Note: Includes bibliographical references and index , Formerly CIP , Systemvoraussetzungen:

Note: Intro -- Contents -- Preface to the Special Issue ''ISSI Workshop on Shallow Clouds and Water Vapor, Circulation and Climate Sensitivity'' -- 1 Convective Self-Aggregation in Numerical Simulations: A Review -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Characteristics of Self-Aggregation -- 2.1 General Evolution of Aggregation -- 2.2 Identifying Metrics -- 2.3 Time Scale -- 2.4 Length Scale -- 2.5 Impacts -- 3 Mechanisms of Self-Aggregation -- 3.1 Surface Fluxes -- 3.1.1 Sensitivity to SST -- 3.2 Longwave Radiation -- 3.2.1 Sensitivity to SST -- 3.3 Shortwave Radiation -- 3.3.1 Sensitivity to SST -- 3.4 Advective Processes -- 3.5 Moisture Feedbacks -- 3.6 Triggering Versus Maintenance -- 4 Importance of Self-Aggregation -- 5 Conclusions -- 5.1 What Aspects of Self-Aggregation do Modeling Studies Agree on? -- 5.2 What Remains Uncertain? -- 5.3 What Could be Explored More? -- 5.4 Synthesis -- References -- 2 Observing Convective Aggregation -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Importance of Aggregation -- 1.2 Literature Review: Observational Studies of Convective Organization -- 2 Observational Perspectives on Processes Important for Idealized Convective Aggregation -- 2.1 Metrics to Quantify Feedbacks -- 2.2 Initiation Processes -- 2.2.1 Longwave Radiation -- 2.2.2 Surface Fluxes -- 2.2.3 Shortwave Radiation -- 2.2.4 Moisture-Convection Feedbacks -- 2.3 Sensitivity to SST -- 2.4 Maintenance Processes -- 3 Comparing the Idealized World to the Natural World -- 3.1 Time Scales of Self-Aggregation -- 3.2 Mean Wind and Wind Shear -- 3.3 Humidity Profiles -- 3.4 Equatorial Wave Dynamics -- 3.5 Ocean Interaction and Feedback -- 4 Observational Perspectives on Aggregation in a Warming Climate -- 5 Future Observational Aspirations -- 5.1 Evolution of Convective Organization Using Satellite Data -- 5.2 Spaceborne Cloud Radar Approaches. , 5.3 Feasibility of a Ground-Based Observational Network -- 6 Conclusions -- References -- 3 An Observational View of Relationships Between Moisture Aggregation, Cloud, and Radiative Heating Profiles -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Characterizing Aggregation in Clouds and Their Environment -- 2.1 Observations from the A-Train -- 2.2 Characterizing Aggregation in the Water Vapor Field -- 3 Relationships Among Clouds, Humidity, and Aggregation -- 3.1 Cloudiness Depends on Sea Surface Temperature and Aggregation State -- 3.2 Cloudiness, Radiative Heating, and Convective Intensity -- 3.3 Does Vapor Aggregation Imply Convective Aggregation? -- 4 Summary and Discussion -- References -- 4 Correction to: An Observational View of Relationships Between Moisture Aggregation, Cloud, and Radiative Heating Profiles -- 5 Implications of Warm Rain in Shallow Cumulus and Congestus Clouds for Large-Scale Circulations -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Warm Rain in Large-Scale Circulations -- 2.1 A Two-Column RCE Model -- 2.2 Circulating Equilibria in the Two-Column System -- 2.3 Shallow Cumulus -- 2.4 Congestus -- 3 From a Conceptual Model to Nature -- 3.1 Large-Eddy Simulations -- 3.2 Observations -- 4 Concluding Thoughts -- References -- 6 A Survey of Precipitation-Induced Atmospheric Cold Pools over Oceans and Their Interactions with the Larger-Scale Environment -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Cold