Description: The dataset consists of temperature measurements of the porous ground (loose volcanic breccia). The temperature data were acquired for 3 years, from 30 September 2009 to 14 September 2012. Name of the station BTL, site location Latitude: 37.780675° Longitude: 15.008787°. BTL station was located at a distance of about 120 m (meters) from the fumarole vents that developed at an altitude of about 2470 m a.s.l. (above sea level) on Mt. Etna's North-East Rift. Approximate location of the fumarole vents: 33S 500740E; 4181593N. The volcanic feature that suggested the label for the monitoring station (BTL) is the neighbor “Bottoniera Line of craters”, on the northern flank of Etna. The temperature data have been recorded on a vertical line of four PT1000 sensors (temperature range of –40 °C to 150 °C, accuracy ±0.2 °C, resolution ±0.1 °C); the distance between each sensor was 0.15 m, thus the total depth of the monitored profile was 0.60 meter. A data-logger (model EBRO EBI 2T-313 four-channel) protected by a watertight case, acquired and stored data every hour, for about three years. The stored data file was downloaded once, at the end of the monitoring period, and none touched the probes in the monitored site during the monitoring period of time. The uploaded file includes all the raw measurements for the temperature profiles showing a linear correlation (R2) higher than 0.990 because these have been used by the author for further evaluations of the heat flux from the ground, possibly related to the volcanic activity (Diliberto et al., 2018 (doi:10.1007/s00445-018-1198-0); Diliberto & Gennaro, 2022(doi:10.3390/app12094471)). The profiles of temperature showing a not ideal linear fitting (R2 lower than 0.990) have been filtered out from the dataset.

Description: The peripheral area of Stromboli Island, Italy, named “Scari”,was continuously studied between January 2009 and December 2010. Data on soil CO2 flux and the partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) in equilibrium with the thermal aquifer linked to the magmatic system are presented. Soil CO2 fluxes range from 20 to 370 g m−2 d−1 and have been strongly affected by soil temperature variations. Soil CO2 flux data were filtered with respect to the soil temperature and the calculated values, called “residuals”, were considered to detect changes induced by the magmatic system. The pCO2 values change in a wide range from 0.03 to 0.6 (atm), showing rapid variations. The results of this study showthat in the volcanic peripheral area, the degassing process of soil CO2 is determined not only by the CO2 released directly from the magma but also by gas–water interactions in the aquifer. The aquifer is able to dissolve the high amount of CO2 discharged by the magmatic system. Moreover, the “residuals” of CO2 flux diffused from the soil show a delay on the order of ~1 month with respect to the pCO2 in equilibrium with the aquifer. The soil CO2 flux is therefore not directly linked to the uprising of magmatic CO2 but instead depends on the CO2 discharged fromthe aquifer, which buffers and modulates the volatile changes released by the magmatic system. © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

Description: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia – Palermo (INGV)

Description: Published

Description: 110-116

Description: 4V. Dinamica dei processi pre-eruttivi

Description: JCR Journal

Description: Una stazione per il monitoraggio delle variazioni del flusso di calore dal suolo è stata installata all’isola di Vulcano sul cono attivo di La Fossa, all’esterno del campo fumarolico di alta temperatura. La stazione misura i valori di temperatura del suolo a sei differenti profondità, lungo uno stesso profilo verticale. Le misure consentono di ottenere il gradiente di temperatura (°C/m) nel suolo ed il coefficiente di correlazione lineare (R2) delle temperature registrate lungo il profilo. Tali parametri (R2 e °C/m) consentono di determinare il flusso di calore nei periodi in cui la componente conduttiva è la principale forma di trasporto del calore. La stazione è stata progettata ed assemblata nel laboratorio di elettronica della sezione di Palermo dell’INGV e utilizza un programma di acquisizione ed un sistema di trasmissione interamente progettati e sviluppati dallo stesso personale. Dopo un primo periodo di osservazione dei dati e di verifiche tecniche la stazione, denominata Bordosud, è entrata nel sistema di monitoraggio geochimico dell’attività di Vulcano gestito dalle Sezione di Palermo dell’INGV. L’energia termica rilasciata da un sistema vulcanico è un parametro di primaria importanza per la sorveglianza dell’attività vulcanica. Durante i periodi intereruttivi, il calore rilasciato attraverso la circolazione dei fluidi idrotermali e l’energia termica associata all’emissione di vapore attraverso i campi fumarolici costituiscono una buona parte dell’energia totale rilasciata dal vulcano.

