Beschreibung: In September 2021, the La Fossa crater at Vulcano, in Italy, entered a new phase of unrest. We discuss a set of monitoring parameters included in the INGV surveillance network, which closely tracked the sequence of effects related to the crisis. The low-frequency local seismicity sharply increased, while the GPS and tiltmeter networks recorded the inflation of the cone, as an effect of fluid expansion in the hydrothermal system. Gravity variations were probably the effects of fast processes within shallow sources. The anomalies in soil CO2 flux, fumarole temperature, and in plume SO2 flux marked the strong increase in the vapor output from crater fumaroles. The signs of the impending crisis had been evident in the chemical and isotopic composition of fumarole gases since July 2021. These geochemical anomalies were clearly indicative of the enhanced input of gases from a magmatic source. In October, the massive degassing also influenced the areas at the base of the cone. In some areas, soil CO2 degassing and the thermal aquifer recorded strong anomalies. By early November, the crisis reached its acme. Afterward, the monitored parameters started a slow and discontinuous decreasing trend although remaining, some of them, sensibly above the background for several months. The multidisciplinary approach proved decisive for the interpretation of the underlying processes acting in the different phases of the unrest, thus allowing a consistent evaluation of the multiple hazards.

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: 1405

Beschreibung: OSV2: Complessità dei processi vulcanici: approcci multidisciplinari e multiparametrici

Beschreibung: JCR Journal

Beschreibung: The widespread lack of awareness of seismic hazard and the inadequate preparedness to protect people and property explains the high cost of damage caused by earthquakes worldwide to date. Efficient communication is of paramount importance as part of effective risk mitigation strategies. Over the past twenty years, efforts have been pursued at the local, regional, national, and international level to disseminate information on seismic hazard to populations at risk.Focusing on Europe, we analyze the main features of seismic risk communication from 2000 to 2022, and present here an overview of the results obtained based on a scoping review of the scientific literature. Our review was conducted on publications selected from Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases and the information was gathered on the basis of the 5 ‘Ws questions’ (Who, What, When, Where, and Why). Overall, the selected publications document the relatively limited engagement of the scientific community in this risk field compared to other natural disasters. Nevertheless, the growing trend over time of publications dealing with seismic risk communication highlights the effort to attract selected targeted audiences (particularly children), using new contents, methods of implementation, and channels such as social networks and the Internet.

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: Berlino (Germania)

Beschreibung: OST2 Deformazione e Hazard sismico e da maremoto

Beschreibung: Although earthquakes are a threat in many countries and considerable resources have been invested in safety regulations, communities at risk often lack awareness and preparedness. Risk communication is a key tool for building resilient communities, raising awareness, and increasing preparedness. Over the past 2 decades, seismic risk communication has evolved significantly. This has led to a reorientation from a predominantly “one-way”, top-down communication model to the promotion of new models in which people, their needs, and their participation in disaster risk management are central elements. The 2015–2030 Sendai Framework recommendations, recent disaster experiences and research have highlighted that new models can improve communication effectiveness. In this paper, we critically explore this transition by conducting a scoping review (n=109 publications) of seismic risk communication in Europe. We analyse the approaches, messages, tools, and channels used for seismic risk communication and how they have changed over time. The results reveal that the stated goals of seismic risk communication are, in decreasing order, to share information, raise awareness, change behaviours/beliefs, and increase preparedness. Pupils, students, and citizens are the primary recipients of communication activities. Over the years, two trends have emerged. First, “two-way”, transdisciplinary and bottom-up communication models prevailed over the “one-way” model. Second, communication aimed more at promoting proactive behaviours than just informing the public. Face-to-face, hands-on activities, and serious games are key tools to engage with the public. The results also reveal the emerging role of social media to target different audiences/social groups. Strikingly, only one-fifth of the analysed publications explicitly build on or tests risk communication theories. Future research could focus on comparing practices across countries and risks (e.g., earthquakes and floods) and on innovating communication theories and methodologies, especially by incorporating the role of information technologies and social media.

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: 1155576

Beschreibung: OST2 Deformazione e Hazard sismico e da maremoto

Beschreibung: JCR Journal

Beschreibung: This catalog has been developed in the framework of the Pianeta Dinamico 2023-2025 WUnderVul Project, Progetto Dipartimentale INGV.

