Note: Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Table of Contents -- Contributors -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) and the aims of the book -- 1.2 The ESIA process -- 1.3 The broader context for ESIA -- 1.4 Book structure -- 2 Water -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Definitions and concepts -- 2.3 Key legislation, guidance and standards -- 2.4 Scoping -- 2.5 Baseline -- 2.6 Impact prediction and evaluation -- 2.7 Mitigation -- 2.8 Monitoring -- 2.9 Conclusions -- 3 Soils, land and geology -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Definitions and concepts -- 3.3 Key policy and legislation -- 3.4 Scoping and baseline studies -- 3.5 Impact prediction -- 3.6 Mitigation -- 3.7 Monitoring -- 3.8 Conclusions -- 4 Air -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Definitions and concepts -- 4.3 Key international guidelines and standards -- 4.4 Scoping and baseline studies -- 4.5 Impact prediction and evaluation -- 4.6 Mitigation and enhancement -- 4.7 Monitoring -- 4.8 Conclusions -- 5 Climate and climate change -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Definitions and concepts -- 5.3 Key legislation, guidance and standards -- 5.4 Scoping and baseline studies -- 5.5 Impact prediction and evaluation -- 5.6 Mitigation and monitoring -- 5.7 Conclusions -- 6 Ecology -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Definitions and concepts -- 6.3 Key legislation, guidance and standards -- 6.4 Defining the baseline - scoping -- 6.5 Defining the baseline - desk studies and surveys -- 6.6 Detailed surveys and evaluation of baseline conditions -- 6.7 Impact prediction and evaluation -- 6.8 Mitigation -- 6.9 Monitoring -- 6.10 Conclusions -- 7 Coastal ecology and geomorphology -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Definitions and concepts -- 7.3 Key legislation, policies and guidance -- 7.4 Scoping and baseline studies -- 7.5 Impact prediction and evaluation -- 7.6 Mitigation. , 7.7 Monitoring -- 7.8 Conclusions -- 8 Ecosystem services -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Definitions and concepts -- 8.3 Key policy, legislation, guidance and standards -- 8.4 Scoping and baseline studies -- 8.5 Impact prediction and evaluation -- 8.6 Mitigation and enhancement -- 8.7 Monitoring -- 8.8 Conclusions -- 9 Noise -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Definitions and concepts -- 9.3 Key legislation, guidance and standards -- 9.4 Scoping and baseline studies -- 9.5 Impact prediction and evaluation -- 9.6 Mitigation -- 9.7 Monitoring -- 9.8 Conclusions -- 10 Transport -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Definitions and concepts -- 10.3 Key guidance -- 10.4 Scoping and baseline studies -- 10.5 Impact prediction and evaluation -- 10.6 Mitigation -- 10.7 Monitoring -- 10.8 Conclusions -- 11 Landscape and visual -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Definitions and concepts -- 11.3 Key legislation and guidance -- 11.4 Scoping and baseline studies -- 11.5 Impact prediction and evaluation -- 11.6 Mitigation and enhancement -- 11.7 Monitoring -- 11.8 Conclusions -- 12 Cultural heritage -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Definitions and concepts -- 12.3 Key legislation, guidance and standards -- 12.4 Baseline studies -- 12.5 Impact prediction and evaluation -- 12.6 Interactions -- 12.7 Mitigation and enhancement -- 12.8 Monitoring -- 12.9 Conclusions -- 13 Socio-economic impacts 1: Overview and economic impacts -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Definitions and concepts -- 13.3 Key legislation, guidance and standards -- 13.4 Scoping and baseline studies -- 13.5 Impact prediction and evaluation: direct and indirect employment impacts -- 13.6 Mitigation and enhancement -- 13.7 Monitoring -- 13.8 Conclusions -- 14 Socio-economic impacts 2: Social impacts -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Definitions and concepts -- 14.3 Key legislation, guidance and concepts -- 14.4 Scoping and baseline studies. , 14.5 Impact prediction and evaluation -- 14.6 Mitigation and enhancement -- 14.7 Monitoring -- 14.8 Conclusions -- 15 Land acquisition, resettlement and livelihoods -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Definitions, concepts, key guidance/standards -- 15.3 Outline of the resettlement process -- 15.4 Scoping and initial planning -- 15.5 Profiling and baseline data collection -- 15.6 Development of the Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) -- 15.7 Implementation and handover -- 15.8 Livelihood restoration and enhancement -- 15.9 Monitoring and evaluation -- 15.10 Conclusions -- 16 Health -- 16.1 Introduction -- 16.2 Definitions and concepts -- 16.3 Key legislation, guidance and standards -- 16.4 Screening and scoping for HIA -- 16.5 Assessment for HIA -- 16.6 Mitigation/enhancement and monitoring for HIA -- 16.7 Human Health Risk Assessment -- 16.8 What capabilities are needed to undertake HIA? -- 16.9 Conclusions -- 17 Resource efficiency -- 17.1 Introduction -- 17.2 Definitions and concepts -- 17.3 Key legislation, guidance and standards -- 17.4 Scoping and baseline studies -- 17.5 Impact prediction and evaluation -- 17.6 Mitigation -- 17.7 Conclusions -- 18 Risk and risk assessment -- 18.1 Introduction -- 18.2 Definitions and concepts -- 18.3 Prediction and evaluation -- 18.4 Mitigation -- 18.5 Beyond QRA and qualitative risk assessment? -- 18.6 QRA and ESIA -- 18.7 Conclusions -- 19 Cumulative effects -- 19.1 Introduction -- 19.2 Definitions and concepts -- 19.3 Key legislation and guidance -- 19.4 Scoping and baseline -- 19.5 Prediction and evaluation -- 19.6 Mitigation -- 19.7 Monitoring and management -- 19.8 Conclusions -- 20 Environmental and social management plans -- 20.1 Introduction -- 20.2 Definitions and concepts -- 20.3 Key legislation, policy and guidance -- 20.4 Developing an ESMP -- 20.5 Conclusions -- Glossary -- Index.

Note: Cover -- Strategic environmental assessment -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Abbreviations -- 1. The changing context of environmental impact assessment -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 The current state of environmental impact assessment -- 1.3 The need for strategic environmental assessment -- 1.4 Trends in approaches to environmental issues: links with strategic environmental assessment -- 1.5 Conclusions -- Notes -- 2. Strategic environmental assessment and policy appraisal -- 2.1 Strategic environmental assessment in UK policy-making -- 2.2 Strategic environmental assessment as policy appraisal -- 2.3 The tiered approach to environmental impact assessment -- 2.4 Concepts in policy appraisal -- 2.5 Problems with strategic environmental assessment -- 3. Existing and proposed systems of strategic environmental assessment -- 3.1 United States -- 3.2 European Community -- 3.3 Netherlands -- 3.4 United Kingdom -- 3.5 Other countries -- 3.6 International moves towards the implementation of strategic environmental assessment -- 3.7 Trends in systems of strategic environmental assessment -- Notes -- 4. Coastal zones -- 4.1 The importance of coastal zones -- 4.2 Threats to coastal zones -- 4.3 Policies regarding coastal zones -- 4.4 EIAs of projects affecting coastal zones -- 4.5 The need for strategic environmental assessment -- 5. Energy sector -- 5.1 The importance of the energy sector -- 5.2 National policy -- 5.3 Case studies of the energy sector -- 5.4 EIAs of energy-related projects -- 5.5 The need for strategic environmental assessment -- 6. Lowland heath -- 6.1 The importance of lowland heath -- 6.2 Threats to lowland heath -- 6.3 Policies regarding lowland heath -- 6.4 EIAs of projects affecting lowland heath -- 6.5 Application of SEA -- 7. Strategic environmental assessment and global futures. , 7.1 A sustainability-led approach to strategic environmental assessment -- 7.2 Issues and problems with the sustainability-led approach to strategic environmental assessment -- 7.3 Strategic environmental assessment in the future -- Appendix A. Extracts from EC directive 85/337 -- A.1 Projects requiring EIA -- A.2 Content of EIA -- Appendix B. Critique of the proposed EC directive on SEA, Policy Appraisal and the Environment, and Planning Policy Guidance Note 12 -- B.1 Proposed EC directive on SEA -- B.2 Policy Appraisal and the Environment -- B.3 Planning Policy Guidance Note 12 -- Appendix C. Possible methodologies for strategic environmental assessment -- C.1 Introduction and issues -- C.2 Determining the need for a strategic environmental assessment -- C.3 Establishing a work programme -- C.4 Determining the objectives of the PPP -- C.5 Defining the scope of the strategic environmental assessment -- C.6 Environmental analysis -- C.7 Establishing an environmental database -- C.8 Impact evaluation and synthesis -- C.9 Proposing recommendations and preparing an SEA report -- C.10 Monitoring and feedback -- References -- Index.

