Note: Intro -- Nanoscienceand Engineeringin Superconductivity -- Preface -- Contents -- Contributors -- 1 Guided Vortex Motion and Vortex Ratchets in Nanostructured Superconductors -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Equation of Motion -- 1.3 Guided Vortex Motion -- 1.3.1 Transverse Electric Field and Guided Vortex Motion -- 1.3.1.1 Pinning-Free Superconductors -- 1.3.1.2 Superconductors with One-Dimensional Pinning -- 1.3.2 Experimental Results and Theoretical Investigations -- 1.3.2.1 Superconductors with One-Dimensional Pinning -- 1.3.2.2 Superconductors with Two-Dimensional Pinning -- 1.4 Ratchets -- 1.4.1 Basic Ingredients -- 1.4.2 Experimental Considerations -- 1.4.3 Experimental Results and Theoretical Investigations -- 1.4.3.1 Temperature Dependence -- 1.4.3.2 Sign Reversals at High Particle Densities -- 1.4.3.3 Single Vortex Rectifiers -- 1.4.3.4 Magnetic Vortex Rectifiers -- 1.4.3.5 Breaking the Time Reversal Symmetry -- 1.5 Conclusion -- References -- 2 High-Tc Films: From Natural Defects to Nanostructure Engineering of Vortex Matter -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Vortex Matter in High-Tc Superconductors -- 2.2.1 Vortex Motion in Ideal Superconductors -- 2.2.2 Flux Pinning and Summation Theories -- 2.2.3 Pinning Mechanism in HTS -- 2.3 Vortex Manipulation in HTS Films -- 2.3.1 Vortex Manipulation via Artificial Structures -- 2.3.2 Theoretical Considerations of Vortex Manipulation via Antidots -- 2.3.3 Experimental Demonstration -- 2.3.3.1 Vortex-Antidot Interaction and Multi-Quanta Formation -- 2.3.3.2 Guided Vortex Motion via Antidots -- 2.4 Vortex Matter in Superconducting Devices -- 2.4.1 Low-Frequency Noise in SQUIDs -- 2.4.1.1 Manipulation of the Low-Frequency Noise via Antidot Arrays -- 2.4.1.2 Noise Reduction via Strategically Positioned Antidots -- 2.4.2 Vortex Matter in Microwave Devices -- 2.4.2.1 Impact of Vortices on the Microwave Properties. , 2.4.2.2 Concepts for HTS Fluxonic Devices -- 2.5 Conclusions -- References -- 3 Ion Irradiation of High-Temperature Superconductors and Its Application for Nanopatterning -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Defect Creation by Ion Irradiation -- 3.2.1 Methods -- 3.2.2 Ion Species -- 3.2.3 Ion Energy Dependence -- 3.2.4 Angle Dependence -- 3.2.5 Experimental Results -- 3.3 Electrical Properties after Ion Irradiation -- 3.3.1 Brief Review -- 3.3.2 Experimental Techniques -- 3.3.3 Resistivity -- 3.3.4 Hall Effect -- 3.3.5 Long-term Stability -- 3.4 Nano-patterning by Masked Ion Beam Irradiation -- 3.4.1 Previous Attempts to Nanopatterning of HTS -- 3.4.2 Computer Simulation Results -- 3.4.3 Experimental Patterning Tests -- 3.5 Conclusions and Outlook -- References -- 4 Frontiers Problems of the Josephson Effect: From Macroscopic Quantum Phenomena Decayto High-TC Superconductivity -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Grain Boundary Junctions: The Tool -- 4.3 Retracing d-wave Order Parameter Symmetryin Josephson Structures -- 4.4 Macroscopic Quantum Phenomena in Josephson Systems: Fundamentals and Low Critical Temperature Superconductor Junctions -- 4.4.1 Resistively and Capacitively Shunted Junction Model and the ``Washboard'' Potential -- 4.4.2 Macroscopic