Description: INGV

Description: Published

Description: 1.2. TTC - Sorveglianza geochimica delle aree vulcaniche attive

Description: open

Description: Vulcano, the southernmost island of the Aeolian archipelago (Italy), is presently characterized by active fumarolic fields located along the rim of La Fossa cone and the shoreline of the Baia di Levante beach, in the northern portion of the island.The Baia di Levante fumarolic vents are fed by a shallow hydrothermal aquifer heated by magmatic gases rising from the deep down, with a spatial distribution strongly affected by the local fracture network. These fractures are the expression of a deformation field, dominated by a northward motion to Lipari, abruptly decaying to the Vulcanello peninsula, immediately northward of the Baia di Levante beach. Variable rates of fluid transfer to the surface, following permeability changes affecting the fracture network are among the results of stress field variations over time which induce fluctuations in the pressure state of the hydrothermal system. Under these conditions, increments in hydrothermal gas flow, able to cause an increase of gas hazard, could be determined by a rearrangement of the shallow permeability distribution induced by changes in the deformation field. In this case not associated to any variation in the volcanic activity state. Since 2009 an huge gas flow increment has been noticed in some undersea vents of the Baia di Levante area, leading to increase of gas hazard in their immediate surroundings. On the contrary, the acquired data from the INGV volcanic surveillance program didn’t suggest any correlated increase of the magmatic fluid component in the degassing activity.In July 2015, we carried out multi-parametric geochemical surveys in this area, based on direct (thermocouple) and indirect (thermal infrared camera and pyrometer) soil temperature, soil CO2 flux, atmospheric concentration of CO2 and H2S measurements at low elevation (one meter a.s.l.). The chemical and isotopic composition of low temperature fumarole gases was determined too.The comparison of the new data with previous surveys carried out in the same area, and the general information from the INGV monitoring program exclude a possible renewal of volcanic activity as the source for the observed anomalies.The most reliable cause for the observed localized gas flow anomalies should therefore be referred to a rearrangement of the local shallow permeability field driven by geodynamic stress variations. The differential subsidence rate acting in the Baia di Levante area, as resulting from the geodetic data from literature, could be accounted as the engine able to close and open fractures, modifying the permeability distribution and, finally, conveying major amount of gases in restricted areas where an increased gas hazard is observed.

Description: Published

Description: Vienna, Austria

Description: 4V. Dinamica dei processi pre-eruttivi

Description: 6V. Pericolosità vulcanica e contributi alla stima del rischio

Description: 2SR. VULCANI - Servizi e ricerca per la Società

Description: At Vulcano (Aeolian Islands, Italy), different measurement methods have been developed for more than 30 years and models were formulated to account for the real time evolution of the actual solphataric activity. The results of a long term monitoring of surface temperature and of CO2 flux from soil, reviewed in a multidisciplinary framework, are presented here. These two parameters, monitored at the ground surface, highlighted local variations of the hydrothermal release and the time series of data showed in several instances, different range of values. The background and anomalous ranges defined by this long term monitoring are robust by a statistical point of view. The long term data-series offered a useful tool to verify conceptual framework and to better define the natural hazard evaluation integrating “classical” and “new” investigation techniques. Moreover, La Fossa area lays in a geodynamic context with active seismo- tectonic processes, frequently perturbing the pressure field of the hydrothermal system under investigation. Any perturbation in the pressure state variable (P) of the system, results in an excited state of its components and a relevant transfer of energy and mass towards the surface starts to counterbalance the perturbation. The continuous monitoring of surface temperature reveals the effects of the forces guiding the heat flows whereas the space variation of temperature indicates the rising paths of hydrothermal and magmatic fluids. The occurrence of new fumaroles and mofetes, or even changing emission rates of fluids by these vents, rises questions about the evolution of the equilibrium state of buried hydrothermal system, or about changing physical condition of overburden rocks. The conceptual framework suggesting the potential of our time series of field data is that a rock body, can be seen as a multiphase geochemical system where the fluid phases play a crucial role in defining the physical changes of the body and its response to the different forces acting on it. The changes of pore pressure depend on the balance between gas phases production and gas leaked out from a geochemical system. Analyses of fluxes at the system boundaries can give information on the equilibrium of the interacting geospheres. Even if playing variables are too many, some specific compounds and parameters can be selected as indicators of the state of the system.#

