Note: Cover -- Contents -- Preface -- List of Contributors -- Chapter 1. Signal Transduction and Gene Expression in the Regulation of Natural Freezing Survival -- 1. Strategies of winter survival in animals -- 2. Freeze-induced gene expression -- 3. Freeze tolerance, glucose metabolism and signal transduction -- 4. Conclusions and future directions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 2. Drosophila as a Model Organism for the Transgenic Expression of Antifreeze Proteins -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Properties of AFPs -- 3. Drosophila as a model system for fish AFP expression -- 4. Prospects for the transgenic expression of other AFPs -- 5. Cautions and conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 3. Cold-adapted Enzymes: An Unachieved Symphony -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The low temperature challenge -- 3. Structural basis of adaptation to cold -- 4. The activity-stability-flexibility trilogy -- 5. Conclusion and perspectives -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 4. The Role of Cold-shock Proteins in Low-temperature Adaptation -- 1. Low-temperature adaptation and sensing -- 2. Cold-shock proteins and their role in cold and general stress adaptation -- 3. Regulatory elements involved in CSP synthesis -- 4. Perspectives -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 5. Hibernation: Protein Adaptations -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Adjustment of energy metabolism for needs of hibernators -- 3. Molecular mechanisms of excitation-contraction coupling in heart and skeletal muscles of mammals -- 4. Changes in the properties of enzyme systems responsible for the functional activity of heart and skeletal muscles during hibernation -- 5. Concluding remarks -- References -- Chapter 6. Aquaporins and water stress -- 1. Rationale -- 2. Introduction -- 3. Osmosis, diffusion and functional properties of aquaporins -- 4. Uphill flow of water. , 5. Desert kangaroo rat and aquaporin distributions -- 6. Physiology of AQP3 and AQP4 -- 7. Water transport in liver and stomach -- 8. Adaptation -- 9. Concluding remarks -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 7. Gene Expression Associated with Muscle Adaptation in Response to Physical Signals- -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Mechanical factors that influence myosin heavy chain gene expression in mammalian muscle -- 3. Metabolic adaptation in relation to activity -- 4. Switches in myosin gene expression in response to environmental temperature in fish muscle -- 5. Molecular motor switching in response to muscle activity -- 6. Local control of muscle mass and phenotype -- 7. Action of MGF in inducing muscle hypertrophy -- 8. Binding protein and local action of growth factors -- 9. Mechanotransduction mechanisms -- 10. Summary and conclusions -- References -- Chapter 8. Early Responses to Mechanical Stress: From Signals at the Cell Surface to Altered Gene Expression -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Mechanical stress and tissue homeostasis -- 3. Mechanosensation at the cell surface -- 4. Early generation of chemical signals at the cell surface -- 5. Triggering of intracellular signalling cascades -- 6. Transcriptional activation of mechano-responsive genes: examples -- 7. Conclusions and perspectives -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 9. Fasting and Refeeding: Models of Changes in Metabolic Efficiency -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Biochemical and physiological changes associated with fasting and energy restriction -- 3. Biochemical changes associated with refeeding -- 4. Metabolic depression and metabolic efficiency -- References -- Chapter 10. Nutritional Regulation of Hepatic Gene Expression -- 1. Introduction„energy homeostasis -- 2. Role of the liver in energy homeostasis -- 3. Fatty acid oxidation and the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor. , 4. Lipogenesis and the induction of lipogenic enzyme genes -- 5. Lipogenesis and the sterol regulatory element binding protein -- 6. Lipogenesis and the carbohydrate responsive transcription factor -- 7. Model for lipogenic enzyme gene regulation -- 8. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 11. The AMP-activated/SNF1 Protein Kinases: Key Players in the Response of Eukaryotic Cells to Metabolic Stress- -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Early studies of the AMPK/SNF1 protein kinases -- 3. Structure of the AMPK/SNF1 kinases -- 4. Regulation of the AMPK/SNF1 kinases -- 5. Cellular stresses that switch on the AMPK/SNF1 systems -- 6. Target pathways and proteins for AMPK/SNF1 systems -- 7. Future perspectives -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 12. Cellular Regulation of Protein Kinase C -- 1. Protein kinase C: a central role in signaling -- 2. Structure, function, and regulation of protein kinase C -- 3. Protein kinase C in cell survival and programmed cell death -- 4. Perspectives -- References -- Chapter 13. Mitogen-activated protein kinases and stress -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The SAPK family -- 3. Dual-specificity protein kinases of the SAPK pathway -- 4. Regulation of SAPK by MAPKKKs -- 5. The p38 MAPK family -- 6. Genetic analysis of p38a in mice -- 7. Concluding remarks -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 14. How to Activate Intrinsic Stress Resistance Mechanisms to Obtain Therapeutic Benefit -- 1. General introduction -- 2. Body' s defense against different forms of stress -- 3. Failure of the intrinsic defense -- 4. Possible avenues for reversal of stress-injury -- 5. Future directions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 15. Regulation of Ion Channel Function and Expression by Hypoxia -- 1 Cellular responses to acute hypoxia -- 2. The carotid body -- 3. O2-sensitive K+ channels in other tissues -- 4. O2-sensitive Ca2+ channels. , 5. Other O2-sensitive ion channels -- 6. Mechanisms of O2 sensing -- 7. Chronic hypoxia -- 8. Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 16. Ca2+ Dynamics Under Oxidant Stress in the Cardiovascular System -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Ca2+ influx from extracellular to intracellular space -- 3. Ca2+ extrusion from intracellular space to extracellular space -- 4. Ca2+ translocating processes of sarcoplasmic reticulum -- 5. Protein bound Ca -- 6. Mitochondrial Ca2+ dynamics -- 7. Consequences of oxidant induced increase in [Ca2+] -- 8. Future prospects -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 17. Role of NF-E2 Related Factors in Oxidative Stress -- 1. Oxidative stress -- 2. Oxidative stress-activated defensive mechanisms -- 3. Transcription factor NF-kB -- 4. NF-E2 Related factors -- 5. Role of NF-E2 related factors in protection against oxidative stress -- 6. Nrf1 and Nrf2 associated factors -- 7. Mechanism of Nrf signaling and activation of ARE-mediated expression and coordinated induction of defensive genes -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 18. Signal Transduction Cascades Responsive to Oxidative Stress in the Vasculature- -- 1. Introduction: Oxidative stress is implicated in the pathogenesis of vascular diseases -- 2. Cellular sensors of oxidative stress -- 3. Redox regulation of phospholipid-dependent signaling -- 4. Mitogen activated protein kinases as the primary redox-sensitive signal mediators -- 5. Regulation of gene expression and protein secretion by oxidative stress -- 6. Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 19. Oxidative Stress Signaling -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Key Sources of ROS generation -- 3. ROS as second messengers in mitogenic signaling -- 4. Role of ROS in signal transduction -- 5. Transcriptional regulation by ROS -- 6. ROS regulation of NF-kB -- 7. ROS in apoptosis -- References. , Chapter 20. Antioxidant Defenses and Animal Adaptation to Oxygen Availability During Environmental Stress -- 1. Free radicals, antioxidant enzymes and oxidative stress -- 2. Natural anoxia tolerance and adaptations to oxidative stress -- 3. Oxidative stress and natural freeze tolerance in vertebrates -- 4. Oxidative stress and dehydration tolerance in leopard frogs -- 5. Estivation and oxidative stress in land snails and toads -- 6. Conclusions, speculations and perspectives -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Index.

Note: Front Cover -- Environmental Stressors and Gene Responses -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Preface -- List of contributors -- Chapter 1. Cell Homeostasis and Stress at Year 2000-Two Solitudes and Two Research Approaches -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Contrasting demands of homeostasis and tissue work -- 3. Two categories of models of metabolic regulation -- 4. High precision: the key feature of metabolic pathway integration -- 5. Regulation of human muscle metabolism during work . -- 6. Stability of [metabolites] during changes in tissue work is a general rule -- 7. Traditional explanations of the [s] stability paradox -- 8. Oxygen delivery is fundamental to metabolic regulation -- 9. Oxygen signal transduction in working muscle -- 10. Framework II: explaining the [s] stability paradox with intracellular structure and intracellular perfusion systems -- 11. Summary -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 2. Quantitative design of muscle energy metabolism for steady-state work -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Steady-state muscle work and ATP utilization -- 3. Pathways of ATP synthesis in muscles -- 4. Biochemical capacities and physiological loads -- 5. Regulating rates to match prevailing requirements -- 6. Upper limits to design and performance -- 7. Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 3. Adaptation and Divergence in Stressful Environments -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Nutrient stress -- 3. Thermal stress -- 4. Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 4. Stress and the Geographic Distribution of Marine and Terrestrial Animals -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Limits to geographic ranges: physiological implications -- 3. The evidence for physiological range limitation -- 4. Stress and species borders: lessons and lacunae -- 5. Rapoport's "rule": the physiological assumptions of macroecology -- 6. Prospects for future analyses. , Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 5. The Evolution of Thermal Sensitivity in Changing Environments -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The model -- 3. Results -- 4. Discussion -- 5. Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 6. Adaptations of the Cell Membrane for Life in Extreme Environments -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Bioenergetics of extremophiles -- 3. Summary -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 7. Cell and Molecular Responses to Hypoxic Stress -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The HIF Story: a model switch mechanism -- 3. Study of hypoxia and cell survival: novel approaches -- 4. Genetic Model Systems -- References -- Chapter 8. Molecular and Cellular Stress Pathways In Ischemic Heart Disease: Targets for Regulated Gene Therapy- Keith A. Webster -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Coronary artery disease -- 3. Bioenergetics and biochemistry of ischemia -- 4. Conventional therapy for ischemia and congestive heart failure -- 5. Redox stress in ischemia reperfusion -- 6. Stress- and mitogen-activated protein kinases -- 7. Apoptosis and heart disease -- 8. IGF-1, PI(3)K and apoptosis -- 9. Gene therapy for myocardial dysfunction -- 10. Summary -- Acknowledgement -- References -- Chapter 9. Cellular and Molecular Basis of Stress Heart -- 1. Stress heart: historical perspectives -- 2. Different forms of stress -- 3. Stress reactions -- 4. Signal transduction system -- 5. Gene expression and transcription regulation -- 6. Summary and future challenges -- References -- Chapter 10. Transcriptional Response to Hyperosmotic Stress -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Hyperosmotic stress -- 3. Regulatory volume increase (RVI), immediate response to hyperosmotic stress -- 4. Transcriptional response -- 5. Solute transporters -- 6. Signaling molecules -- 7. Stress proteins -- 8. Other molecules -- 9. Transcriptional response to urea -- 10. Transcriptional regulation. , 11. Summary -- 12. Signal transduction in response to hyperosmotic stress -- 13. Summary and future directions -- References -- Chapter 11. The Activation of Trans-Acting Factors in Response to Hypo- and Hyper-Osmotic Stress in Mammalian Cells -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Effects of osmotic stress on gene expression -- 3. Osmotic stress and heat shock response -- 4. Heat shock transcriptional factors and stress response -- 5. Heat shock transcription factor and osmotic stress -- 6. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 12. Osmotic Regulation of DNA Activity and the Cell Cycle -- 1. Introduction -- 2. DNA conformation is influenced by osmotic strength -- 3. DNA activity is modulated during osmotic stress -- 4. The cell cycle is under osmotic control -- 5. Conclusions and perspective -- References -- Chapter 13. Life Without Water: Responses of Prokaryotes to Desiccation -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Induction of desiccation -- 3. Desiccation tolerance and longevity of dried cells -- 4. Cellular targets of desiccation -- 5. Cellular responses to desiccation -- 6. Genetic responses to desiccation -- 7. Stabilization of biomaterials -- References -- Chapter 14. Stress Response in Marine Sponges: Genes and Molecules Involved and Their Use as Biomarkers -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Marine sponges as bioindicators -- 3. Biomarkers in marine sponges -- 4. Methods for investigating stress response in marine sponges -- 5. Induction of stress response in marine sponges -- 6. Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 15. The Effects of Bioenergetic Stress and Redox Balance on the Expression of Genes Critical to Mitochondrial Function -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Interactions between energy metabolism and mitochondrial biogenesis -- 3. Redox mediated changes in mitochondrial biogenesis -- 4. Summary and perspectives -- References. , Chapter 16. The Heat Shock Response of Tropical and Desert Fish (genus Poeciliopsis) -- 1. Historical perspective -- 2. Heat shock protein families -- 3. Heat shock proteins and the thermotolerant state -- 4. Poeciliopsis as a model organism -- 5. The heat shock response of Poeciliopsis -- 6. Evolutionary analysis of two small heat shock proteins from P. lucida -- 7. Diversity of heat shock proteins in Poeciliopsis -- 8. Evidence of HSP70-dependent and independent mechanisms of acquired thermotolerance within one population of tropical fish -- 9. Future prospects -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 17. The molecular biological approach to understanding freezing-tolerance in the model plant, Arabidopsis thaliana -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Cold acclimation and its implications -- 3. Cold-induced genes in Arabidopsis -- 4. Control of cold-induced gene expression: early events -- 5. Control of cold-induced gene expression: transcription factors and sequence motifs -- 6. Control of cold-induced gene expression: implications of mutants -- 7. Mutations affecting freezing tolerance -- 8. Transgenesis with transcription factors -- 9. Discussion -- 10. Outlook -- References -- Chapter 18. Molecular regulation of insect diapause -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Environmental regulation -- 3. Hormonal regulation -- 4. Gene expression associated with hormone action -- 5. Gene expression associated with storage proteins -- 6. Diapause downregulated genes -- 7. Diapause upregulated genes -- 8. The remaining challenge -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 19. How do Deep-Sea Microorganisms Respond to Changes in Environmental Pressure? -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Isolation and taxonomy of deep-sea adapted bacteria -- 3. Mechanisms of gene expression under high pressure in piezophiles -- 4. Effect of pressure on respiratory chain components in piezophiles. , Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 20. Signaling in Copper Ion Homeostasis -- 1. Bioinorganic chemistry of copper ions -- 2. Copper ions in biology -- 3. Signaling in copper ion homeostasis -- 4. Detoxification -- 5. Uptake -- 6. Distribution -- 7. Export -- 8. Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Index.

