Note: Intro -- Overview -- Contents -- About the Authors -- Chapter 1: Introduction. Links to International Policy and Markets -- References -- Chapter 2: Biodiesel from Plant Oil and Waste Cooking Oil -- 2.1 Properties of Biodiesel and Production -- 2.2 Forest, Marginal Land, and Wasteland for the Supply of Feedstock for Biodiesel -- 2.3 EROEI of Feedstocks Used in the Synthesis of Biodiesel -- 2.4 Catalysts: Efficiency, Cost Aspects, and Leaching -- 2.5 Refining Methods of Crude Biodiesel -- 2.5.1 Water Washing of Crude Biodiesel -- 2.5.2 Dry Washing of Crude Biodiesel -- 2.6 Transportation and Storage of Biodiesel -- 2.6.1 Transportation -- 2.6.2 Storage -- 2.7 Life Cycle Assessment of Biodiesel -- 2.8 Deterrents and Proponents of the Commercialization of Biodiesel -- 2.9 Barriers in the Production of Biodiesel -- References -- Chapter 3: Biodiesel from Algae -- 3.1 History and Classification of Algae -- 3.1.1 Algae to Biofuel -- 3.2 Technologies of Algae Cultivation and Economics -- 3.2.1 Microalgae -- 3.2.1.1 Cultivation Installations -- 3.2.1.2 Phototrophic, Heterotrophic, and Mixotrophic Growth -- 3.2.1.3 Harvesting -- 3.2.2 Macroalgae -- 3.2.2.1 Cultivation -- 3.2.2.2 Harvesting -- 3.3 Algal Biomass Conversion to Biodiesel -- 3.3.1 Microalgae Biomass Conversion to Biodiesel -- 3.3.2 Macroalgae Biomass Conversion to Biodiesel -- References -- Chapter 4: Barriers in the Biofuel-Producing Chain and Revision of Environmental Impacts -- References -- Chapter 5: Conclusion.

Note: Intro -- Dedication -- Foreword -- Preface -- Acknowledgment -- Contents -- Editors and Contributors -- 1: Algae: Promising Future Feedstock for Biofuels -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Micro- and Macroalgal Biomass as Biofuel Feedstock -- 3 Algal Biomass Cultivation -- 4 Progress and Constraints with Biomass Productivity -- 5 Algal Products -- 5.1 Nonfuel Bioproducts -- 5.2 Lipids, Hydrocarbons, and Biodiesel -- 5.3 Carbohydrates and Alcohol -- 5.4 Hydrogen -- 6 Conclusions -- 7 Future Perspectives: Scope, Challenges, and Opportunities -- References -- 2: Phycoremediation: Future Perspective of Green Technology -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Pollution in the Aquatic Environment -- 2.1 Organic Pollutants -- 2.1.1 Hydrocarbons -- 2.1.2 Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) -- 2.1.3 Insecticides -- 2.1.4 Detergents -- 2.2 Inorganic Pollutants -- 2.2.1 Heavy Metals -- 2.2.2 Radioactive Isotopes -- 3 Bioremediaton -- 3.1 Phycoremediation -- 3.1.1 Algae -- 4 Removal of Heavy Metals by Algae -- 4.1 Factors Affecting the Removal of Heavy Metals -- 4.1.1 Effect of pH -- 4.1.2 Effect of Contact Time -- 4.1.3 Effect of Temperature -- 4.1.4 Effect of Biomass Concentration -- 4.1.5 Effect of Initial Metal Ion Concentration -- 4.1.6 Effect of the Presence of Anions and Cations -- 4.2 Mechanism of Heavy Metal Removal -- 5 Potential Applications of Algae in Biotechnology -- 5.1 Food and Feed -- 5.2 Fine Chemicals -- 5.3 Pharmaceuticals -- 5.4 Biofertilizer -- 5.5 Wastewater Treatment -- 6 Conclusion -- References -- 3: Applications of Algal Biofilms for Wastewater Treatment and Bioproduct Production -- 1 Introduction and Current State of Technology -- 1.1 An Algal-Based Biorefinery for Transforming Wastes into Bioproducts -- 2 Mathematical Modeling of Algal Biofilm Growth -- 3 Culturing Algal Biofilms for Wastewater Treatment. , 3.1 Municipal and Animal Wastewater Types -- 3.2 Biomass Productivity and Nutrient Removal Capacity -- 3.3 Industrial Wastewaters -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- 4: Biofuel Production Along with Remediation of Sewage Water Through Algae -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 2.1 Study Area -- 2.2 Field