80 feet bottom trawl. Net sampling during MSM49 was conducted with two types of multiple opening/closing nets (MOCNESS) and an IKMT. The smaller MOCNESS had a net opening of 1 m2 opening (three nets with a mesh size of 2 mm and six nets with a mesh size of 335 μm) and the larger MOCNESS a net opening of 10 m2 opening (five nets, mesh size: 1.5 mm) and were deployed between the surface to 1000 m. The IKMT had a net opening of 7 m2 and ended in a cod end of 500 µm mesh size. It was deployed to a maximum depth of 500 m. During WH383 a pelagic trawl ('Aalnetz', Engel Netze, Bremerhaven, Germany) with a mouth opening of 16 x 30 m, length of 150 m including multiple opening-closing device, 260 meshes by 180 cm stretched mesh size at the front, a cod end 20 mm stretched mesh-opening and a 1.8 mm inlet sewn into last 1 m of cod end was used with a multisampler (Construction Services AS, Bergen, Norway) allowing depth-stratified sampling. During WH383 three strata (mean vertical extension of ca. 40 m) were trawled mostly during night and one time during daytime at depths between 30 and 700 m in horizontal tows for 30 minutes per stratum with a mean speed of three knots (2.8-3.3 kn). During this cruise, night trawls took place at 22:00 local time, and the day-time trawl at 12:00 local time. Onboard, cephalopods were identified morphologically to the lowest taxonomic level possible (species, genus or family), and whole specimens were preserved in formalin as voucher. In addition, tissue samples of some specimen were collected and preserved in ethanol for barcoding and the genetic reference database used for eDNA metabarcoding. Pelagic video transects with the Pelagic In-Situ Observation System (PELAGIOS, (Hoving et al., 2019a)) were conducted during the cruises MSM49 (Christiansen et al., 2016) (transects between 30 and 1000 m, total towing duration 〉 80h), MSM61 (Fiedler et al., 2020) (transects between 80 and 1200 m, total hours of observations 〉 32h), POS520 (Hoving et al., 2018, p. 520) (transects between 30 and 2500 m, total hours of observations 27h), POS532 (Hoving et al., 2019b) (transects between 30 and 990 m, total hours of observations 19h) and M119 (Brandt, 2016) (transects between 50 and 700 m, total hours of observations 〉 20h) between 2015 and 2019 (Figure 1). PELAGIOS is a battery powered, high-definition camera system that is towed horizontally via a single-wired conductive sea-cable at 0.5 m s -1. Around 0.45 m2 of the water column in front of the camera is illuminated with an LED array. The attached depth sensor and/or a sensor for conductivity, temperature and depth (CTD) with oxygen sensor allows for hydrographic measurements and depth monitoring during transects. Pelagic video transects were conducted between 11-33 minutes per depth, towing the camera horizontally at specified depths. A deep-sea telemetry system allows for transmission of a low-resolution preview of the recorded video. During the cruises POS520 and POS532 the manned submersible JAGO (GEOMAR, Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research) was used for 30 deployments of about four hours each between the surface and 350 m water depth. During the dives, video was recorded by a high-resolution camera. The videos taken during the PELAGIOS and JAGO dives were annotated manually using the Video Annotation and Reference System (VARS) developed at the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, which allows annotation and congruent collection of video frames. We also provide raw data on environmental DNA samples taken during POS532 in February 2019 at five stations. The stations off the islands Santo Antão and Fogo were close to the coast (maximum sampled depth 2500 m), CVOO was a reference station in the open ocean (maximum sampled depth 3000 m) and the stations Cyclone and Anticyclone were located eddies that had formed in the wake of Fogo and had propagated southwards (maximum sampled depths 2200 and 600 m, respectively). Per sampled depth, three biological replicates of two liters of seawater each were collected from three different 10 liter Niskin bottles mounted on a CTD rosette. For filtration, 0.22 µm pore size Sterivex-GP filter (Merck Millipore) were directly connected to the Niskin bottle with sterile tubing. The weight of the water in the Niskin bottles was sufficient to filter two liters of seawater per filter. The filters were closed with sterile plastic caps and stored at -80°C until further processing in the laboratory.