Keywords:
Glacial epoch.
;
Electronic books.
Type of Medium:
Online Resource
Pages:
1 online resource (859 pages)
Edition:
2nd ed.
ISBN:
9780081005255
URL:
https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/geomar/detail.action?docID=5143992
DDC:
551.31
Language:
English
Note:
Front Cover -- Past Glacial Environments -- Copyright Page -- Glacier Ice -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- Preface -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Impact of Past Glacial Environments on Planet Earth -- 1.1.1 Recognition of 'Ice Ages' -- 1.1.2 Multidisciplinary Nature of Glacial Studies -- 1.2 Glacial Sediments and Glacial Geomorphology/Geology -- 1.3 Challenges and Opportunities -- References -- I. The Prequaternary -- 2 Precambrian Glacial Deposits: Their Origin, Tectonic Setting, and Key Role in Earth Evolution -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Age Distribution of Ancient Glacial Deposits -- 2.3 Why Did Glaciations Occur? -- 2.4 The Palaeolatitude Problem -- 2.5 Archaean Glaciations -- 2.6 Palaeoproterozoic Glaciations -- 2.6.1 Distribution -- 2.6.2 The Huronian Supergroup, Ontario, Canada -- 2.6.3 Correlatives of the Gowganda Formation -- 2.6.4 Palaeoproterozoic Glacial Deposits Beyond North America -- 2.7 The Barren Billion -- 2.8 The Great Cryogenian Glaciations -- 2.9 Ediacaran Ice Ages -- 2.10 Tectonic Setting and Palaeolatitudes: Radical Changes in the Ediacaran Period -- 2.11 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 3 The Early Palaeozoic Glacial Deposits of Gondwana: Overview, Chronology, and Controversies -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.1.1 Overview -- 3.1.2 Palaeogeographic Context and Origins of the Glaciation -- 3.2 Extent of Glaciation and Chronology -- 3.2.1 Overview -- 3.2.2 North Africa: Morocco, Algeria, Libya -- 3.2.3 Arabian Plate -- 3.2.4 Southwest Europe -- 3.2.5 South America -- 3.3 The Sedimentary Record -- 3.3.1 Overview -- 3.3.2 Glacial Cycles -- 3.3.3 Palaeovalleys: Meltwater-Dominated Sedimentary Record (Fig. 3.6) -- 3.3.4 Regional Ice Sheet Dynamics -- 3.3.5 Palaeovalleys Versus Interfluves -- 3.3.6 The Influence of Sea Level Changes on Glaciated Shelf Architecture -- 3.3.7 Typical Lithofacies Assemblages? -- 3.4 Conclusions.
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References -- II. The Quaternary -- 4 Quaternary Glaciations and Chronology -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Prelude to the Quaternary -- 4.3 Glaciation During the Quaternary -- 4.4 Plio-Pleistocene Glaciation -- 4.5 The 'Glacial' Pleistocene -- 4.6 Last Glaciation -- 4.7 Summary -- References -- III. Glacial processes -- 5 Subglacial Processes and Sediments -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Erosion in the Subglacial -- 5.3 Transport: Mechanics -- 5.4 Deposition: Mechanics -- 5.5 Subglacial Sediments -- 5.6 Subglacial Landforms/Bedforms Directly Attributable to Active/Passive Ice Activity -- 5.6.1 Drumlins -- 5.6.2 Fluted Moraines and Megascale Glacial Lineations (MSGLs) -- 5.6.3 Rogen Moraine -- 5.6.4 Marginal Moraines -- 5.7 Subglacial Landforms/Bedforms Indirectly Attributable to Active/Passive Ice Activity -- 5.7.1 Esker Systems -- 5.7.2 Till Deltas/Tongues and Grounding-Lines -- 5.8 Repetitive Sedimentologic Histories in Subglacial Environments -- 5.9 Future Perspectives: Challenges and Opportunities -- References -- 6 Supraglacial Environments -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Sources and Characteristics of Supraglacial Debris -- 6.2.1 Sources of Supraglacial Debris -- 6.2.2 Characteristics of Supraglacial Debris -- 6.3 Processes in the Supraglacial Environment -- 6.4 Supraglacial Sediments and Landforms in the Pleistocene Record -- 6.5 Summary and Conclusions -- References -- 7 Modern Glaciomarine Environments and Sediments -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.1.1 Previous Work -- 7.1.2 Glacial Conditions at Sea Level -- 7.1.3 Glacial Erosion, Sediment Accumulation and Orogenic/Climate Relationships -- 7.1.4 Deep Time Records of Glaciation -- 7.1.5 Glaciomarine Sediments, the Anthropocene, and Rising Sea Level -- 7.1.6 Ecosystem Function in Glaciomarine settings -- 7.2 Physical Geography of Glacial and Glaciomarine Systems -- 7.2.1 Definition of Terms and Concepts.