Sampling and Laboratory Analysis -- 2.3 Process Description -- 2.3.1 Lake Systems -- 2.3.2 Facultative Ponds -- 2.3.3 Mechanically Aerated Systems -- 2.4 Comparative Valuation of Treatment Systems: Economic, Environmental and Social Aspects -- 3 Results and Discussions -- 3.1 Water Allocation and Wastewater Generation -- 3.2 Raw Sewage Characteristics -- 3.3 Biofuel Prospects -- 3.4 Treatment Plant Efficiency -- 3.5 Valuation of Sewage Treatment Systems -- 3.5.1 Economic Evaluation -- 3.5.2 Environmental Evaluation -- 3.5.3 Social Evaluation -- 3.6 Sustainability of the Treatment Systems -- 3.7 Nutrient-Integrated Treatment Efficiency for the Various Sewage Treatment Systems -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- 5: The Role of Anaerobic Digestion in Algal Biorefineries: Clean Energy Production, Organic Waste Treatment, and Nutrient Loop Closure -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Anaerobic Digestion Process -- 2.1 Anaerobic Process Stages -- 2.1.1 Hydrolysis -- 2.1.2 Acidogenic Phase -- 2.1.3 Acetogenic Phase -- 2.1.4 Methanogenic Phase -- 2.1.5 Formation of Hydrogen Sulfide -- 2.2 Process Parameters -- 2.2.1 pH and Alkalinity -- 2.2.2 Redox Potential -- 2.2.3 Temperature -- 2.2.4 Nutrients -- 2.2.5 Inhibitors -- 2.2.6 Mixing -- 2.2.7 Retention Time -- 2.2.8 Organic Loading Rate (OLR) -- 2.3 Biogas Recovery and Use -- 2.4 The Digestate -- 3 Biogas Production from Microalgae -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Microalgae as Energy Crop -- 3.2.1 Enhancement of Methane Yields. , 3.2.1.1 Pretreatments for Microalgal Biomass -- 3.2.1.1.1 Pretreatment Features: Organic Matter Solubilization and Structural Changes -- 3.2.1.1.2 Thermal Pretreatments -- 3.2.1.1.3 Chemical Pretreatments -- 3.2.1.1.4 Physical Pretreatment -- 3.2.1.1.5 Enzymatic Hydrolysis -- 3.2.1.2 Co-digestion -- 3.3 Anaerobic Digestion in Microalgae Biorefineries -- 3.3.1 Organic Waste Treatment and Clean Energy Production -- 3.3.2 Closing the Nutrient Loop -- 3.3.2.1 Biogas Upgrading -- 3.3.2.1.1 Methane Concentration -- 3.3.2.1.2 Carbon Dioxide Concentration -- 3.3.2.1.3 Hydrogen Sulfide Concentration -- 3.3.2.1.4 Oxygen Concentration in Upgraded Biogas -- 3.3.2.2 Digestate Recycling as Growth Medium -- 4 Conclusion and Future Prospects -- References -- 6: Algae-Based Biohydrogen: Current Status of Bioprocess Routes, Economical Assessment, and Major Bottlenecks -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Bioprocess Routes for Biohydrogen Production by Algae -- 2.1 Direct and Indirect Biophotolysis -- 2.1.1 Direct Biophotolysis -- 2.1.2 Indirect Biophotolysis -- 2.1.3 Factors Affecting Biophotolysis (BP) -- 2.1.3.1 Immobilization -- 2.1.3.2 pH -- 2.1.3.3 Carbon Source -- 2.1.3.4 Light -- 2.2 Dark Fermentation (DF) -- 2.2.1 Factors Affecting DF -- 2.2.1.1 Substrate -- 2.2.1.2 Inoculums -- 2.2.1.3 Temperature -- 2.2.1.4 pH -- 2.3 Factor Affecting Both BP and DF Bioprocess Routes -- 2.3.1 Reactors -- 2.3.1.1 Tubular Airlift and Bubble Column -- 2.3.1.2 Helical Tubular Bioreactor -- 2.3.1.3 Flat Plate Bioreactor -- 2.3.1.4 Fermentor Type of Bioreactor -- 3 Economic Stresses on Bioprocess Routes -- 4 Major Bottlenecks in Bioprocess Routes -- 4.1 R& -- D: In Growing Stage -- 4.1.1 Suitable Substrate: Demand in Search -- 4.1.2 Optimization of Parameters: Challenge from Lab Scale to Pilot Scale -- 4.2 Road to Commercialization. , 4.2.1 Reactors -- 5 Environmental Benefits of Biohydrogen Economy -- 6 Conclusions -- References -- 7: Bio-oil and Biodiesel as Biofuels Derived from Microalgal Oil and Their Characterization by Using Instrumental Techniques -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Bio-oil and Biodiesel: Characteristics and Components -- 3 Instruments