Pools from Boundary Layers not Exceeding 2 km Altitude -- 3 Cold Pools from Convection Reaching the Mid-Troposphere -- 4 Cold Pools from Deep Tropical Convection -- 5 Remaining Questions -- 5.1 The Relationship of Trade Wind Cold Pools to Cloud Cover -- 5.2 Thermodynamic Secondary Initiation Processes -- References -- 7 Low-Cloud Feedbacks from Cloud-Controlling Factors: A Review -- 1 Seeking Observational Constraints on Low-Cloud Feedbacks -- 2 Cloud-Controlling Factors -- 3 Low-Cloud Feedbacks. , 4 Implications for Climate Sensitivity -- 5 Sources of Uncertainty -- 5.1 Fundamental Issues -- 5.1.1 F1. Are Cloud Sensitivities Time-scale Invariant? -- 5.1.2 F2. Are Clouds Responding to the Controlling Factors? -- 5.1.3 F3. Uncertainty in the Climate Change Prediction of Cloud-Controlling -- Factors -- 5.1.4 F4. Time-Dependency of Cloud-Controlling Factors During a Climate Change -- 5.2 Implementation Issues -- 5.2.1 I1. Imperfect Observations of Clouds and Their Controlling Factors -- 5.2.2 I2. Limited Duration of the Observational Record -- 5.2.3 I3. Limited Spatial Sampling of the Observations -- 5.2.4 I4. Imprecise Statistical Modeling -- 5.2.5 I5. Incomplete Set of Cloud-Controlling Factors -- 6 Summary and Final Remarks -- References -- 8 Mechanisms and Model Diversity of Trade-Wind Shallow Cumulus Cloud Feedbacks: A Review -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Interpreting Model Differences in Trade-Wind Cloud Responses to Warming in General Circulation Models -- 2.1 Boundary-Layer Moisture Budget -- 2.2 The Role of Shallow Convective Mixing -- 3 A Mass Budget Perspective on Cloud-Base Cloud Fraction -- 4 High-Resolution Simulation of Shallow Cumulus Cloud Changes and Mechanisms -- 4.1 Trade-Wind Shallow Cumulus Cloud Response to Warming in LES -- 4.1.1 The Role of Precipitation -- 4.1.2 The Role of Organization -- 4.2 Robustness and Uncertainties of LES Studies -- 5 Connecting LES and GCM Interpretations of Shallow Cumulus Cloud Feedback Mechanisms -- 6 Observational Support for Trade-Wind Shallow Cumulus Cloud Feedbacks -- 7 Synthesis -- References -- 9 Importance Profiles for Water Vapor -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Simplest: The Profile of -- Mass Errors from Vapor Measurement Errors -- 3 Radiative Kernels: Sensitivity of OLR to Humidity -- 4 Importance of Vapor for Deep Convection -- 5 Importance Functions for Passive Remote Sensing. , 6 Summary and Conclusions -- References -- 10 Structure and Dynamical Influence of Water Vapor in the Lower Tropical Troposphere -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Data and Context -- 2.1 Airborne Measurements and the Barbados Cloud Observatory -- 2.1.1 Dropsonde Humidity Measurements During the NARVAL Campaigns -- 2.1.2 WALES -- 2.2 SAPHIR and Megha-Tropiques -- 2.3 Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) -- 3 How Lower-Tropospheric Humidity Influences Clouds, Convection and Circulation -- 3.1 Humidity in the Planetary Boundary Layer -- 3.2 Column Water Vapor (Thermodynamic Effects) -- 3.3 Column Water Vapor (radiative effects) -- 3.4 Elevated Moist Layers -- 4 Remotely Sensed Humidity Variations During NARVAL-1 and NARVAL-2 -- 4.1 General Structure of Humidity Retrievals from SAPHIR -- 4.2 Evaluation of SAPHIR Retrievals by WALES -- 4.3 Comparison with IASI and the Added Value of Retrieving Isotopologues -- 5 A Hypothesis for the Preponderance of