Note: Cover -- Half Title -- Series Information -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Table of contents -- Preface to the first edition -- Preface to the fifth edition -- Acknowledgements -- Part 1 Principles and procedures -- 1 Introduction and principles -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 The nature of environmental impact assessment -- 1.2.1 Definitions -- 1.2.2 Environmental impact assessment: a process -- 1.2.3 Environmental impact statements: the documentation -- 1.3 The purposes of environmental impact assessment -- 1.3.1 An aid to decision-making -- 1.3.2 An aid to the formulation of development actions -- 1.3.3 A vehicle for stakeholder consultation and participation -- 1.3.4 An instrument for sustainable development -- The nature of sustainable development -- Institutional responses to sustainable development -- 1.4 Projects, environment and impacts -- 1.4.1 The nature of major projects -- 1.4.2 Dimensions of the environment -- 1.4.3 The nature of impacts -- 1.5 Key participants in the EIA process -- 1.6 Evolving perspectives on EIA -- 1.6.1 EIA in its theoretical context -- 1.6.2 The importance of adaptive EIA -- 1.6.3 EIA in a rapidly growing impact assessment (IA) family -- Scope -- Scale -- Integration -- 1.7 Current issues in environmental impact assessment -- 1.7.1 The nature of methods of assessment -- 1.7.2 The relative roles of participants in the process -- 1.7.3 The quality and effectiveness of EIA -- 1.7.4 The quality, efficiency and proportionate nature of the EIA process -- 1.7.5 Beyond the decision -- 1.7.6 Managing the widening scope and complexity of IA activity -- 1.8 An outline of subsequent parts and chapters -- Some questions -- References -- 2 US origins and worldwide development -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 The National Environmental Policy Act and subsequent US systems -- 2.2.1 Legislative history. , 2.2.2 An interpretation of NEPA -- 2.2.3 A summary of NEPA procedures -- 2.2.4 Recent trends in EIS activity -- 2.2.5 Little NEPAs and the case of California -- 2.3 NEPA critique, review and changes -- 2.3.1 Strengths and weaknesses -- 2.3.2 System review -- 2.3.3 Important amendments -- 2.3.4 Streamlining, synchronizing and integrating -- 2.4 The worldwide spread of EIA -- 2.4.1 Rapid evolution of EIA systems worldwide -- 2.4.2 System variations and trends -- 2.5 International bodies and EIA procedures -- 2.6 Summary -- Some questions -- Notes -- References -- 3 EU and UK agency and legislative contexts -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 EC Directive 85/337 -- 3.2.1 Legislative history -- 3.2.2 Summary of EC Directive 85/337 procedures -- 3.3 EC Directive - ongoing issues and reviews -- 3.3.1 Divergent practice in a converging system? -- 3.3.2 Reviews and amendments 1993 to 2009 -- 1993 review -- 1997 amendments and subsequent review -- The 2003 review of the amended Directive 97/11/EC and further amendments -- 2009 review and 2011 amendments/consolidation of Directive (2011/92/EU) -- 3.4 Current EIA Directive (2014/52/EU) -- 3.4.1 Genesis of the revised EIA Directive -- 3.4.2 Main changes in the revised EIA Directive (2014/52/EU) -- 3.4.3 