Note: Front Cover -- Interventional Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Endoscopic Management and Treatment of Complications -- Interventional Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Endoscopic Management and Treatment of Complications -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- Preface -- 1 - Overview of Diagnosis and Medical Treatment of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases -- INTRODUCTION -- EPIDEMIOLOGY -- ETIOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS -- Genetic Susceptibility -- Microbiota -- Immune Dysregulation -- Environmental Factors -- DIAGNOSIS -- Endoscopic Evaluation -- Histologic Evaluation -- Abdominal Imaging -- Laboratory Evaluation -- DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS -- Irritable Bowel Syndrome -- Microscopic Colitis -- Celiac Disease -- Acute Infectious Colitis -- Chronic Infectious Colitis -- Radiation Colitis -- Ischemic Colitis -- Diversion Colitis -- Diverticulitis -- Medication-Associated Colitis -- Solitary Rectal Ulcer Syndrome -- Behcet Syndrome -- CLASSIFICATION OF UC -- The Montreal Classification -- Truelove and Witts' Severity Index -- The Mayo Score -- CLASSIFICATION OF CD -- The Montreal Classification -- The Crohn's Disease Activity Index -- Crohn's Disease Endoscopic Index of Severity -- The Simple Endoscopic Score for CD -- MEDICAL TREATMENT OF UC -- 5-Aminosalicylates and Mesalamines -- Corticosteroids -- Immunomodulators -- Cyclosporines -- Biological Therapy -- Other Agents -- MEDICAL TREATMENT OF CD -- 5-Aminosalicylates and Mesalamines -- Corticosteroids -- Antibiotics -- Immunomodulators -- Biological Agents -- Other Agents -- SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS -- REFERENCES -- 2 - Classification and Reclassification of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: From Clinical Perspective -- INTRODUCTION -- CONVENTIONAL THEORIES OF PATHOGENESIS OF IBD -- FEATURES OF CLASSIC IBD -- CONVENTIONAL CLASSIFICATION OF IBD -- GENETIC CONTRIBUTIONS IN DEVELOPMENT OF IBD. , IBD WITH EIMS -- OVERLAP OF IBD AND AIMDS -- OVERLAP OF IBD AND AINDS -- SPECTRUM OF IMMUNE-MEDIATED DISORDERS OF THE GUT -- Pattern of Disease Extent: Small and Large Bowels -- Pattern of Disease Spread: Extrinsic Versus Intrinsic -- Overlap Syndrome of Immune-Mediated Disorders -- Overlap Syndrome of Gut -- Systemic Overlap Syndromes -- Overlaps Between Chronic Gut Infection and Inflammation -- TRIGGERING FACTORS FOR DE NOVO IBD: CONCEPT OF SECONDARY IBD -- Fecal Microbiota Transplantation -- Immunosuppressive Medications -- Immune-Boosting Medications -- Stem Cell and Solid Organ Transplantations -- Bowel-Altering Surgery -- THE TWO-HIT THEORY -- RECLASSIFICATION OF IBD AND IBD-LIKE CONDITIONS -- SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- 3 - Pathogenesis of Crohn's Disease- and Ulcerative Colitis-Related Strictures -- LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS -- INTRODUCTION -- RISK FACTORS -- PATHOGENESIS -- MEDICAL THERAPY -- SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- 4 - Pathogenesis of Crohn's Disease-Associated Fistula and Abscess -- INTRODUCTION -- DEFINITION -- MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF CROHN'S FISTULAS -- CURRENT UNDERSTANDING OF MECHANISMS OF CROHN'S FISTULA -- Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition -- Matrix Metalloproteinases -- Cytokines in Fistula Formation -- Genetic Factors in Fistula Formation -- Intestinal Microbiota and Crohn's Fistula -- The Role of Stricture in Crohn's Fistula -- The Role of Mesentery in CD Fistula -- ABSCESS IN CD -- SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- 5 - Overview of Histopathology of Ulcerative Colitis and Crohn's Disease -- NORMAL HISTOLOGY OF THE BOWEL -- Normal Histology of the Small Intestine -- Normal Histology of the Large Intestine -- OVERVIEW OF HISTOPATHOLOGY OF IBD -- Histopathology of Ulcerative Colitis -- Unusual Features of Ulcerative Colitis -- Major Differential Diagnoses for UC. , Histopathology of Crohn's Disease -- Rare Variants of Crohn's Disease -- Major Differential Diagnoses for CD -- Indeterminate Colitis -- Pathology of the Ileal Pouch and Rectal Cuff -- NEOPLASIA IN IBD -- Interpretation and Grading Surveillance