Description: Published

Description: Yokohama, Japan

Description: 4V. Dinamica dei processi pre-eruttivi

Description: The longest records of temperature data from active volcanoes in southern Italy are presented. One dataset comes from continuous monitoring of fumaroles temperature of la Fossa cone of Vulcano (Aeolian Islands), it runs from 1990 to 2014, but the first measurements started in 1984. Another dataset is from thermal aquifers of Mount Etna volcano, since 1989 the acquisition period has been one month, more recently data with hourly frequency are registered on the continuous monitoring network. Both monitoring systems are still ongoing. In 1984 at Vulcano the monitoring of fumaroles suffered of a pioneering approach, our technicians faced for the first time with extreme condition, absence of energy power, temperature range covering up to 2 order of magnitude (from normal ambient to several hundreds °C), steam, corrosive acidic fluids released by fumaroles (Sulphur and Chlorine compounds, Carbon dioxide). The experience matured in the high temperature fumarole field of Vulcano can be useful to support new surveillance programs on other volcanoes around the world. Time series analysis applied to fumaroles temperature highlighted the cyclic character of the main observed variations and major trends, lasting some years. Long term monitoring allowed comparisons of many temperature subsets with other validated geochemical and geophysical dataseries and highlighted common source mechanisms accounting for endogenous processes. Changes in the magma source and/or seismo-tectonic activity are the primary causes of the main time variations. A similar comparative approach has been applied to time series of temperature data recorded on Etna volcano. Time relationships have been found with the eruptive activity, particularly with the emission rates of volcanic products, although the monitoring sites are far from the eruptive vents. The collected data show confirmation about the effectiveness of the geochemical approach to follow in real time changes from the source, even being far from estimation of magmatic energy release retrieved by surface temperature monitoring.

Description: Published

Description: Moscone Center, San Francisco CA, United States

Description: 4V. Dinamica dei processi pre-eruttivi

Description: The attention devoted to our valuable geological heritage land has been often lacking in Italy. We have experienced it, as field experimentalist or as science teachers. So, we need to improve the knowledge of Earth-science at any educational level and we think an empiric approach, can be the proper beginning for a successful scientific cognitive path. The geo-tourism essentially attracts foreigners. During our field experiences on active volcanoes, we are still surprised by local visitors who enjoy seasonal activities, like skiing on the flanks of Etna, or doing sea activities on the coastal beaches at Vulcano and Stromboli, but who are not interested in the ongoing volcanic processes. Consequently, we have integrated the social impetus that drives active citizenship with school education in order to relate our scientific knowledge to the professional and existential needs of young students. Two scientific workshops have been carried out in collaboration with the science school teacher, the researcher of a naturalistic association (Geode), and researchers of the INGV. The first (A.Y. 2015/2016) was targeted to the Aeolian isles of Vulcano and Stromboli, the second to M. Etna (2016/2017). Set goals: - to increase the sensibility, respect and care for natural environment, as well as the awareness of the natural phenomena characterizing it; - to overcome the traditional school setting organized in the classroom, using both field and laboratory approach; - use a more effective (and attractive) teaching style to increase young people cognitive abilities, training also the relational skills, like work ethics, orally speaking, and teamworks; - to foster the multi-disciplinar approach for solving complex problems; - to contaminate disciplines with digital technologies highlighting instrumental potentiality and versatility; - to orient young people into future professional applications. The didactic pathway provided information on geology, volcanology and on botanic-naturalistic aspects of the Aeolian archipelago, Mount Etna and surrounding areas. We formed groups of students, heterogeneous for class and address, ranging from 28 to 35 items. The didactic experience consisted into theoretical lessons in the classroom and excursions by land and by sea, through the most significant itineraries of Vulcano, Stromboli and Etna (Monti Rossi, Alcantara Gorges). The students were introduced to the volcanologist's task in the field of volcanic surveillance, through an operational approach. Volcanic surveillance is a fast evolving multi-disciplinar research field, aimed to the mitigation of risk. The application of geochemical and of geophysical principles and instrumentations, allow to monitor some changes of energy release occurring in volcanic system. Field activities have provided: a) learning of the main notions of orienteering (geographic map reading, compass, GPS, Google Earth); b) petrologic recognition in field and by microscope; c) sampling of volcanic fluids emitted from the fumaroles on the rim of the crater; d) simulation of geochemical explorations, using temperature and pH sensors on a mesh of acquisition points; e) identification of the main botanical species, typical of the visited areas. By returning the campaign data, students shared the acquired data and prepared a final presentation with some digital software: virtual padlet, power point presentation, genially presentation. The students' cognitive and soft skills were evaluated as inputs and outputs from the workshops, to qualify the experience, highlighting strengths and weaknesses in the perspective of continuous improvement. Following the release of L.107 / 2015 "La Buona Scuola", this workshop experience has been recognized as a school-work didactic method (“Alternanza Scuola Lavoro”) for high schools (L.107/2015 art.1, 33 – 43). In fact, one of the training objectives set out in Art. 1c.7e;i, is the deepening of the methodological dimension by expansion and innovation of teaching strategies.