Quantum Tunnelling (MQT) and Energy Level Quantization (ELQ) -- 4.4.3 Developments of Quantum Measurements for Macroscopic Quantum Coherence Experiments -- 4.5 Macroscopic Quantum Effects in High-TC Josephson Junctions and in Unconventional Conditions -- 4.5.1 Macroscopic Quantum Phenomena in High-TC Josephson Junctions -- 4.5.2 Switching Current Statistics in Moderately Damped Josephson Junctions -- 4.5.3 MQT Current Bias Modulation -- 4.6 Mesoscsopic Effects and Coherence in HTSNanostructures -- 4.7 Conclusions -- References -- 5 Intrinsic Josephson Tunneling in High-TemperatureSuperconductors -- 5.1 Introduction. , 5.2 Sample Fabrication -- 5.2.1 Simple Mesa -- 5.2.2 Flip-Chip Zigzag Bridges -- 5.2.3 Other Methods -- 5.3 Electrical Characterization -- 5.3.1 I-V Curves of Intrinsic Josephson Junctions in Bi2212 -- 5.3.2 Critical Current Density of Individual CuO Plane -- 5.3.3 Superconducting Critical Current of Individual CuO Planes in Bi2212 -- 5.3.4 Tunneling Spectroscopy -- 5.3.5 THz Radiation -- 5.3.6 Joule Heating in Mesas -- 5.3.7 The C-Axis Positive and Negative Magneto-Resistance in a Perpendicular Magnetic Field -- 5.4 Summary -- References -- 6 Stacked Josephson Junctions -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Model -- 6.2.1 Numerical Method -- 6.2.2 Analytic Solutions -- 6.3 Bunching of Fluxons -- 6.3.1 Bunching due to Coupling Between Equations -- 6.3.2 Bunching due to Boundary Conditions -- 6.3.3 External Microwave Signal -- 6.3.4 External Cavity -- 6.4 Experimental Work -- 6.5 Summary -- References -- 7 Point-Contact Spectroscopy of Multigap Superconductors -- 7.1 Point-Contact Andreev Reflexion Spectroscopy -- 7.2 Two Gaps in MgB2 and Doped MgB2 Systems -- 7.2.1 MgB2 -- 7.2.2 Aluminum and Carbon-Doped MgB2 -- 7.3 Multiband Superconductivity in the 122-type Iron Pnictides -- 7.4 Conclusions -- References -- 8 Nanoscale Structures and Pseudogap in Under-doped High-Tc Superconductors -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Microscopic Origin of Two Types of Charge Carriers -- 8.3 Pseudogap and Two Types of Charge Carriers -- 8.4 Nanostructures in STM Measurements -- 8.5 Conclusions -- References -- 9 Scanning Tunneling Spectroscopy of High Tc Cuprates -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Basic Principles of the STM/STS Technique -- 9.2.1 Operating Principles -- 9.2.2 Topography -- 9.2.3 Local Tunneling Spectroscopy -- 9.2.4 STS of Superconductors -- 9.3 Spectral Characteristics of HTS Cuprates -- 9.3.1 General Spectral Features of HTS Cuprates. , 9.3.2 Superconducting Gap and Pseudogap -- 9.4 Revealing Vortices and the Structureof their Cores by STS -- 9.4.1 Vortex Matter in Conventional Superconductors -- 9.4.2 Vortex Matter in HTS -- 9.4.2.1 Y-123 -- 9.4.2.2 Bi-2212 -- 9.4.3 Electronic Structure of the Cores -- 9.4.3.1 BCS Superconductors -- 9.4.3.2 High-Temperature Superconductors -- 9.5 Local Electronic Modulations seen by STM -- 9.5.1 Local Modulations of the Superconducting Gap -- 9.5.2 Local Modulations of the DOS -- 9.5.2.1 Modulations in the Superconducting and Pseudogapped Regimes -- 9.5.2.2 Modulations in the Vortex Cores -- 9.5.3 Summary -- References -- 10 Scanning Tunnelling Spectroscopy of Vortices with Normal and