Melting Level Convection -- 6 Conclusions -- References -- 11 The Representation of Tropospheric Water Vapor Over Low-Latitude Oceans in (Re-)analysis: Errors, Impacts, and the Ability to Exploit Current and Prospective Observations -- 1 Tropospheric Water Vapor Over Low-Latitude Oceans -- 2 Integrating Observations in Space and Time: Data Assimilation and (Re-)analysis -- 2.1 Producing Meteorological (Re-)analyses -- 2.1.1 Global Forecast Models -- 2.1.2 Data Assimilation Systems -- 2.1.3 Challenges in Assimilating Moisture -- 2.2 Analysis and Reanalysis -- 3 What Measurements Inform Current Estimates? -- 3.1 Microwave and Infrared Sounding -- 3.1.1 Principles of Measurement -- 3.1.2 Why Both Microwave and Infrared Observations are Useful -- 3.1.3 Prospects -- 3.2 Estimates of Precipitable Water from Microwave Observations -- 3.3 GNSS Radio Occultation: A Global Refractometer. , 3.3.1 Principles of Measurement -- 3.3.2 Vertical Resolution, Accuracy, and Limitations -- 3.3.3 Prospects -- 4 Errors in Water Vapor Distributions and the Resulting Impacts -- 4.1 Assessing Errors in the Analyzed Distribution of Water Vapor -- 4.1.1 Assessment in Subsiding Regions -- 4.1.2 Assessment in Convecting Regions -- 4.2 Assessing Impacts -- 5 Characterizing Water Vapor in a More Richly Observed World -- 5.1 Limited Observations and Model Error -- 5.2 Exploiting Richer Observations -- References -- 12 Airborne Lidar Observations of Water Vapor Variability in Tropical Shallow Convective Environment -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The DLR Airborne Water Vapor Lidar -- 3 The Meteosat Images -- 4 Results -- 4.1 Overview -- 4.2 Strong Heterogeneity in the Cloud Layer -- 4.3 Dry Regions in Both Cloud and Sub-cloud Layers -- 4.4 Transport of Moisture Through the Cloud Layer by Shallow Convection -- 4.5 Mean, Variance and Skewness Profiles of Water Vapor -- 5 Conclusions and Outlook -- References -- 13 Emerging Technologies and Synergies for Airborne and Space-Based Measurements of Water Vapor Profiles -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Differential Absorption Lidar -- 2.1 Measurement Capabilities -- 2.2 Technology Readiness -- 3 Differential Absorption Radar -- 3.1 Measurement Capabilities -- 3.2 Technology Readiness -- 4 Microwave Occultation -- 4.1 Measurement Approach -- 4.2 Measurement Capabilities -- 4.3 Technology Readiness -- 5 Hyperspectral Microwave -- 5.1 Measurement Capabilities -- 5.2 Technology Readiness -- 6 Synergies of Observing Systems -- 6.1 Value of Ground-Based Profiling -- 6.2 Examples of Synergetic Applications -- 6.2.1 Combining Lidar and Microwave Radiometer -- 6.2.2 Combining Satellite and Ground-Based Observations -- 6.3 Future Perspectives -- 7 Summary and Conclusions -- References. , 14 Observational Constraints on Cloud Feedbacks: The Role of Active Satellite Sensors.

Note: Förderkennzeichen BMBF 01LP1128A - 01LP1128B. - Verbund-Nummer 01098226 , Autoren dem Berichtsblatt entnommen , Unterschiede zwischen dem gedruckten Dokument und der elektronischen Ressource können nicht ausgeschlossen werden , Zusammenfassungen in deutscher und englischer Sprache

Note: Förderkennzeichen BMBF 01LK1201A , Im Titel ist "2" in HD(CP)2 hochgestellt , Autoren dem Berichtsblatt entnommen , Unterschiede zwischen dem gedruckten Dokument und der elektronischen Ressource können nicht ausgeschlossen werden , Mit deutscher und englischer Zusammenfassung