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: OSV4: Preparazione alle crisi vulcaniche

Beschreibung: A Vulcanian eruption is described as an eruptive style with strong explosive characteristics. The name derives from the island of Vulcano in Italy, the first place in which it was observed during the last eruptive activity between 1888 and 1890. In this paper we analyze the seismicity recorded at Vulcano during a seismic unrest starting in September 2021 and still present as of November 2022. The distinctive feature of this seismicity is the presence of a variety of signals, most of which have a very long period (\textasciitilde0.5 s) signature. Low frequency content is interpreted as due to fluid involvement. Therefore, the high occurrence rate of VLP seismicity is a potential indication of pressure buildup within the volcanic system, and may herald phreatomagmatic activity (usually the first stage of a Vulcanian eruption), with serious consequences for inhabitants and tourists.Our analyses exploit machine learning procedures, with particular reference to pattern classification, at the aim of identifying varying classes of seismic events and trace their evolution over time. This classification can be useful for surveillance purposes contributing, along with other early warning methods, to reduce the devastating consequences of eruptions for people and property.

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: Berlino (Germania)

Beschreibung: OST5 Verso un nuovo Monitoraggio

Beschreibung: Recent advances in underwater and airborne robotic systems and ocean technologies have opened new perspectives in marine geology and its applications in the context of coastal and marine economic activities, whose sustainable development is increasingly acknowledged as a pillar for the new blue economy. BridgET (Bridging the gap between the land and the sea in a virtual Environment for innovative Teaching and community involvement in the science of climate change-induced marine and coastal geohazard) is an EU ERASMUS+ project designed to develop innovative and inclusive teaching methods to address a growing demand for strategic skills and scientific expertise in the field of 3D geological mapping of coastal environments. Seamless integration of the wide variety of multisource and multiscale onshore, nearshore and offshore geospatial data is indeed one of the main areas for improvement in the implementation of efficient management practices in coastal regions, where climate change, rising sea level, and geohazards are considerable environmental issues. BridgET involves a partnership consisting of six European universities with outstanding expertise in the study of geological hazards, and climate impacts in marine and coastal areas (i.e., University of Milano-Bicocca, Italy, Arctic University of Tromsø/CAGE - Norway, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens - Greece, Kiel University, Germany, University of Liege – Belgium, and the University of Malta), two Italian research institutes (INGV and INAF) and a German company (Orthodrone GmvH) specialized in UAS-based LiDAR and photogrammetry data acquisition services and analyses. Project implementation relies on delivering learning and teaching activities through dedicated summer schools for MSc students by efficiently combining the partner’s expertise. Schools focus on giving students a hands-on experience with the variety of methods and procedures adopted in geospatial data acquisition and processing, including the use of drones (Uncrewed Aerial System – UAS), acoustic remote sensing techniques and underwater robotic systems, together with the progress made by computer visions and digital image analysis by using Artificial Intelligence (AI). Students are also introduced to the opportunity to easily examine multiple viewing angles of the seabed and coastal 3D surfaces by using immersive and nonimmersive Virtual Reality (VR), to bring them closer to a more straightforward observation of geomorphological data and geological phenomena. The first Summer School was held in Santorini between the 3rd and 14th of October, 2022. It was attended by 26 students coming from 13 different countries. Teaching and learning activities included several classrooms, fieldwork, laboratory sessions, and seven seminars and cultural visits dealing with transversal topics, allowing students to approach an integrated understanding of human interaction with physical processes from social and economic perspectives. In this presentation, we give examples of course content used to allow students to develop a deeper understanding of theoretical and practical knowledge of climate-induced coastal and marine geohazards. Participants' opinions on the quality of the offered learning/training activities of the Erasmus+ BridgET Santorini Summer School (collected through a dedicated questionnaire) will also be presented. Erasmus+ BridgET Team: Varvara Antoniou, Fabio Luca Bonali, Clara Drummer, Theynushya Esalingam, Luca Fallati, Susanna Falsaperla, Felix Gross, Hans-Balder havenith, Juri Klusak, Sebastian Krastel, Iver Martens, Aaron Micallef, Paraskevi Nomikou, Giuliana Panieri, Danilo Reitano, Julian Teege, Alessandro Tibaldi, Andrea Giulia Varzi, Fabio Vitello, Othonas Vlasopoulos

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: Vienna (Austria)

