Keywords:
Sea ice-Polar Regions.
;
Icebergs.
;
Climatic changes.
;
Electronic books.
Description / Table of Contents:
Ice in the Ocean examines sea ice and icebergs and their role in the global climate system. It is comprehensive textbook suitable for students, pure and applied researchers, and anyone interested in the polar regions, the oceans, and climate. The author examines the distribution of sea ice, its mechanisms of growth, development and decay, the thermodynamics and dynamics of sea ice, sea ice deformation and ridge-building, the role of marginal ice zones, the characteristics of icebergs, and the part played by sea ice in the climate system and in the transport of pollutants. An extensive reference list, recommendations for further reading and numerous illustrations add to the value of the text.
Type of Medium:
Online Resource
Pages:
1 online resource (366 pages)
Edition:
1st ed.
ISBN:
9781482283082
URL:
https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/geomar/detail.action?docID=5378717
DDC:
551.34/2
Language:
English
Note:
Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Table of Contents -- PREFACE -- 1: THE FROZEN OCEANS -- 1.1. A world of white -- 1.2. The physical structure of the polar oceans -- 1.2.1. The topography -- 1.2.2. The water masses -- 1.2.3. The current systems -- 1.2.4. Water mass transformations -- 1.3. The distribution of ice in the oceans -- 1.3.1. The Arctic -- 1.3.2. The Antarctic -- 1.3.3. Icebergs -- 1.4. Mapping the frozen oceans -- 1.5. Sea ice and the history of exploration -- 2: FORMATION, GROWTH AND DECAY OF SEA ICE -- 2.1. The structure of the ice crystal -- 2.2. The density and freezing point of sea water -- 2.3. The initial stages of ice formation -- 2.3.1. Ice formation in calm water -- 2.3.2. Ice formation in rough water: The frazil-pancake cycle -- 2.4. Crystal growth and brine rejection -- 2.4.1. Crystal fabric -- 2.4.2. Brine cells -- 2.4.3. Brine cell migration and drainage -- 2.4.4. Solid salts in ice -- 2.4.5. Lake and river ice -- 2.5. Snow loading and meteoric ice formation -- 2.6. Summer melt processes -- 2.7. Multi-year ice -- 2.8. Formation of leads and pressure ridges -- 2.9. Ice in shallow water -- 2.9.1. Grounded landfast ice -- 2.9.2. Ice scour -- 2.10. Polynyas and their role -- 3: THE THERMODYNAMICS OF SEA ICE -- 3.1. Thermophysical properties of sea ice -- 3.1.1. Thermal conductivity -- 3.1.2. Specific heat -- 3.1.3. Latent heat of fusion -- 3.1.4. Radiation extinction coefficient -- 3.2. Early models of ice growth and decay -- 3.3. The Maykut-Untersteiner model -- 3.3.1. Formulation -- 3.3.2. Input parameters -- 3.3.3. Results -- 4: ICE IN MOTION -- 4.1. The momentum balance -- 4.1.1. Air stress -- 4.1.2. Water stress -- 4.1.3. Coriolis force -- 4.1.4. Internal ice stress -- 4.1.5. Sea surface tilt -- 4.2. A free drift solution -- 4.2.1. Inertial motion.
,
4.2.2. Free drift in response to geostrophic wind -- 4.3. The motion of compact ice -- 4.3.1. Ice rheology -- 4.3.2. Sea ice models -- 4.4. Dynamics and thermodynamics of coastal polynyas -- 4.5. Tidal ice motion -- 4.5.1. Tidal amplitudes and currents -- 4.5.2. Effect of sea ice on tides -- 4.5.3. Effect of tides on sea ice -- 5: PRESSURE RIDGES AND THE ICE THICKNESS DISTRIBUTION -- 5.1. Statistical properties of a sea ice cover -- 5.1.1. Importance of the ice thickness distribution -- 5.1.2. Ice thickness distribution - Definitions -- 5.1.3. Ice thickness distribution - Typical shapes -- 5.1.4. The distribution of morphological features -- 5.1.5. Pressure ridge depths -- 5.1.6. Pressure ridge spacings -- 5.1.7. Pressure ridge slopes and widths -- 5.1.8. Lead widths and spacings -- 5.1.9. Fractal properties of ice surfaces -- 5.1.10. Summary -- 5.2. The measurement of ice thickness -- 5.2.1. Current techniques -- 5.2.2. Possible future techniques -- 5.3. Present knowledge of ice thickness distribution -- 5.3.1. Mean ice thickness in the Arctic -- 5.3.2. Mean ice thickness in the Antarctic -- 5.3.3. The differences between Arctic and Antarctic sea ice -- 5.4. Applications of the ice thickness distribution -- 5.4.1. Sound propagation -- 5.4.2. Microwave signatures -- 5.4.3. Stimulation of internal waves by ice keels -- 5.4.4. The under-ice drag coefficient -- 5.4.5. Differential melt rates -- 5.4.6. Ice scour rates and pipeline burial depths -- 6: THE MARGINAL ICE ZONE -- 6.1. The structure of the ice margin -- 6.2. Marginal ice zones of the world -- 6.2.1. Greenland Sea -- 6.2.2. Labrador Sea -- 6.2.3. Bering Sea -- 6.2.4. Antarctic Ocean -- 6.3. Wave-ice interaction and the floe size distribution -- 6.3.1. A review of observations -- 6.3.2. Models of wave attenuation -- 6.3.3. Wave decay and floe break-up -- 6.4. Ice edge bands.
,
6.5. Eddies and meanders -- 6.5.1. Some eddy observations -- 6.5.2. Generating mechanisms -- 6.6. Ambient noise at the ice edge -- 6.7. The Odden ice tongue and Greenland Sea convection -- 7: ICEBERGS -- 7.1. Mode of formation -- 7.2. Physical characteristics -- 7.2.1. Sizes -- 7.2.2. Shapes -- 7.2.3. Geographical distribution -- 7.3. Glaciological properties -- 7.4. Iceberg dynamics and drift -- 7.4.1. Iceberg motion -- 7.4.2. Patterns of iceberg drift -- 7.5. Decay mechanisms -- 7.5.1. Erosion and melt -- 7.5.2. Breakup by flexure -- 7.6. Iceberg scour -- 7.7. Climatic role of icebergs -- 7.8. Icebergs as a fresh water source -- 8: SEA ICE, CLIMATE AND THE ENVIRONMENT -- 8.1. Sea ice and biology -- 8.2. Sea ice and environmental threats -- 8.2.1. Oil spills and blowouts -- 8.2.2. The transport of pollutants by sea ice -- 8.3. Sea ice and climate -- 8.3.1. Climate change and the polar regions -- 8.3.2. Climate change and sea ice extent -- 8.3.3. Climate change and fast ice thickness -- 8.3.4. Climate change and moving pack ice thickness -- 8.3.5. Recent changes in the Arctic Ocean -- 8.4. The future course of research on sea ice -- FURTHER READING -- REFERENCES -- INDEX.
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