Superconducting tips -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Experimental: Low Temperature STM with Superconducting tips -- 10.2.1 Low Temperature STM -- 10.2.2 Tips Preparation and Characterization -- 10.2.3 Spectroscopic Advantages of Superconducting tips -- 10.3 Vortices Studied by STS -- 10.3.1 The Vortex Lattice: General Propertiesand Visualization -- 10.3.2 NbSe2 Studied with Normal and Superconducting tips -- 10.3.3 NbSe2 vs. NbS2 -- 10.3.4 The Vortex Lattice in thin Films: A 2D Vortex Lattice -- 10.4 Other Scenarios for the Interplay of Magnetism and Superconductivity -- 10.5 Summary and Prospects -- References -- 11 Surface Superconductivity Controlled by Electric Field -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Limit of Large Thomas-Fermi Screening Length -- 11.3 de Gennes Approach to the Boundary Condition -- 11.4 Link to the Limit of Large Screening Length -- 11.5 Electric Field Effect on Surface Superconductivity -- 11.5.1 Nucleation of Surface Superconductivity -- 11.5.2 Solution in Dimensionless Notation -- 11.5.3 Surface Energy -- 11.6 Magneto-capacitance -- 11.6.1 Discontinuity in Magneto-capacitance -- 11.6.2 Estimates of Magnitude -- 11.7 Summary -- References. , 12 Polarity-Dependent Vortex Pinning and Spontaneous Vortex-Antivortex Structures in Superconductor/Ferromagnet Hybrids -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Theoretical Description of F-S Hybrids -- 12.2.1 Ginzburg-Landau Theory -- 12.2.2 London Theory -- 12.3 Experimental Results -- 12.3.1 Scanning Hall Probe Imaging -- 12.3.2 Low Moment Dot Arrays with Perpendicular Magnetisation -- 12.3.3 High Moment Dot Arrays with Perpendicular Magnetisation -- 12.3.4 High Moment Arrays with In-Plane Magnetisation -- 12.3.4.1 Arrays of Rectangular Nanobars -- 12.3.4.2 Arrays of Nanoscale Ferromagnetic Rings -- 12.4 Conclusions -- References -- 13 Superconductor/Ferromagnet Hybrids: Bilayersand Spin Switching -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Some History of the Field -- 13.3 Sample Preparation and Ferromagnet Characteristics -- 13.4 Interface Transparency -- 13.5 Domain Walls in S/F Bilayers -- 13.5.1 Domain Walls in Nb/Cu43Ni57 -- 13.5.2 Domain Walls in Nb/Py -- 13.6 On the Superconducting Spin Switch -- 13.6.1 Spin Switch Effects with CuNi -- 13.6.2 Spin Switch Effects with Py -- 13.7 Concluding Remarks -- References -- 14 Interplay Between Ferromagnetism and Superconductivity -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Artifical Synthesis: FS Hybrid Structures -- 14.2.1 Basic Physics -- 14.2.1.1 Proximity Effect and Andreev Reflection -- 14.2.1.2 Non-monotonous Decay of Superconductivity -- 14.2.1.3 Spin-dependent Interfacial Phase-shifts -- 14.2.1.4 Odd-frequency Pairing -- 14.2.2 Quasiclassical Theory -- 14.2.2.1 Green's Functions and Equations of Motion -- 14.2.2.2 Boundary Conditions -- 14.2.3 FS Bilayers -- 14.2.4 SFS Josephson Junctions -- 14.2.4.1 0- Oscillations of Critical Current -- 14.2.4.2 Inhomogeneous Magnetization Textures -- 14.2.4.3 Spin-Josephson Current -- 14.2.5 FSF Spin-valves -- 14.2.5.1 Controlling Tc by a Spin-switch. , 14.2.5.2 Crossed Andreev Reflection and Entanglement.

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