Beschreibung: OSA4: Ambiente marino, fascia costiera ed Oceanografia operativa

Beschreibung: The catalog consists of the dataset of the major explosions and paroxysms recorded at Stromboli from Jan. 1970 to Oct. 2023, as reconstructed through a detailed review of monitoring bulletins and reports, previous catalogs, and scientific literature of the last ca. 50 years. The catalog includes the calendar date, GMT time and phenomena descriptions for 89 explosive events, of which 4 were paroxysms, 51 were major explosions, and 34 were uncertain major explosions, i.e. explosions of unclear characterization that could have been major explosions or ordinary activity. We detailed the event information content in five columns – (i) seismicity, (ii) sound/air shock, (iii) vents involved, (iv) ash plume/fallout, (v) ballistic projectiles. In addition, we indicated if there were any: (vi) field survey, (vii) pumices erupted, (viii) fires, (ix) map of the products, (x) photo/video of the event, (xi) hot avalanche, (xii) lava flow. The catalog also includes a list of the original literature sources that helped us in the complex characterization of the explosive events. We finally reported if there were people affected by the events, and any previous catalog that comprised them. In our analysis (see also Bevilacqua et al., 2020b), we mostly relied on the detailed characterization of major explosions and paroxysms in Rosi et al. 2013 that provided quantitative constraints on total duration, fallout volume, mass discharge rate, ballistic size, ballistic range and column height of ordinary activity, major explosions, and paroxysms. In several cases, we had to carefully evaluate the original description of the phenomena, due to insufficient quantitative information in the scientific literature. In particular, we considered the hazardous area affected by large ballistic projectiles as the main discriminant factor to distinguish between ordinary activity, major explosions and paroxysms. This area is limited to the Crater Terrace and upper Sciara del Fuoco in case of ordinary activity, to the summit area of the volcano and Sciara del Fuoco during major explosions, and can extend down to low elevations along large part of the island, and sometimes beyond the shoreline, during the paroxysms (Barberi et al., 1993). We also considered several other factors, including the height of the plume, the amount of ash and scoria fallout, the occurrence and strength of any associated shock wave. The occurrence of fires associated with the violent explosive activity was assumed as a good marker for a major explosion too (Rosi et al., 2013). Whilst identifying the paroxysms was relatively straightforward, several possible major explosions were not clearly distinguishable from particularly violent episodes of ordinary Strombolian activity. Thus, our historical record includes the quantification of the main sources of uncertainty, i.e. the possibility of 34 major explosions of uncertain characterization because of insufficient information. We followed a conservative approach and we classified as “uncertain major explosions” all the explosive events for which we could not exclude they were major explosions. This particular case often occurs in the 1970s, 1980s and 1990s, before the installation of surveillance cameras, and, afterwards, when these cameras were not operating for bad weather conditions or temporary malfunctions. In addition, the catalog includes 41 seismic sequences typically associated with higher-than-usual explosive activity but with a size significantly smaller than that of major explosions. These events may have produced a limited ballistic fallout just outside of the crater terrace, i.e. few tens of meters, or short lived effusive activity (e.g. intra-crateric), but they are not associated with the dangerous ballistic fallout of major explosions. About these seismic sequences, we relied on the characterization in Falsaperla & Spampinato, 2003, that is a variable number of explosion quakes in rapid succession (i.e. from tens of seconds to a few minutes), associated with a notable increment in the amplitude of volcanic tremor. This definition relies on the availability of seismic registrations, and therefore a significant under-recording may affect the period before June, 1985, when seismic records started to be acquired continuously at Stromboli. Afterwards, short lapses in the available registrations possibly generated slight underrecording of the seismic sequences in the 1990s and 2000s. Since 2003/2004 the improvement in the seismic network significantly reduced the possible underrecording of seismic sequences. The catalog is accompanied by four supporting files. Supporting Material S1 is a table summary of all the events in the catalog, including a synoptic panel comparing the new catalog to the pre-existing catalogs. Supporting Material S2 is the collection of excerpts from the source documents, including the original figures and descriptions. Supporting Material S3 is the bibliography; a digital version of the literature sources referenced is available from the corresponding author. Supporting Material S4 is an addendum catalog that comprises the descriptions of a number of supplementary explosive events reported as anomalous in literature or monitoring files for various reasons, but not classified by us as paroxysms, major explosions, uncertain major explosions, or seismic sequences. This catalog is complementary to the historical catalog Bevilacqua et al. (2020a), which comprises the years from 1879 to 1960. In the time interval between 1960 and 1970 no major explosions or paroxysms were recorded; however, some under-recording of major explosions might affect that decade. The modeling and estimation of inter-event time and temporal rate of major explosions and paroxysms at Stromboli volcano is detailed in Bevilacqua et al. (2020b) based on the data available at that time. Finally, it is worth mentioning that the present catalog is based on the above reported criteria to characterize the ordinary activity, major explosions and paroxysms which are mostly oriented to the assessment of the hazard associated with the explosive activity of Stromboli. It should also be recognized that a well-defined boundary between these categories may not exist. The catalog is open and dynamic and welcomes contributions from other sources and new information in order to make it more complete and robust.