Description: Published

Description: PISA

Description: 2SR. VULCANI - Servizi e ricerca per la Società

Description: Four new stations for heat flux monitoring out of main fumaroles field have been installed at the top of La Fossa cone (MN, MS, BN and BS) within June and July 2005, supplying time series of temperatures and self potential recorded hourly. Another station, already operating since 2004 at the base of La Fossa cone, has been considered “the cold reference” to interpret the variations of heat flux recorded at the top. In accordance to the conduction rate equation (Fourier Law), the linear gradients of temperature are a function of the heat flux towards the surface, and this last can be evaluated with a simplified equation. The main time-variation recorded during three years of experimental acquisitions, have been related to the changes in the hydrothermal heat release. They revealed periods of anomalous release of deep fluids (increases in temperature also in the high temperature fumaroles, correlated to increases in the output of steam and carbon dioxide). The new monitoring stations are away from fumarole fields and the measurable surface flows are related to heat transfer from lower layers and to diffuse degassing. Thus, a comparison between gas flux and heat release gives an indication of the different quotes of surface energy release. This experience suggests that the areas showing higher thermal gradient correspond to areas with the highest diffuse CO2 flux. This evidence resulted by the CO2 flux measurements, performed by chamber accumulation method in the monitoring stations and in the surroundings. Moreover the heat flux values obtained from temperature gradient and those recalculated from CO2 flux are similar, indicating that locally both parameters (soil temperature and gas emission rates) reflect the same form of energy release. The comparative analysis of different time-series supplies information related to perturbations of the state variables, useful to verify conceptual framework and to better define “classical” and “new” monitoring techniques for volcanic, as well as seismic surveillanceThree anomalous periods were observed from November 2004, either in the seismic release and in the surface heat flow. So far, the new monitored sites out of the fumaroles area, resulted very sensitive to minor perturbations of the system. However the test of the self potential continuous monitoring device installed in the unsaturated soil, still needs other accurate laboratory test, in order to define the relationship between this geophysical parameter and the geochemical ones (heat release and diffusive fluxes of carbon dioxide).

Description: Dipartimento Nazionale di Protezione Civile

Description: Unpublished

Description: 4V. Dinamica dei processi pre-eruttivi

Description: 6V. Pericolosità vulcanica e contributi alla stima del rischio

Description: In the last decades, volcanology has evolved significantly, allowing for an improved understanding of volcanic processes preceding, accompanying and following eruptive events. Thermal imaging data, especially when used together with other monitoring techniques (such as seismicity, GPS measurements, and gas emissions), help to determine the nature of volcanic hazards. Between 2013 and 2015, four thermal surveys of the Vulcano Fossa fumarole field have been carried out. The fluid geochemistry of the target area and the time variation of the maximum temperature of the fluids released by the steaming vents have been well defined during the last decades and a great amount of scientific papers discussing interpretative models of the hydrothermal and magmatic systems feeding the fumaroles are available. The sequences of thermal images were recorded from a fixed view point 400 m (38 24.111’ N 14 57.721’ E), using a handheld infrared camera. The field surveys aimed to define the areal extension of thermal anomalies. The probability plots revealed different populations of data in each survey. The temperature space variability can be inferred to variable components of heat transport (radiative, convective, conductive) participating in the heat exchange occurring at the ground surface. The variation of shallow permeability of the ground and of the thermal capacity of the exposed surfaces are the main causes of space variability of exposed surfaces. The enlargement of the exhaling area and/or an increase of thermal anomaly surrounding the main fumarole vents (due to steam heating from the bottom source) can highlight significant increases of thermal release even when the maximum temperature of fumarole fluids falls. It has occurred in the last years in the fumarole in the inner slope, like FA fumarole where t dropped from 700 C in 1993 to the actual 250 C but at the same time the area of steam emission abruptly changed. Responding to thermodynamic basic principles the exchange of energy drives each component towards thermal equilibrium. Infrared cameras allow thermal anomalies to be spotted in an instant, but in order to correctly interpret the thermal images great caution should be paid, since retrieved apparent temperatures are affected by a number of factors including emissivity and surface roughness of the object, viewing angle, atmospheric effects, pathlength, effects of sun radiation (reflection and/or heating), presence of volcanic gas, aerosols and air-borne ash along the pathlength, instrumental noise and aberrations, and, particularly for volcanic targets, thermal heterogeneity of the target at the sub-pixel scale. The sum of these influences substantially control the radiation detected by the thermal camera, generally resulting in a significant underestimation of the actual thermodynamic temperature of the target. A statistical methodology was chosen to quantify the thermal anomalies in a steaming ground and it could provide a basis for an indirect temperature monitoring tool in fumarole fields.

Description: Unpublished

Description: Vienna, Austria

Description: 4V. Dinamica dei processi pre-eruttivi

Description: IEDA and Elsevier

Description: Published

Description: 4V. Dinamica dei processi pre-eruttivi

Description: 6V. Pericolosità vulcanica e contributi alla stima del rischio