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  • 1
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    (Table 1) Krill (Euphausia superba) biomass estimates at South Georgia Island from 2001-2005 (2010)
    PANGAEA
    In:  Supplement to: Reid, Keith; Watkins, Jon L; Murphy, Eugene J; Trathan, Phil N; Fielding, Sophie; Enderlein, Peter (2010): Krill population dynamics at South Georgia: implications for ecosystem-based fisheries management. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 399, 243-252, https://doi.org/10.3354/meps08356
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-12-13
    Description: The South Georgia region supports a large biomass of krill that is subject to high interannual variability. The apparent lack of a locally self-maintaining krill population at South Georgia means that understanding the mechanism underlying these observed population characteristics is essential to successful ecosystem-based management of krill fishery in the region. Krill acoustic-density data from surveys conducted in the early, middle and late period of the summers of 2001 to 2005, together with krill population size structure over the same period from predator diet data, were used with a krill population dynamics model to evaluate potential mechanisms behind the observed changes in krill biomass. Krill abundance was highest during the middle of the summer in 3 years and in the late period in 2 years; in the latter there was evidence that krill recruitment was delayed by several months. A model scenario that included empirically derived estimates of both the magnitude and timing of recruitment in each year showed the greatest correlation with the acoustic series. The results are consistent with a krill population with allochthonous recruitment entering a retained adult population; i.e. oceanic transport of adult krill does not appear to be the major factor determining the dynamics of the adult population. The results highlight the importance of the timing of recruitment, especially where this could introduce a mismatch between the peak of krill abundance and the peak demand from predators, which may exacerbate the effects of changes in krill populations arising from commercial harvesting and/or climate change.
    Keywords: Coefficient; DATE/TIME; ECHO; Echosounder; Euphausia superba, biomass; International Polar Year (2007-2008); IPY; South_Georgia_NW; South Georgia Island; Time coverage
    Type: Dataset
    Format: text/tab-separated-values, 48 data points
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    DATA PANGAEA
  • 2
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    Progress report on the scientific data compilation and analyses in support of the planning of Phase 2 of the Weddell Sea Marine Protected Area (WSMPA) (2020)
    In:  EPIC3CCAMLR Scientific Commitee Meeting, Online meeting, 2020-10-22-2020-10-26
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-11-06
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Conference , notRev
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  • 3
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    Marine Important Bird and Biodiversity Areas for Penguins in Antarctica, Targets for Conservation Action (2021)
    In:  EPIC3Frontiers in Marine Science, 7
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-01-27
    Description: Global targets for area-based conservation and management must move beyond threshold-based targets alone and must account for the quality of such areas. In the Southern Ocean around Antarctica, a region where key biodiversity faces unprecedented risks from climate change and where there is a growing demand to extract resources, a number of marine areas have been afforded enhanced conservation or management measures through two adopted marine protected areas (MPAs). However, evidence suggests that additional high quality areas could benefit from a proposed network of MPAs. Penguins offer a particular opportunity to identify high quality areas because these birds, as highly visible central-place foragers, are considered indicator species whose populations reflect the state of the surrounding marine environment. We compiled a comprehensive dataset of the location of penguin colonies and their associated abundance estimates in Antarctica.We then estimated the at-sea distribution of birds based on information derived from tracking data and through the application of a modified foraging radius approach with a density decay function to identify some of the most important marine areas for chick-rearing adult penguins throughout waters surrounding Antarctica following the Important Bird and Biodiversity Area (IBA) framework. Additionally, we assessed how marine IBAs overlapped with the currently adopted and proposed network of key management areas (primarily MPAs), and how the krill fishery likely overlapped with marine IBAs over the past five decades. We identified 63 marine IBAs throughout Antarctic waters and found that were the proposed MPAs to be adopted, the permanent conservation of high quality areas for penguin species would increase by between 49 and 100% depending on the species. Furthermore, our data show that, despite a generally contracting range of operation by the krill fishery in Antarctica over the past five decades, a consistently disproportionate amount of krill is being harvested within marine IBAs compared to the total area in which the fishery operates. Our results support the designation of the proposed MPA network and offer additional guidance as to where decision-makers should act before further perturbation occurs in the Antarctic marine ecosystem.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , isiRev
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 4
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    Tracking predators to protect Southern Ocean Ecosystems (2020)
    In:  EPIC3SCAR Open Science Conference, Hobart, Tasmania, 2020-08-03-2020-08-07
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-08-14