Detailing specific changes -- 3.5 UK development of EIA -- 3.5.1 Limitations of the land-use planning system -- 3.5.2 North Sea oil- and gas-related EIA initiatives -- 3.5.3 Department of the Environment scepticism -- 3.6 UK EIA regulations and agencies - an overview -- 3.6.1 UK EIA regulations: an overview -- 3.6.2 The principal actors in the UK EIA system -- 3.7 The Town and Country Planning (Environmental Impact Assessment) Regulations 2017 -- 3.7.1 Screening - which projects require EIA? -- 3.7.2 The contents of the EIA -- 3.7.3 Statutory and other consultees -- 3.7.4 Carrying out the EIA -- preparing the EIS. , 3.7.5 Submitting the EIS and planning application: public consultation (see Figure 3.3) -- 3.7.6 Planning decision (Figure 3.3) -- 3.8 Infrastructure Planning (EIA) Regulations 2017 (HMG 2017) -- 3.9 Summary -- Some questions -- Notes -- References -- Part 2 Process -- 4 Starting up: early stages -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Managing the EIA process -- 4.2.1 The EIA team -- 4.2.2 The style of the EIA process -- 4.2.3 EIA costs and resources -- 4.3 Project screening - is an EIA needed? -- 4.4 Scoping - which impacts and issues to consider? -- 4.5 The consideration of alternatives -- 4.5.1 Regulatory requirements -- 4.5.2 Identification of reasonable alternatives -- 4.5.3 Assessment and comparison of alternatives -- 4.5.4 Explanation of the choice of preferred alternative -- 4.6 Understanding the project/development action -- 4.6.1 Understanding the dimensions of the project -- 4.6.2 Sources and presentation of data -- 4.7 Establishing the environmental baseline -- 4.7.1 General considerations -- 4.7.2 Sources and presentation of data -- 4.8 Impact identification -- 4.8.1 Checklists -- 4.8.2 Matrices -- 4.8.3 Networks or causal chain analyses -- 4.8.4 Overlay (or constraints) maps -- 4.8.5 Summary of identification methods -- 4.9 Summary -- Some questions -- Note -- References -- 5 Impact prediction, evaluation, mitigation and enhancement -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Prediction -- 5.2.1 Dimensions of prediction (what to predict) -- 5.2.2 Methods and models for prediction (how to predict) -- Mathematical and computer-based models -- Physical/architectural models and computer graphics -- Expert judgements and analogue models -- Other methods for prediction -- Choice of prediction methods -- Causal networks in EIA prediction -- 5.2.3 Living with uncertainty -- The nature of uncertainty, uncertainty in EIA and uncertainty disclosure -- Handling uncertainty. , 5.2.4 Some current data forecasting sources -- 5.3 Evaluation and assessing significance -- 5.3.1 Evaluation in the EIA process - the determination of significance -- The importance of significance -- Frameworks for determining significance -- Criteria and standards for determining significance thresholds -- Range of methods for assessing significance -- 5.3.2 Cost-benefit analysis and monetary valuation techniques -- 5.3.3 Scoring, weighting and multicriteria methods -- 5.4 Mitigation and enhancement -- 5.4.1 The nature of mitigation measures and the mitigation hierarchy -- 5.4.2 Mitigation in the EIA process -- 5.4.3 Enhancement of potential