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7.2.2 Glaciation and Climate -- 7.2.3 Wet and Wild: Temperate Oceanic, Tidewater and Piedmont Glaciers -- 7.2.4 The Polythermal State: Subpolar Maritime, Tidewater and Ice Caps -- 7.2.5 It's What We Can't See: Polar Ice Shelf and Ice Sheet -- 7.3 Relationship of Glaciomarine Processes to Base Level -- 7.4 Stratigraphic Considerations -- 7.4.1 Continental Margins and Seismic Stratigraphic Packages -- 7.5 Antarctic Glaciomarine, Systems, Processes and Facies -- 7.5.1 Morphology of the Antarctic Seafloor -- 7.5.2 Subglacial Processes -- 7.5.3 Grounding Lines and Grounding Zone Wedges (GZW) -- 7.5.4 Ice Shelf Sediments -- 7.5.5 Static Uniformitarian Facies Under Ice Shelves -- 7.5.5.1 Debris transport and release -- 7.5.6 Catastrophic Ice Shelf Sedimentation -- 7.5.7 Meltwater Processes in Polar and Ice Shelf Systems -- 7.5.7.1 Surface meltwater -- 7.5.7.2 Subglacial release of meltwater -- 7.5.8 Iceberg Rafting -- 7.6 Deposystems and Facies Ensembles -- 7.6.1 Ponded Sediment Gravity Flows -- 7.6.2 Hemipelagic Drapes -- 7.6.3 Calving Bay Retreat, Palmer Deep -- 7.6.4 Sediment Drifts Continental Shelf -- 7.6.5 Sediment Drifts Continental Rise and Slope -- 7.6.6 Volcanic Interaction With GM Systems and Sediments -- 7.6.7 Fjords -- 7.7 Provenance Changes -- 7.8 Other Processes Influencing Sediment Deposits -- 7.8.1 Iceberg Turbation -- 7.9 Biotic Interactions in Glaciomarine Settings Including Ice Shelves -- 7.9.1 Primary Production -- 7.9.2 Carbonates in the Polar Setting -- 7.9.3 Biosiliceous Mud and Ooze -- 7.9.4 Organic Carbon Flux and Preservation in GM -- 7.9.5 Localized Biodiversity Via Ice Rafting -- 7.9.6 Bioturbation -- 7.10 Sediment Accumulation Rates -- 7.10.1 Ice Shelves -- 7.11 Stratigraphic Successions, Single Cycle -- 7.11.1 Far Field Record of Antarctic Ice Mass Retreat MIS Stage 2 to 1 From Ice Rafting.