    Description: n a rapidly changing world, we need to know which areas warrant protection from current and forthcoming threats. This is hard to do objectively in the vast Southern Ocean. However, identifying where predators go also tells us where their prey can be found. If multiple predator species and their diverse prey are found in the same place, then this indicates an area of high ecological significance. We assembled Southern Ocean predator tracking data to produce a database of over 4000 individual animal tracks from 17 species. Statistical spatial models used these data to project the at-sea movements for all known colonies of each predator species across the entire Southern Ocean. These projections were combined across all species to provide an integrated map of those areas important to many different predators. These areas of ecological significance were scattered around the Antarctic continental shelf and in two oceanic regions, one extending from the Antarctic Peninsula into the Scotia Arc, and another surrounding the sub-Antarctic islands in the Southern Indian Ocean. Existing and proposed marine protected areas (MPAs) are mostly within these important habitats, suggesting they are currently in the right places. Yet, when using IPCC climate model projections to account for how areas of important habitat are likely to move by 2100, the same MPAs may not remain perfectly aligned with important predator habitats. Dynamic MPAs are therefore needed to ensure continued protection of Southern Ocean ecosystems and their resources in the face of growing demand by the current and future generations.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Conference , notRev
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  • 5
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    The SCAR Retrospective Analysis of Antarctic Tracking Data (2017)
    In:  EPIC3The 6th International Bio-logging Science Symposium, Lake Konstanz, Germany, 2017-09-25-2017-09-29
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-11-20
    Description: The SCAR Retrospective Analysis of Antarctic Tracking Data project is a multi-species synthesis of movement data of Antarctic predators intended to identify Areas of Ecological Significance. These areas are defined as being used by multiple air-breathing predator species and therefore indicative of high biodiversity and abundance of lower trophic organisms. The study therefore aims to provide: (i) a greater understanding of fundamental ecosystem processes in the Southern Ocean, (ii) facilitate future projections of predator distributions under varying climate regimes, and (iii) provide input into spatial planning decisions for management and conservation authorities. Since April 1 2016, RAATD has accumulated almost 3 million at-sea locations from 17 species of seabirds and marine mammals, using GPS, light level geolocation, and ARGOS satellite tracking devices. Importantly, these data come from 49 separate data contributors from 10 countries, who have agreed to share their hard won data with the Antarctic tracking community. The analytical framework of RAATD consists of (i) developing a habitat utilization model for each species, (ii) application of this model towards global predictions of important habitat based on colony locations (where appropriate) for that species, and then (iii) compilation of these species-specific predictions to identify Areas of Ecological Significance. We will present an overview of the dataset and highlight some of the analytical challenges and successes involved in our multi-species synthesis.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Conference , notRev
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  • 6
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    Full circumpolar migration ensures evolutionary unity in the Emperor penguin (2016)
    In:  EPIC3Nature Communications, 7, pp. 11842, ISSN: 2041-1723
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-15
    Description: Defining reliable demographic models is essential to understand the threats of ongoing environmental change. Yet, in the most remote and threatened areas, models are often based on the survey of a single population, assuming stationarity and independence in population responses. This is the case for the Emperor penguin Aptenodytes forsteri, a flagship Antarctic species that may be at high risk continent-wide before 2100. Here, using genome-wide data from the whole Antarctic continent, we reveal that this top-predator is organized as one single global population with a shared demography since the late Quaternary. We refute the view of the local population as a relevant demographic unit, and highlight that (i) robust extinction risk estimations are only possible by including dispersal rates and (ii) colony-scaled population size is rather indicative of local stochastic events, whereas the species’ response to global environmental change is likely to follow a shared evolutionary trajectory.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , isiRev
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  • 7
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    A new bathymetric compilation for the South Orkney Islands, Antarctic Peninsula (49°- 39°W to 64°- 59°S): insights into the glacial development of the continental shelf (2014)
    In:  EPIC3European Geosciences Union General Assembly 2014, Vienna, 2014-04-27-2014-05-02
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-08-10
    Description: We present a new, high resolution (300 m) bathymetric grid of the South Orkney Islands and surrounding continental shelf, northeast of the Antarctic Peninsula. The new grid, derived from a compilation of marine echo-sounding data offers significant and demonstrable improvements over previous regional bathymetric representations and helps to visualise the morphology of the shelf in unrivalled detail. With multiple end users (oceanographers, glacial modellers, biologists and geologists) the new compilation forms important baseline information for a range of scientific applications. In particular, due to our limited understanding of glacial history in this region, the new bathymetry grid provides the first detailed insights into past glacial regimes. The continental shelf is dominated by seven glacially eroded troughs, marking the pathways of glacial outlets that once drained a former ice cap centered on the South Orkney Islands. During previous glacial periods, grounded ice extended to the shelf break to the north of the islands. A large, 250 km long sediment depocenter, interpreted as a maximum former ice limit of one or more Cenozoic glaciations, suggests that ice was only grounded to the 300 m contour in the South. Using observations from the new bathymetric grid, we propose a preliminary ice cap reconstruction for maximum glaciation of the South Orkney plateau suggesting an areal ice coverage in the region of 19000 km^2. The Timing of maximum ice extent, number of past advances and pattern of subsequent deglaciation(s) remain uncertain and will require further targeted marine geological and geophysical investigations to resolve.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Conference , notRev
