Note: Intro -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- 1 Scope of the Book -- References -- 2 Setting the Scene -- 2.1 The State of the Planet -- 2.2 'Tipping Points' and the 'Trilemma' -- 2.3 Human Population and Its Growth -- 2.3.1 The Anthropocene -- 2.4 Our Attitudes to Technology and How We Come By Them -- 2.5 Science, Controversy and the Media -- 2.6 Chemistry and the Chemical Industry -- 2.7 Why We Cannot Turn the Clock Back -- 2.8 Synthetic Bad, Natural Good? -- 2.9 Decision-making and 'Wicked' Problems -- 2.10 Sustainable Development and Hyperdisciplinarity -- 2.10.1 Economics -- 2.10.2 Scale -- 2.11 The Role of the Expert -- Further Reading -- Webliography -- References -- 3 Sustainability and Sustainable Development -- 3.1 What is Sustainability? And is it Different from Sustainable Development? -- 3.2 Environmental Burden or Carrying Capacity -- 3.2.1 The IPAT Equation -- 3.2.2 Improvements in the Efficiency of Material Resource Use -- 3.2.3 The Sustainability Challenges -- 3.3 Footprints: Ecological, Carbon and Water -- Further Reading -- Webliography -- References -- 4 Science and Its Importance -- 4.1 What is Science? -- 4.1.1 History of Science -- 4.1.2 Philosophy of Science -- 4.1.3 Sociology of Science -- 4.2 The Scientific Method -- 4.3 Hypotheses, Models, Theories and Laws -- 4.4 Exchange of Scientific Knowledge: Peer Review -- 4.5 Science and Authority -- 4.6 Science and Technology -- 4.7 Good Science, Bad Science and the Media -- 4.8 Care in What We Say and How We Say It -- 4.9 Ignorance, Uncertainty and Indeterminacy -- Further Reading -- Webliography -- References -- 5 Chemistry of the Environment -- 5.1 Environmental Science and Environmental Chemistry -- 5.2 Geology and Geochemistry -- 5.3 Global Geochemical Cycling of the Elements -- 5.4 The Carbon Cycle I: The Role of Carbon Dioxide -- 5.5 The Sun -- 5.6 The Greenhouse Effect. , 5.7 Emission Metrics: Global Warming Potential -- 5.8 The Carbon Cycle II: Methane and Its Atmospheric Lifetime -- 5.9 The Nitrogen Cycle: Nitrogen(i ) Oxide -- 5.10 Human Impact on the Environment -- 5.11 Earth Systems Science -- 5.12 Geoengineering -- 5.12.1 Solar Radiation Management -- 5.12.2 Carbon Dioxide Removal -- Further Reading -- Webliography -- References -- 6 Waste, Energy and the Laws of Thermodynamics -- 6.1 What Is Waste? -- 6.1.1 Coal Tar -- 6.1.2 Caustic Soda -- 6.2 When Waste Becomes Pollution -- 6.3 Chemical Waste: Sheldon's E-factor -- 6.4 Approaches to Chemical Waste Minimisation -- 6.4.1 Remediation -- 6.4.2 End-of-pipe -- 6.4.3 Retrofitting -- 6.4.4 Intrinsic Waste Minimisation -- 6.5 Waste Minimisation Hierarchy -- 6.5.1 Bulk or Commodity Chemicals Sector -- 6.5.2 Fine Chemicals and Pharmaceuticals Sectors -- 6.6 Chemical Waste: Historical Trends and Changes -- 6.7 Inevitability of Waste (But Not Necessarily of Pollution) -- 6.7.1 Carbon Dioxide Emissions: Capture, Storage and Use -- 6.8 Importance of Defining Boundaries -- 6.8.1 Batteries vs. the Internal Combustion Engine -- 6.9 Life-cycle Inventory -- 6.10 The Central Importance of Thermodynamics -- 6.10.1 Heat of Reaction -- 6.10.2 Kinetics -- 6.11 Entropy and Waste -- 6.12 Work and the Carnot Cycle -- 6.13 Energy and Exergy -- 6.13.1 Exergetic Analysis -- 6.13.2 Exergetic Comparison of Processes for Ethanol Production -- 6.13.3 Exergy in Chemical Reactors -- Further Reading -- Webliography -- References -- 7 Measuring Reaction and Process Efficiency -- 7.1 Reaction Yield -- 7.2 Mass Balance -- 7.3 Conversion -- 7.4 Selectivity -- 7.5 Atom Efficiency -- 7.6 Material Efficiency -- 7.6.1 Mass Efficiency -- 7.6.2 Reaction Mass Efficiency (RME) -- 7.6.3 Other Mass Metrics -- 7.6.4 Application of Mass Metrics -- 7.6.5 Inclusion of Environmental and Safety Metrics. , 7.7 Energy Efficiency -- 7.7.1 Energy Density (ED) -- 7.7.2 Power Density (PD) -- 7.7.3 Energy Return on Energy Invested (EROEI) -- 7.8 Sustainability Indices -- Further Reading -- Webliography -- References -- 8 Chemistry: Necessary for Sustainable Technology, but Not Sufficient -- 8.1 The 100 Millionth Chemical Substance -- 8.2 CAS Registry Numbers 83314-01-6, 173075-49-5 and 343601-44-5 -- 8.3 The Significance of Small Things -- 8.4 Prebiotic Chemistry ('The Greatest Retrosynthetic Analysis of Them All') -- 8.5 Chemistry in the Real World -- 8.6 Giants' Shoulders: Inspirations from the Winners of the Nobel Prize -- 8.6.1 Metathesis and Carbon-Carbon Coupling -- 8.6.2 Fullerenes, Nanotubes and Graphene -- 8.6.3 Molecular Machines -- 8.7 Green Chemistry Challenge Awards -- 8.8 Green Chemistry: A Brief History -- 8.9 Principles of Green Chemistry -- 8.9.1 Principle 1: It is Better to Prevent Waste Formation than to Treat It After It is Formed -- 8.9.2 Principle 2: Design Synthetic Methods to Maximise Incorporation of All Material Used Into Final Product -- 8.9.3 Principle 3: Synthetic Methods Should, Where Practicable, Use or Generate Materials of Low Human Toxicity and Environmental Impact -- 8.9.4 Principle 4: Chemical Product Design Should Aim to Preserve Efficacy Whilst Reducing Toxicity -- 8.9.5 Principle 5: Avoid Auxiliary Materials (e.g. Solvents, Extractants) if Possible or Otherwise Make Them Innocuous -- 8.9.6 Principle 6: Energy Requirements should be Minimised: Conduct Syntheses at Ambient Temperature/Pressure -- 8.9.7 Principle 7: A Raw Material Should, Where Practicable, Be Renewable -- 8.9.8 Principle 8: Unnecessary Derivatisation (Such As Protection/Deprotection) Should Be Avoided, Where Possible -- 8.9.9 Principle 9: Selectively Catalysed Processes Are Superior to Stoichiometric Processes. , 8.9.10 Principle 10: Chemical Products Should be Designed to be Degradable to Innocuous Products when Disposed of and not be Environmentally Persistent -- 8.9.11 Principle 11: Monitor Processes to Avoid Conditions Leading to the Formation of Hazardous Materials -- 8.9.12 Principle 12: Materials Used in a Chemical Process Should be Chosen to Minimise Hazard and Risk -- 8.9.13 Principle 13: Identify and Quantify By-Products -- 8.9.14 Principle 14: Report Conversions, Selectivities and Productivities -- 8.9.15 Principle 15: Establish a Full Mass-Balance for the Process -- 8.9.16 Principle 16: Measure Catalyst and Solvent Losses