Note: Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Foreword -- Preface -- Table of Contents -- Contributors -- Introduction -- Chapter 1: MANUFACTURE OF CARBON BLACK -- 1.1. The Carbon Black Industry -- 1.2. Carbon Black Manufacturing Processes -- 1.2.1. Classification of Carbon Black Manufacturing Processes -- 1.2.2. Individual Sections of a Carbon Black Production Plant -- 1.3. Feedstocks -- 1.4. Production by the Furnace Black Process -- 1.4.1. Description of the Process -- 1.4.2. Control of Quality and Economic Efficiency -- 1.4.3. Process Variants and Patents -- 1.5. Other Manufacturing Processes -- 1.5.1. Lampblack Process -- 1.5.2. Gas Black Process/Channel Black Process -- 1.5.3. Thermal Black Process -- 1.5.4. Acetylene Black Process -- 1.5.5. Gas Furnace Black Process (Historic) -- 1.5.6. Carbon Black Formed as Byproduct -- 1.6. After-Treatment of Carbon Black -- 1.6.1. Oxidative After-Treatment -- 1.6.2. Other Methods of After-Treatment -- Chapter 2: MECHANISM OF CARBON BLACK FORMATION -- 2.1. Formation of Soot Precursors -- 2.1.1. Nucleation or Soot Particle Inception -- 2.1.2. C2 Condensation Theory -- 2.1.3. The Acetylene Theory -- 2.1.4. The Polyacetylene Theory -- 2.2. Soot Formation Involving Ions -- 2.2.1. The Polyaromatisation Theory -- 2.3. Aggregation of Soot Particles (Particle Growth) -- 2.4. Surface Growth -- 2.5. Soot Oxidation -- Chapter 3: MICROSTRUCTURE, MORPHOLOGY AND GENERAL PHYSICAL PROPERTIES -- 3.1. Background -- 3.2. Microstructure -- 3.2.1. X-ray Diffraction -- 3.2.2. Dark Field Electron Microscopy -- 3.2.3. Oxidation Studies -- 3.2.4. Diffracted Beam Electron Microscopy -- 3.2.5. Phase Contrast TEM Imaging -- 3.2.6. High Resolution SEM, STEM, STM, SFM and AFM Imaging -- 3.3. Morphological Properties -- 3.3.1. Terminology -- 3.3.2. Particle Size -- 3.3.3. Surface Area -- 3.3.4. Porosity -- 3.3.5. Aggregate Size. , 3.3.6. Aggregate Shape -- 3.3.7. Fractal Models -- 3.4. Other Physical Properties -- 3.4.1. Density -- 3.4.2. Electronic Properties -- 3.4.3. Thermal Conductivity -- 3.4.4. Bulk Properties -- 3.4.5. Impurities -- Chapter 4: SURFACE GROUPS ON CARBON BLACKS -- 4.1. Carbon Black Surface Compounds -- 4.1.1. Carbon-Oxygen Surface Groups -- 4.1.2. Carbon-Hydrogen Surface Groups -- 4.1.3. Carbon-Nitrogen Surface Complexes -- 4.1.4. Carbon-Sulphur Surface Complexes -- 4.1.5. Carbon-Halogen Surface Compounds -- 4.2. Characterization of Surface Groups -- 4.2.1. Thermal Desorption -- 4.2.2. Neutralization of Surface Groups -- 4.2.3. Electrochemical Methods -- 4.2.4. Thermometric Titration -- 4.2.5. Specific Chemical Analysis -- 4.2.6. Spectroscopic Methods -- Chapter 5: CARBON BLACK SURFACE STUDIED BY SCANN~NG TUNNELING MICROSCOPY -- 5.1. STM Technique and Equipment -- 5.2. Structure of Carbon Black Surface -- 5.2.1. Low Enlargement Images -- 5.2.2. High Enlargement Images -- 5.2.3. Modeling of Carbon Black Surface -- Chapter 6: SURFACE ENERGY OF CARBON BLACK -- 6.1. Determination of Surface Energy by IGC -- 6.2. yds of Carbon Black -- 6.3. Specific Component of Surface Energy -- 6.4. Estimation of Polymer-Carbon Black Interaction -- 6.5. Energetic Heterogeneity of Carbon Black Surface -- Chapter 7: FRACTAL GEOMETRY -- 7.1. Fractal Geometry -- 7.2. Carbon Black -- 7.3. Scattering of Fractally Rough Surfaces -- 7.4. Fractal Dimension