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  • 8
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    A new bathymetric compilation for the South Orkney Islands region, Antarctic Peninsula (49°–39°W to 64°–59°S): Insights into the glacial development of the continental shelf (2014)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, Wiley, 15(6), pp. 2494-2514, ISSN: 1525-2027
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-08-10
    Description: We present a new, high resolution (300 m) bathymetric grid of the continental shelf surrounding the South Orkney Islands, northeast of the Antarctic Peninsula. The new grid, derived from a compilation of marine echo-sounding data, improves previous regional bathymetric representations and helps to visualize the morphology of the shelf in unrivalled detail. The compilation forms important baseline information for a range of scientific applications and end users including oceanographers, glacial modelers, biologists, and geologists. In particular, due to the limited understanding of glacial history in this region, the bathymetry provides the first detailed insights into past glacial regimes. The continental shelf is dominated by seven glacially eroded troughs, marking the pathways of glacial outlets that once drained a former ice cap centered on the South Orkney Islands. During previous glacial periods, grounded ice extended to the shelf edge north of the islands. A large, ∼250 km long sediment depocenter, interpreted as a maximum former ice limit of one or more Cenozoic glaciations, suggests that ice was only grounded to the ∼300–350 m contour in the south. Hypsometric analyses support this interpretation, indicating that a significant proportion of the shelf has been unaffected by glacial erosion. Using these observations, we propose a preliminary ice cap reconstruction for maximum glaciation of the South Orkney plateau, suggesting an ice coverage of about ∼19,000 km2. The timing of maximum ice extent, number of past advances and pattern of subsequent deglaciation(s) remain uncertain and will require further targeted marine geological and geophysical investigations to resolve.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , isiRev
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  • 9
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    Scientific background document in support of the development of a CCAMLR MPA in the Weddell Sea (Antarctica) – Version 2014 (2014)
    CCAMLR
    In:  EPIC3CCAMLR Scientific Committee / sc-xxxiii-bg-02, CCAMLR
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-08-10
    Description: Germany intends to present the Scientific Committee the background document that provides the scientific basis for the evaluation of marine protected areas (MPAs) in the Weddell Sea. Please note, that the current state of the background document presents a comprehensive yet incomplete first version concerning chapters that have to be (further) developed or revised. The contents and structure of the document reflect also its main objectives, i.e. (i) to set out the general background and context of the establishment of MPAs, (ii) to describe the boundaries of the Weddell Sea MPA Planning Area, (iii) to inform on the data retrieval process, (iv) to provide - for the first time- a comprehensive, yet succinct, general description of the Weddell Sea ecosystem to reflect the state of the science, and additionally to present the results of the various preliminary scientific analyses that were carried out so far within the framework of the MPA Weddell Sea project, and finally (v) to describe future work beyond the development of the scientific basis for the evaluation of a Weddell Sea MPA.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Miscellaneous , notRev
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 10
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    Stroke frequency, but not swimming speed, is related to body size in free-ranging seabirds, pinnipeds and cetaceans (2007)
    Royal Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © 2007 Author et al. This is an EXiS Open Choice article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons license version 2.5. The definitive version was published in Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 274 (2007): 471-477, doi:10.1098/rspb.2006.0005.
    Description: It is obvious, at least qualitatively, that small animals move their locomotory apparatus faster than large animals: small insects move their wings invisibly fast, while large birds flap their wings slowly. However, quantitative observations have been difficult to obtain from free-ranging swimming animals. We surveyed the swimming behaviour of animals ranging from 0.5kg seabirds to 30000kg sperm whales using animal-borne accelerometers. Dominant stroke cycle frequencies of swimming specialist seabirds and marine mammals were proportional to mass−0.29 (R2=0.99, n=17 groups), while propulsive swimming speeds of 1–2ms−1 were independent of body size. This scaling relationship, obtained from breath-hold divers expected to swim optimally to conserve oxygen, does not agree with recent theoretical predictions for optimal swimming. Seabirds that use their wings for both swimming and flying stroked at a lower frequency than other swimming specialists of the same size, suggesting a morphological trade-off with wing size and stroke frequency representing a compromise. In contrast, foot-propelled diving birds such as shags had similar stroke frequencies as other swimming specialists. These results suggest that muscle characteristics may constrain swimming during cruising travel, with convergence among diving specialists in the proportions and contraction rates of propulsive muscles.
    Description: This work was funded by grants from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (A15255003, B1164062, C15570012, C12660157, C17580175), Ocean Research Institute, Iwate Prefecture, COE program (Neo-Science of Natural History led by H. Okada), Program for Promotion of Basic Research Activities for Innovative Biosciences and National Science Foundation (02229638). Y.W. and Y.M. are JSPS Research Fellows. P.J.O.M. was supported by a Royal Society fellowship and a grant for visiting professor of International Coastal Research Centre, Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo.
    Keywords: Accelerometer ; Power spectral density ; Dive ; Free-ranging ; Scaling ; Optimal
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: video/quicktime
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