in Air and Aqueous Effluent -- 8.9.17 Principle 17: Investigate Basic Thermochemistry -- 8.9.18 Principle 18: Anticipate Heat and Mass Transfer Limitations -- 8.9.19 Principle 19: Consult a Chemical or Process Engineer -- 8.9.20 Principle 20: Consider the Effect of the Choice of Chemistry on the Overall Process -- 8.9.21 Principle 21: Help Develop and Apply Sustainability Measures -- 8.9.22 Principle 22: Quantify and Minimise Use of Utilities -- 8.9.23 Principle 23: Recognise Where Safety and Waste Minimisation are Incompatible -- 8.9.24 Principle 24: Monitor, Report and Minimise Laboratory Waste Emitted -- 8.10 Some Final Thoughts on Green Chemistry and Its Principles -- 8.11 'Green' Solvents and Reaction Media -- 8.11.1 Water -- 8.11.2 'Tunable' and 'Biphasic' Solvents: Supercritical Fluids and Gas-expanded Liquids -- 8.11.3 Ionic Liquids -- Further Reading -- Webliography -- References -- 9 Processing of Chemicals at Scale -- 9.1 Scale and Its Importance -- 9.2 Technological Integration, Supply Chains and Infrastructure -- 9.3 'Green' Engineering -- 9.4 Technological Development, Forecasting and Experience Curves -- 9.4.1 Stages of Technological Development: Technological Readiness -- 9.5 Investment and Risk. , 9.6 Product Development -- 9.7 Patenting -- 9.8 Process Chemistry and Engineering -- 9.8.1 Reaction Sequence -- 9.8.2 Mixing and Mass Transfer -- 9.9 Process Intensification -- 9.9.1 Microreactors -- 9.9.2 Spinning Disc Reactor -- 9.9.3 Continuous Flow Synthesis -- 9.9.4 Reactive Distillation -- 9.10 Less-conventional Stimuli in Chemicals Processing -- 9.10.1 Photochemistry -- 9.10.2 Microwaves -- 9.10.3 Electrotechnology -- 9.10.4 Sonochemistry -- 9.10.5 Mechanochemistry -- 9.11 Inherent Safety and Inherent Waste Minimisation -- 9.12 Distributed Manufacture -- 9.13 Process Integration and Industrial Ecology (the Circular Economy) -- Further Reading -- Webliography -- References -- 10 Catalysis -- 10.1 Catalysis, Kinetics and the Catalytically Active Species -- 10.1.1 Heterogeneous Catalysis -- 10.1.2 Homogeneous Catalysis -- 10.1.3 Enzymes and Biocatalysis -- 10.1.4 Organocatalysis -- 10.1.5 Asymmetric or Chiral Catalysis -- 10.2 Measuring Catalyst Performance -- 10.2.1 Catalyst Productivity -- 10.2.2 Catalyst Activity -- 10.2.3 Reactor Productivity -- 10.2.4 Selectivity -- 10.2.5 Lifetime -- 10.3 Catalysis in Industry -- 10.3.1 Commodity Chemicals -- 10.3.2 Fine Chemicals, Pharmaceuticals and Agrochemicals -- 10.3.3 Feedstock Changes -- 10.3.4 Catalyst Discovery and Combinatorial Catalysis -- 10.3.5 Catalysis and Economics -- 10.3.6 Catalyst Recovery -- 10.4 Catalysis and Sustainable Technologies -- 10.4.1 Waste as Feedstocks -- 10.4.2 Environmental Catalysis -- 10.4.3 Catalysis and Process Improvement -- 10.4.4 Catalysis and Renewables -- Further Reading -- Webliography -- References -- 11 Sustainable Energy,1 Fuel and Chemicals -- 11.1 Where We Are: The Scale of the Challenge -- 11.2 Units and Definitions -- 11.3 Primary, Secondary Renewable and Sustainable Energy -- 11.3.1 Primary Sources. , 11.3.2 Secondary Sources: Energy 'Carriers' or 'Vectors'.