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7.11.2 Retreat of a Palaeo Ice Stream, the Marguerite Trough -- 7.11.3 Hang-Up by Topographic Confinement: The Boyd Strait Gerlach Strait Palaeo Ice Stream Ice Shelf -- 7.11.4 The Little Age Response of Tidewater Glaciers and Ice Shelves, Antarctic Peninsula -- 7.12 Cyclo-Stratigraphy and Examples of Facies Succession -- 7.12.1 ANDRILL and Applying Consistent Lithofacies Motifs -- 7.12.2 IODP Expedition 318 and the remarkable Site 1361 -- 7.13 Glacial Isostacy, Rebound, and Local Base Level -- 7.14 Glaciomarine Systems Over Deep Geologic Time -- 7.14.1 Preservation Bias -- 7.14.2 Ancient GM Bearing Deposits in Space and Time -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Further Reading -- Web Sites of Use for Glacial Marine Sediments -- 8 Glacioaeolian Processes, Sediments, and Landforms -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Sediment Production and Sources -- 8.3 Wind Action Around Glaciers -- 8.4 Glacioaeolian Sediments and Landforms -- 8.5 Facies -- 8.6 Conclusion -- References -- 9 Glaciolacustrine Processes -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Physical Limnology and Sedimentology -- 9.3 Ice-Contact Lakes -- 9.4 Sedimentary Facies in Ice-Contact Lakes -- 9.5 Glaciotectonic Deformation -- 9.6 Subglacial Lakes -- 9.7 Ice-Distal Lakes -- 9.8 Distal Lakes as Environmental Repositories -- 9.9 Conclusion -- References -- 10 Glaciovolcanism: A 21st Century Proxy for Palaeo-Ice -- 10.1 Introduction: What Is Glaciovolcanism and Why Is It Important? -- 10.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of Volcanic Versus Sedimentary Rocks as Palaeoenvironmental Tools -- 10.3 Relationship Between Volcanism and Climate -- 10.4 A Typical Basaltic Glaciovolcanic Eruption -- 10.5 Physical Properties of Ice Important for Glaciovolcanic Eruptions -- 10.5.1 Physical Structure: The Transformation of Snow to Ice -- 10.5.2 Hydraulics -- 10.6 Classification of Glaciovolcanic Sequences and Landforms.
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10.7 Glaciovolcanic Sequences as Palaeoenvironmental Proxies -- 10.7.1 Determining Basal Thermal Regime -- 10.7.2 Influence of Volcanic Heat on Basal Thermal Regime -- 10.8 Case Studies Using Glaciovolcanism to Reconstruct Past Ice Conditions -- 10.8.1 Antarctica-1: Antarctic Peninsula Ice Sheet (APIS) -- 10.8.2 Antarctica-2: West Antarctic Ice Sheet -- 10.8.3 Antarctica-3: East Antarctic Ice Sheet -- 10.8.4 British Columbia -- 10.8.5 Iceland -- 10.9 Summary -- AcknowledgEments -- References -- 11 Glacial Lithofacies and Stratigraphy -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Geological Complexities in Glacial Sequences -- 11.3 Glacial Lithofacies -- 11.3.1 Introduction -- 11.3.2 Describing and Characterizing Glacial Sediments -- 11.3.3 Facies Analysis, Associations, and Sequences -- 11.3.4 Landsystems -- 11.4 Stratigraphy in Glaciated Environments -- 11.4.1 Introduction -- 11.4.2 Geological Time -- 11.5 Stratigraphic Approaches Within Glaciated Environments -- 11.5.1 Lithostratigraphy -- 11.5.1.1 Summary -- 11.5.1.2 Characterizing and building a lithostratigraphic framework -- 11.5.1.3 Application -- 11.5.2 Kinetostratigraphy -- 11.5.2.1 Summary -- 11.5.2.2 Characterizing and building kinetostratigraphic units -- 11.5.2.3 Applications -- 11.5.3 Morphostratigraphy -- 11.5.3.1 Summary -- 11.5.3.2 Characterizing and building morphostratigraphic units -- 11.5.3.3 Application -- 11.5.4 Allostratigraphy and Architectural Elements Analysis -- 11.5.4.1 Summary -- 11.5.4.2 Characterizing and building allostratigraphic units/AEA subdivision -- 11.5.4.3 Application -- 11.5.5 Sequence Stratigraphy -- 11.5.5.1 Summary -- 11.5.5.2 Application -- 11.6 Summary -- 11.7 Conclusions -- References -- 12 Glaciohydrogeology -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Elementary Principles of Hydrogeology -- 12.2.1 Groundwater Flow -- 12.2.2 Rock and Sediment Properties Affecting Groundwater Movement.
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12.2.3 Aquifers, Aquitards, and Aquicludes Along Glaciated Terrains.
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