benefits -- Nature and importance of enhancement -- Enhancement examples -- Community Benefits Agreements -- 5.4.4 Trading off impacts -- 5.5 Summary -- Some questions -- References -- 6 Participation, presentation and review -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Public consultation and participation -- 6.2.1 What is public participation? -- 6.2.2 Advantages and disadvantages of public participation -- 6.2.3 Requirements and methods for effective participation -- 6.2.4 EU procedures -- 6.3 Consultation with statutory consultees and other countries -- 6.4 EIA presentation -- 6.4.1 Contents and organization -- 6.4.2 Clarity of communication -- 6.4.3 Presentation -- 6.5 Review of EISs -- 6.6 Decisions on projects -- 6.6.1 EIA and project authorization -- 6.6.2 EIA and public inquiries -- 6.6.3 Challenging a decision: judicial review -- 6.6.4 Challenging a decision: the European Commission -- 6.7 Summary -- Some questions -- Notes -- References -- 7 Monitoring and auditing: after the decision -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 The importance of monitoring and auditing in the EIA process -- 7.3 Some key questions for monitoring and auditing in EIA -- 7.3.1 What, how, by whom and where? -- 7.3.2 Mandatory or discretionary?. , 7.4 Some international monitoring practice -- 7.4.1 USA - NEPA, and the specific case of California -- 7.4.2 The case of Hong Kong -- 7.4.3 UK experience -- 7.4.4 Some developing countries' experiences -- 7.5 Auditing in practice -- 7.6 A UK case study: monitoring and auditing the local socio-economic impacts of the Sizewell B PWR construction project -- 7.6.1 Background to the case study -- 7.6.2 Operational characteristics of the monitoring study -- 7.6.3 Some findings from the studies -- Employment -- Local economy -- Housing -- Traffic and noise -- Crime -- Residents' perceptions -- 7.6.4 Learning from monitoring: Sizewell B and Sizewell C -- 7.7 A UK case study: monitoring the local impacts of the London 2012 Olympics project -- 7.7.1 Nature of the project and its impacts life cycle -- 7.7.2 Construction stage monitoring -- 7.8 Summary -- Some questions -- References -- Part 3 Practice -- 8 UK practice -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 EIA activity - number and type of EISs and projects -- 8.2.1 Mainstream regulations -- Number and broad location of EISs -- Types of projects -- Sources of EISs -- 8.2.2 The particular case of NSIPs/major projects -- 8.3 A SWOT analysis overview of UK EIA practice -- 8.4 Particular features of UK EIA practice -- 8.4.1 Pre-submission - screening and scoping -- Screening -- Scoping and pre-submission consultation -- 8.4.2 Submission - EIS quality -- Studies of EIS quality -- Determinants of EIS quality -- 8.4.3 The post-submission EIA process -- Review -- Consultation and public participation -- Decision-making -- 8.5 Legal challenges - UK and EU -- 8.6 Costs and benefits of EIA -- 8.6.1 Costs of EIA -- 8.6.2 Benefits of EIA -- 8.7 Some case studies in UK EIA practice -- 8.7.1 Public participation - Portsmouth incinerator project -- Context -- Background to the proposed scheme -- The two-stage participation approach. , Evaluation of the process.