for Characterization of Lipid in Microalgal Oil -- 3.1 Nile Red Fluorescence Method -- 3.2 PAM Fluorometry -- 3.3 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy -- 3.4 Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) -- 3.4.1 Gas Chromatography (GC) -- 3.4.2 Mass Spectrometry (MS) -- 3.5 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer (FTIR) -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- 8: Remediation of Dyes from Aquatic Ecosystems by Biosorption Method Using Algae -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Aquatic Pollution -- 1.2 Dyes -- 1.2.1 Types of Dyes -- 1.2.2 Toxicity of Dyes -- 2 Removal of Dyes from Aquatic Ecosystem -- 2.1 Traditional Methods -- 2.2 Nonconventional Methods of Dye Removal -- 2.2.1 Adsorption -- 2.2.2 Biosorption -- 2.2.3 Phycoremediation -- 3 Biosorption Studies and Adsorption Kinetics -- 3.1 Biosorption by Macroalgae -- 3.2 Biosorption by Microalgae -- 3.3 Adsorption Isotherms -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- 9: Bioremediation and Decolourisation of Biomethanated Distillery Spent Wash -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Wastewater Generation and Characteristics -- 1.2 Profile of Lords Distillery Ltd., Nandganj, Ghazipur, UP, India -- 1.3 Challenges and R& -- D Focus Areas in Distillery Effluent Treatment -- 1.4 Treatment Processes Employed in Distilleries -- 1.4.1 Biological Treatment Processes -- 1.4.1.1 Anaerobic Biodegradation -- 1.4.1.2 Aerobic Biodegradation -- 1.4.2 Treatment of Distillery Effluent by Coagulation -- 1.5 Objective of Present Investigation -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 2.1 Wastewater. , 2.2 Coagulant Treatment -- 2.3 Microorganism and Inoculums -- 2.3.1 Flask Cultures -- 2.4 Decolourisation Assay -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 Biodegradation of Coagulated ABDE -- 3.2 Benefits of Algae Wastewater Treatment Processes -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- 10: Genetic Engineering Tools for Enhancing Lipid Production in Microalgae -- 1 Introduction -- 2 An Overview of Lipid Biosynthesis Pathways in Microalgae -- 3 TAG Biosynthesis in Microalgae -- 4 Genetic Engineering Approaches to Improve Lipid Synthesis in Microalgae -- 4.1 Forward Genetics Approach: Random and Insertional Mutagenesis -- 4.2 Reverse Genetic Approaches -- 4.3 Advancement in GE Approaches to Improve Lipid Synthesis in Microalgae -- 4.4 Bottlenecks in Microalgal GE Approaches and the Way Forward -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- 11: Phycoremediation of Emerging Contaminants -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Emerging Contaminants -- 1.1.1 Pharmaceutical and Personal Care Products (PPCP) -- 1.1.2 Pesticides -- 1.1.3 Endocrine Disruptors -- 1.2 Major Challenges in Conventional Wastewater Treatment in Removal of Emerging Contaminants -- 1.2.1 Low Levels and Limited Availability of Protocols for Identification and Quantification -- 1.2.2 Low Biodegradability -- 1.2.3 High Water Solubility -- 1.2.4 Solid Phase Partitioning -- 1.2.5 Metabolites -- 1.3 Bioremediation -- 1.3.1 Phytoremediation -- 1.3.2 Phycoremediation -- 2 Ecological Fate of Emerging Contaminants -- 3 Ecotoxicological Risks of Emerging Contaminants -- 4 Phycoremediation of Emerging Contaminants -- 4.1 Pharmaceutical Products -- 4.2 Personal Care Products -- 4.3 Surfactants -- 4.4 Persistent Organic Compounds -- 4.4.1 Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons -- 4.4.2 Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) -- 4.4.3 Pesticides -- 5 Phycoremediation: Limiting Factors -- 6 Conclusions -- References. , 12: Carbon Dioxide Sequestration by Microalgae: Biorefinery Approach for Clean Energy and Environment.