Note: Cover -- Preface -- List of Contributors -- Contents -- Chapter 1. Ischemic Tolerance in the Brain: Models and Mechanisms -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Myocardial preconditioning -- 3. Brain preconditioning -- 4. Hibernation and hypoxia tolerance -- 5. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 2. Regulation of Gene Expression by Hypoxia in Lung Alveolar Epithelial Cells -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Effect of hypoxia on Na transport proteins -- 3. Effect of hypoxia on proteins involved in glucose metabolism -- 4. Effect of hypoxia on vascular growth factor expression -- 5. Effect of hypoxia on adhesion molecules expression -- 6. Role of hypoxia-inducible factors in regulation of gene expression -- 7. Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 3. A Profile of the Metabolic Responses to Anoxia in Marine Invertebrates -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Metabolic response to anoxia -- 3. Macromolecular synthesis -- 4. Gene expression -- 5. Triggering the anoxic response -- 6. Transcription factors -- 7. Perspectives -- References -- Chapter 4. The Role of Adenosine in Tissue Protection During Ischemia-Reperfusion -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Endogenous adenosine is protective in ischemia-reperfusion injury -- 3. Adenosine receptors -- 4. Adenosine-stimulated cell pathways and effector activities -- 5. Conclusions and clinical implications -- References -- Chapter 5. NF-kB Function in Inflammation, Cellular Stress and Disease -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Activation of NF-kB -- 3. Attenuation of the NF-kB response -- 4. The inflammatory stress response -- 5. Rheumatoid arthritis -- 6. NF-kB and the airway -- 7. NF-kB and gastro-intestinal disease -- 8. NF-kB and reproductive function -- 9. Other NF-kB associated diseases -- 10. Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 6. MAPping Stress Survival in Yeasts: From the Cell Surface to the Nucleus -- 1. Introduction. , 2. The Hog1 MAPK cascade in budding yeast -- 3. The Spc1 MAPK cascade in fission yeast -- 4. Concluding remarks -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 7. Calcium Signaling Mediated by Cyclic ADP-Ribose and NAADP: Roles in Cellular Response to Stress -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Calcium signaling mediated by cyclic ADP-ribose and NAADP -- 3. cADPR and plant response to environmental stress -- 4. cADPR and sponge response to heat stress -- 5. cADPR in bacterial infection and immune responses -- 6. Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 8. The Cellular and Molecular Basis of the Detection of Pain -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Ion channels involved in nociception -- 3. Sensitisation of nociceptors -- 4. Pain detection in the viscera -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 9. Acquired Freezing Tolerance in Higher Plants: The Sensing and Molecular Responses to Low Nonfreezing Temperatures -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Freezing injury in plants -- 3. Biochemical changes associated with cold acclimation -- 4. Alteration of gene expression associated with cold acclimation -- 5. CBF transcription factors define a major cold response pathway in flowering plants -- 6. Mutational analysis of freezing tolerance -- 7. Emerging signaling processes regulating cold acclimation -- 8. Molecular and genetic analysis of signaling transduction of stress responses -- 9. Multiple signal pathways mediate cold acclimation -- 10. Hunting for the temperature sensors -- 11. Conclusions and perspectives -- Acknowledgements -- Disclaimer -- References -- Chapter 10. Sensing and Responses to Low Temperature in Cyanobacteria -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Cellular responses to low-temperature stress -- 3. Cold-inducible genes and their regulation -- 4. Membrane fluidity as a link between low temperatures and the induction of gene expression. , 5. Sensors and transducers of low-temperature signals -- 6. Conclusions and perspectives -- References -- Chapter 11. Dehydrins -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Dehydrins -- 3. Dehydrin gene expression -- 4. Association with abiotic stresses and anticipated functions -- 5. Seed dehydrins -- 6. Localization of dehydrins -- 7. Functional studies of dehydrins -- 8. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 12. Dual Role of Membranes in Heat Stress: As Thermosensors They Modulate the Expression of Stress Genes and, by Interacting with Stress Proteins, Re-organize Their Own Lipid Order and Functionality -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Membranes as "cellular thermometers -- 3. Pre-existing membrane lipid composition and physical state determines the heat induced membrane damage and has a primary and major effect on cell viability -- 4. HSPs are actively involved in the repair of the damaged membranes in heat-stressed cells by association with the membranes -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 13. Cellular Adaptation to Amino Acid Availability: Mechanisms Involved in the Regulation of Gene Expression and Protein Metabolism -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Regulation of amino acid metabolism and homeostasis in the whole animal -- 3. Amino acid control of gene expression -- 4. Amino acid control of protein metabolism -- 5. Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 14. Amino Acid-dependent Signal Transduction -- 1. Introduction: amino acid stimulation of S6 phosphorylation -- 2. Amino acids and p70S6 kinase activation -- 3. Amino acid stimulation of 4E-BP1 phosphorylation -- 4. Amino acid stimulation of eEF2kinase -- 5. Amino acid stimulation of elF2a -- 6. Involvement of PI 3-kinase and protein kinase B in amino acid-dependent signaling? Amino acid/insulin synergy -- 7. Amino acids and mTOR activation -- 8. Amino acids and protein phosphatases. , 9. Negative feedback by amino acid signaling on insulin signaling -- 10. mTOR as an ATP sensor. Involvement of AMP-dependent protein kinase? -- 11. Amino acid signaling in B-cells -- 12. Amino acid signaling in vivo -- 13. Amino acid signaling as a function of age -- 14. Mechanisms -- 15. Conclusions -- Acknowledgement -- References -- Chapter 15. Signal Transduction Pathways Involved in the Regulation of Drug Metabolizing Enzymes -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Drug Metabolizing Enzymes (DMEs) -- 3. The antioxidant response element (ARE) -- 4. Transacting factors regulating the expression of Phase II enzymes -- 5. Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) -- 6. MAPK activation by phenolic compounds and isothiocyanates: induction of Phase II enzymes -- 7. MAPK activation and ARE-mediated gene expression via Nrf2-dependent mechanism -- 8. Concluding remarks -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 16. Biological Actions of lnfrared Radiation -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Electromagnetic radiation and human health -- 3. Cellular interactions with IR radiation -- 4. Gene and protein induction -- 5. Perspectives -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 17. Energy Sensing and Photostasis in Photoautotrophs -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Energy sensing and redox status -- 3. Photosynthetic electron transport -- 4. Excitation pressure and redox sensing -- 5. Photostasis -- 6. Excitation pressure, photoprotection and photostasis -- 7. Summary -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 18. The Uncoupling Proteins Family: From Thermogenesis to the Regulation of ROS -- 1. Introduction -- 2. UCP1 belongs to the mitochondrial anion carriers family -- 3. The discovery of the uncoupling proteins homologues -- 4. Lessons from the UCP knockout mice -- 5. UCP family, from thermogenesis to the regulation of ROS -- Acknowledgements -- References. , Chapter 19. Regulation of Proliferation, Differentiation and Apoptosis of Brown Adipocytes: Signal Transduction Pathways Involved -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Development, differentiation and involution of brown adipose tissue -- 3. Transcriptional control of brown adipose tissue differentiation -- 4. Regulation of proliferation of brown adipocytes: signals and signal transduction pathways involved -- 5. Regulation of differentiation of brown adipocytes: signals and signal transduction pathways involved -- 6. Apoptosis of brown adipocytes: signals and signal transduction pathways involved in its regulation -- 7. Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 20. Control Analysis of Metabolic Depression -- 1. Introduction -- 2. What is control analysis? -- 3. Applications of control analysis -- 4. Theory -- 5. Examples -- 6. Regulation analysis of cell signalling in pathways that initiate metabolic depression -- 7. Summary -- References -- Chapter 21. Evolution of Physiological Adaptation -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Evolutionary physiology: appropriate comparisons -- 3. Variation in physiological and biochemical traits -- 4. Evolution of thermal acclimation -- 5. Conclusions -- Acknowledgement -- References -- Chapter 22. Dynamic Use of cDNA Arrays: Heterologous Probing for Gene Discovery and Exploration of Organismal Adaptation to Environmental Stress -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Differential gene expression: the early years -- 3. DNA arrays: a brief history -- 4. Evaluation of mammalian hibernation via cDNA array screening -- 5. Reproducibility and reliability -- 6. Outlook -- References -- Index.