Note: Cover -- The Practice of StrategicEnvironmental Assessment -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Author Information -- Acknowledgements -- List of Acronyms -- List of Illustrations -- Part I: Background -- 1 Introduction -- Definitions -- Interest groups in SEA -- Need for SEA -- Limitations of SEA -- SEA in PPP Decision-Making -- Framework for, and Overview of, the Case Studies -- 2 SEA Regulations and Guidelines Worldwide -- Introduction -- Evolving Approaches -- Most Significant Contributions to SEA Regulations and Guidelines -- Conclusions -- 3 SEA Methodology in Practice -- Setting Objectives and Targets -- Identifying Alternative PPPs -- Describing the PPP -- Scoping -- Establishing Environmental Indicators -- Describing the Baseline Environment -- Predicting Impacts -- Evaluating Impacts and Comparing Alternatives -- Mitigation -- Monitoring -- Conclusions -- Part II: Sectoral SEAs -- 4 SEA of Wind Farms in the Soest District (and Other German SEAs) -- Introduction -- Background -- Methodological Starting Point -- Characteristics of Wind Power Installations -- Results and Conclusions -- Other SEA Research and Pilot Projects in Germany -- Conclusions and Prospects -- 5 SEA of an Environmental Restoration and Waste Management Programme, US -- Introduction -- Institutional Framework -- The NEPA Process -- Methodology -- Evidence of Current and Future Effectiveness of SEA -- The Influence of SEA on Decision-Making -- SEA Constraints and Opportunities -- 6 SEA of the Trans-European Transport Networks -- The Development of the Trans-European Transport Networks: Integrating Environmental Concerns -- SEA of the European High Speed Rail Network -- Alternatives and Scenarios Considered -- SEA Methodology -- Baseline Data -- Main Findings of the SEA. , Dissemination of Results, Public Consultation and the SEA's Role in Decision-Making -- Further Developments and Recommendations -- 7 SEA of the Dutch Ten-Year Programme on Waste Management -- Introduction -- Institutional Framework and SEA Procedure -- Methodology Used in the SEA -- Discussion -- 8 SEA of the Bara Forest Management Plan, Nepal -- Introduction -- The Proposed Operational Forest Management Plan -- The Reasons for Undertaking an SEA -- Baseline Information -- Predicted Impacts and their Significance -- Summary of the Analysis -- Mitigation and Protection Measures -- Monitoring and Evaluation -- Preferred Alternatives and Recommendations -- Part III: Seas of Comprehensivel/Area-based Plans -- 9 SEA of Hertfordshire County Council's Structure Plan -- Introduction -- UK Government Guidance Regarding SEA -- Background and Scoping -- The Plan Vision, Aims and Objectives -- The Formal Environmental Appraisal -- Issues in Environmental Appraisal -- 10 SEA Integration with Municipal Comprehensive Land-Use Planning in Sweden -- Introduction -- The Actions -- SEA and Planning Legislation in Sweden -- The Domain of SEA, or Who is the Decision-Maker? -- Early Integration is the Key to the Full Potential of SEA -- Alternatives are the Keys to Relevance for Decision-Makers -- Analysis of Impacts and Comparing Alternatives -- The Draft Plans and SEA Reports Reflect the Procedure -- The Results of the Integrated SEA and Comprehensive Land-Use Planning Process -- Creating Change Through Dialogue -- Conclusions -- 11 SEA of the San Joaquin County General Plan 2010, California, US -- Introduction -- The General Plan -- California Environmental Quality Act -- Selection Process for EIR Authors -- Impact Assessment as Related to Planning: 'Did the Cart Come Before the Horse?' -- Major Impact Issues -- Alternatives -- Results and Effectiveness of EIR. , Conclusions -- Part IV: SEAs of Policies -- 12 SEA and the Structural Funds -- Introduction -- Structural Funds and Environmental Profiles -- The SEA Process for Structural Funds -- SEA of the Irish National Plan -- Conclusions -- 13 SEA: A Case Study of Follow-up to Canadian Crop Insurance -- What is Crop Insurance? -- Legislative Situation: Why Was an Environmental Assessment Done? -- Framework Used for Policy Assessment -- Purpose and Methodology -- Results -- Recommendations -- Impact of the Assessment -- Lessons Learned -- Part V: Conclusions -- 14 Learning from SEA Practice -- Key Issues in SEA in Practice -- Costs and Benefits of SEA -- Future Directions for SEA in Practice -- Conclusion -- References -- Index.