Beschreibung: Dipartimento della Protezione Civile, Italia

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: OSV1: Verso la previsione dei fenomeni vulcanici pericolosi

Beschreibung: Since the 1980s various international directives and frameworks have acknowledged the potential of risk communication to foster community empowerment. However, to achieve empowerment, communication has to be effective. When it comes to natural disasters, such as earthquakes, science communication requires the involvement of communities as a whole, promoting bottom-up strategies and proactive engagement. In this light, we conducted a scoping review of scientific publications on seismic risk communication in Europe published between 2000 and 2022. We focused on how seismic risk communication has changed in that time span, looking for targeted approaches, tools, recipients and channels. Here we provide an overview of the results obtained from the analysis of 109 selected publications, also highlighting the importance of scientific communication as a transnational problem, due to the mobility of modern society. Our study reveals that seismic risk communication in Europe is becoming increasingly proactive, focusing on a bottom-up strategy that relies on youth to build the resilience of future generations. The potential for the community empowerment has been primarily addressed with seismic risk communication during the pre-crisis phase of the disaster, when risk awareness can be effectively raised. Social media are increasingly used to provide timely and actionable information in times of crisis, to engage citizens within a two-way risk communication model, in the pre-crisis time, and to provide scientific data for post-disaster processing. The future agenda of seismic risk communication in Europe should focus on building trust with the public, moving towards a three-way model of seismic risk communication and, even more importantly, taking action to curb the spread of fake news and their negative impact on disaster management. Last but not least, more efforts should be made to link practice and theory and explicitly build seismic risk communication on theoretical models.

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: San Francisco, California, USA

Beschreibung: OS: Terza missione

Beschreibung: In mid-September 2021 there was a rapid increase in geophysical and geochemical parameters on the island of Vulcano, Italy, reaching alarming values. This phase of unrest aroused serious concern among Civil Protection, local authorities and the scientific community due to the risk of phreatomagmatic activity, with potentially serious repercussions on the inhabitants of the island and on visiting tourists. The beginning of the unrest was marked by a high occurrence rate of local micro-seismicity related to fluid dynamics within the shallower hydrothermal system (mainly Long Period and Very Long Period events); Volcano-Tectonic (VT) earthquakes increased in late October after most of the monitored parameters reached their climax. Afterwards, major episodes of VT activity were also recorded from March to April and at the end of the year 2022, when an earthquake of ML 4.6 occurred on December 4, SW of the island of Vulcano. Here, we analyze the VT earthquakes from January 2020 to December 2022, in terms of space-time distribution, energy release and focal mechanisms in the framework of the regional geodynamic context and in the light of the main characteristics of the seismic activity recorded in the Vulcano area over the past 36 years.

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: San Francisco, California, USA

Beschreibung: OST3 Vicino alla faglia

Beschreibung: Seismic hazard assessment is particularly relevant in case of unrest of quiescent volcanoes. The case of the sudden unrest of Vulcano, Italy, in September 2021 is an example of this, due to its potential threat of phreatic explosions 131 years after the end of its last Vulcanian eruption. The geophysical (e.g., seismic activity, ground deformation) and geochemical parameters (gas composition and temperature of fumaroles) abruptly increased and remained high for several months, forcing Italian authorities to evacuate some families from areas with high values of CO2. Despite the decades-long monitoring of the Vulcano Island, it was difficult to gather information concerning old geophysical and geochemical data, as most of them were in analog format and/or dispersed in old repositories. In this light, we have reviewed available seismic data since 1985, when another unrest occurred. Our data collection focused on identifying the main characteristics of the seismic activity on and around the island, reducing uncertainties for the assessment of future seismic scenarios.

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: Lacco Ameno, Ischia Island (Italy)

Beschreibung: OST2 Deformazione e Hazard sismico e da maremoto