of the Aggregate Boundary -- 7.5. Molecular Adsorption on Fractal Surfaces -- 7.6. Characterization of the Aggregate Void Structure by Thermoporometry -- 7.7. The Electrochemical Characterization of Carbon Blacks -- 7.8. Mechanical Impedance Spectroscopy -- 7.9. Conclusion -- Chapter 8: CONDUCTING CARBON BLACK -- 8.1 Electrical Conductivity -- 8.1.1. Intrinsic Carbon Black Conductivity. , 8.1.2. Conductivity Imparted by Carbon Black to Composite -- 8.1.3. Percolation Theory -- 8.1.4. The Level of Conductivity in the Conductive Zone -- 8.1.5. Conducting Mechanism in the Polymer-Carbon Black Composite -- 8.1.6. Conductive Carbon Blacks -- 8.2. Thermal Conductivity of a Polymer-Carbon Black Compound -- Chapter 9: CARBON BLACK REINFORCEMENT OF ELASTOMERS -- 9.1. Effect of Carbon Blacks in Rubber -- 9.1.1. Interfacial Interaction between Carbon Black and Polymer -- 9.1.2. Occlusion of Rubber -- 9.1.3. Filler Networking -- 9.2. The Properties of Uncured Compounds -- 9.2.1. Compound Viscosity -- 9.2.2. Die Swell -- 9.2.3. a f -- 9.3. The Properties of Filled Vulcanizates -- 9.3.1. Swelling -- 9.3.2. Stress-Strain Behavior -- 9.3.3. Effects of Carbon Blacks on Energy Loss in Vulcanizates -- 9.3.4. Effects of Carbon Blacks on the Fracture Properties of Vulcanizates -- 9.4. Property-Loading Master Curve -- Chapter 10: FRACTURE OF CARBON BLACK FILLED VULCANIZATES AT HIGH TEMPERATURE AND UNDER SWOLLEN CONDITIONS -- 10.1. Contributions to Fracture Energy -- 10.1.1. Minimum Fracture Energy -- 10.1.2. Energy Dissipation -- 10.1.3. Strain Induced Crystallization -- 10.1.4. Tear Deviation During Fracture -- 10.2. Tear and Tensile Strength at High Temperature -- 10.3. Fatigue Failure and Wear at High Temperature -- 10.4. Effect of Swelling on Tear, Tensile and Fatigue Strength and Abrasion -- Chapter 11: DYNAMIC VISCOELASTIC PROPERTIES OF LOADED ELASTOMERS -- 11.1 Background -- 11.1.1. Low Strain Dynamic Properties: General Considerations -- 11.1.2. High Strain Properties: General Considerations -- 11.2. Experimental Results -- 11.2.1. Low Strain ( < -- 10%) Results: "G-Plot" Similarity -- 11.2.2. High Strain Results -- 11.3. Interpretation of the Results -- 11.3.1. Filler-Filler Interaction -- 11.3.2. Filler-Polymer Interaction. , 11.3.3. Predictability of Carbon Black Characteristics -- Chapter 12: CARBON BLACK IN PLASTICS -- 12.1. Conductive Applications -- 12.1.1. Wire and Cable Applications -- 12.1.2. Electromagnetic Interference Shielding (EMI) -- 12.1.3. Anti-Static Shielding -- 12.2. Ultraviolet Protection of Plastics -- 12.3. Color Applications -- 12.4. Other Compound Properties -- 12.4.1. Processability -- 12.4.2. Mechanical Properties -- Chapter 13: CARBON BLACK IN XEROGRAPHIC TONERS -- 13.1. Electrical Charging Characteristics -- 13.1.1. Triboelectrification -- 13.1.2. Electronegativity and Work Functions -- 13.1.3. Composite Morphology and Dielectric Measurements -- 13.1.4. ESR and ENDOR Studies -- 13.2. Rheological Properties -- 13.3. Summary -- Chapter 14: HEALTH EFFECTS OF CARBON BLACK -- 14.1. Production and Product Characteristics -- 14.2. Emissions and Occupational Exposure -- 14.3. Extractable PAH -- 14.4. Acute Toxicity -- 14.5. Inhalation Toxicology -- 14.6. Genetic Toxicology -- 14.7. Epidemiology -- 14.8. Food Contact Regulations -- Author Index -- Subject Index.