Note: Cover -- Strategic Environmental Assessment in Action -- Copyright -- Contents -- List of Figures, Tables and Boxes -- List of Acronyms and Abbreviations -- Acknowledgements -- Part I Introducing Strategic Environmental Assessment -- Chapter 1 Introduction -- Chapter 2 Strategic Environmental Assessment: An Overview -- Chapter 3 SEA in Plan-Making -- Chapter 4 Three SEA Systems: United States, Europe, China -- Part II The SEA Process -- Chapter 5 Setting the Context for SEA -- Chapter 6 Describing the Environmental Baseline, Identifying Problems, Links to Other Strategic Actions -- Chapter 7 Identifying Alternatives -- Chapter 8 Predicting Impacts -- Chapter 9 Evaluating and Mitigating Impacts -- Chapter 10 Documentation, Implementation and Monitoring -- Part III Ensuring SEA Effectiveness -- Chapter 11 Ensuring that the SEA is Effective and Resourcing It -- Appendices -- References -- Index.

Note: Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Original Title Page -- Original Copyright Page -- Dedication Page -- Contents -- Figures -- Tables -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Abbreviations -- Chapter 1 Introduction -- Part one Environmental policy -- Chapter 2 Interest groups -- Introduction -- Interest groups -- Examples of interest-group interactions -- Conclusions -- Chapter 3 Environmental problems -- Introduction -- Rapid economic growth (1955-63) -- Recognition of pollution problems (1964-9) -- Pollution control efforts and the oil shocks (1970-9) -- Economic recession and the current state of the environment (1980-90) -- Japan's high-tech future vision -- Conclusions -- Chapter 4 Environmental management -- Introduction -- Land use and planning problems -- Planning framework -- Environmental management plans -- Conclusions -- Chapter 5 Environmental policy -- Introduction -- Policy-makers and implementation -- National and local environmental laws -- Mechanisms for policy implementation -- Expenditure -- Direction of Japan's environmental policy -- Part two Environmental impact assessment -- Chapter 6 Development of environmental impact assessment -- Introduction -- National EIA system -- Local authority EIA systems -- Conclusions -- Chapter 7 Procedures for environmental impact assessment -- Introduction -- National EIA procedures -- Local authority EIA procedures -- Procedures of other EIA-related laws -- Conclusions -- Chapter 8 Critical discussion of environmental impact assessment in Japan -- Part three Case studies -- Chapter 9 Overview of the case studies -- Introduction -- Major development projects in Japan -- Case study selection and format -- Chapter 10 Honshu-Shikoku Road/Rail Bridges -- Introduction -- History and siting of the bridges -- EIA of the Kojima-Sakaide route -- Conclusions. , Chapter 11 Kansai International Airport -- Introduction -- Economic arguments for a new Kansai airport -- Environmental arguments against the KIA -- Siting of the KIA -- Local authority negotiations -- EIA of the KIA -- Effectiveness of the EIA procedures -- Conclusions -- Chapter 12 New lshigaki Airport -- Introduction -- Economic arguments for the NIA -- Environmental arguments against the NIA -- Siting of the NIA -- EIA of the NIA -- Effectiveness of the EIA procedures -- Conclusions -- Chapter 13 Trans-Tokyo Bay Highway -- Introduction -- Economic arguments for the TBH -- Local authority negotiations -- EIA of the TBH -- Effectiveness of the EIA -- Conclusions -- Chapter 14 Kyoto Second Outer Circular Route by Toshio Hase -- Introduction -- Decision on the highway project -- Reactions of local people -- EIA and public participation -- Conclusions -- Chapter 15 Recommendations -- Appendices -- Appendix A Environmental standards -- Air pollution -- Water pollution -- Noise -- Appendix B Environment-related laws -- Chronology of enactment -- Laws by topic -- Appendix C Reports related to the implementation of Japan's national EIA system -- EA CCEPC (1974) -- EA CCEPC (1975) -- EA CCEPC (1979) -- Cabinet decision (1984) -- Implementation scheme for environmental impact assessment -- EA (Nov. 1984) -- References -- Index.