Colonic Biopsies in Patients With IBD -- Histologic Variants of IBD-Associated Dysplasia -- IBD-Associated Colorectal Cancer -- CD-Associated Small Bowel Adenocarcinoma -- Ileal Pouch and Peripouch Neoplasia -- SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- 6 - Clinical and Endoscopic Diagnosis of IBD-Related Stricture, Fistula, and Abscess -- INTRODUCTION -- STRICTURE -- Clinical Assessment -- Conventional Endoscopy -- Capsule Endoscopy -- Deep Enteroscopy -- Small-Caliber Endoscopy -- Endoscopic Ultrasonography and Optical Coherent Tomography -- FISTULA -- Clinical Assessment -- Conventional Endoscopy -- Endoscopic Ultrasonography -- ABSCESS -- Clinical Assessment -- Endoscopy and EUS -- SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- 7 - Role of Abdominal Imaging in the Diagnosis of IBD Strictures, Fistulas, and Postoperative Complications -- INTRODUCTION -- Computed Tomography Enterography -- Magnetic Resonance Enterography -- Ultrasonography -- Comparison of Imaging Modalities -- STRICTURING DISEASE -- Putting It All Together: Strictures -- INTRA-ABDOMINAL PENETRATING DISEASE -- Intra-abdominal Abscess -- Putting It All Together: Intra-abdominal Penetrating Disease -- PERIANAL DISEASE -- Putting It All Together: Perianal Disease -- POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATIONS -- ILEAL POUCH-ANAL ANASTOMOSIS -- Putting It All Together: Postoperative Complications -- SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- 8 - Classification of Strictures From Crohn's Disease, Ulcerative Colitis, and Inflammatory Bowel Disease-Rela ... -- INTRODUCTION -- DEFINITION AND SOURCE OF STRICTURE -- UNDERLYING DISEASES -- FEATURES OF STRICTURE. , SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- 9 - Classification of Crohn's Disease and Inflammatory Bowel Disease Surgery-Related Fistulae -- INTRODUCTION -- Definitions -- Pathophysiology -- Diagnosis -- Treatment Goals and Classification of Healing -- CLASSIFICATION OF PERIANAL FISTULA FROM CD (EXPANSION OF THE PARK'S CLASSIFICATION) -- CLASSIFICATION OF ENTEROCUTANEOUS FISTULA -- CLASSIFICATION OF ENTEROENTERIC FISTULA -- CLASSIFICATION OF FISTULA FROM BOWEL TO ADJACENT NON-GI ORGANS -- Gynecological Fistulas -- Genitourinary Fistulas -- CLASSIFICATION OF FISTULA OR LEAK FROM ANASTOMOSIS -- SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS -- REFERENCES -- 10 - Principles of Endoscopic Therapy in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases -- INTRODUCTION -- THE PATIENT -- THE DISEASE -- Development of Stricture -- Development of Fistula -- Development of Anastomotic Leak and Septic Complications -- Development of Colitis-Associated Neoplasia -- THE TARGET LESION -- Strictures -- Fistula -- Acute and Chronic Anastomotic Leak -- Colitis-Associated Neoplasia -- Others -- GOALS OF ENDOSCOPIC THERAPY -- TIMING OF ENDOSCOPIC INTERVENTION -- THE ENDOSCOPY TEAM -- PREVENTION OF PROCEDURE-ASSOCIATED COMPLICATIONS -- Frequency of Endoscopic Perforation -- Risk Factors for Perforation -- Prevention Measures of the Complications -- SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- 11 - Preparation of Endoscopic Therapy for Inflammatory Bowel Diseases -- INTRODUCTION -- SCREENING FOR CANDIDATE PATIENTS -- PRE- AND POST- PROCEDURE IMAGING -- ROOM SETTINGS -- BOWEL PREPARATION -- ANTIBIOTIC PROPHYLAXIS -- MANAGEMENT OF ANTICOAGULATION AGENTS -- SEDATION AND MONITORING -- INFORMED CONSENT -- POSTPROCEDURE MONITORING -- EQUIPMENT AND SUPPLIES -- SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES. , 12 - Endoscopic Evaluation of Surgically Altered Bowel in Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Diseases -- INTRODUCTION -- PREPARATION -- Delineation of Bowel Anatomy -- Preparation of Patient -- Setting -- ENDOSCOPY VIA ANASTOMOSIS -- ENDOSCOPY VIA STOMA -- Ileostomy -- Continent Ileostomy -- Ileostomy in Small Bowel Transplantation -- Colostomy -- Mucous Fistula -- Blow-Hole Colostomy -- ENDOSCOPY FOR ILEAL POUCH -- J Pouch -- S Pouch -- Continent Ileostomy -- ENDOSOCPY FOR DIVERTED BOWEL -- Diverted Large Bowel -- Diverted Ileal Pouch -- ENDOSCOPY IN STRICTUREPLASTY -- ENDOSCOPY AFTER BYPASS SURGERY FOR CROHN'S DISEASE -- UNIQUE CHALLENGES IN ENDOSCOPIC THERAPY -- Endoscopic Treatment of Stricture -- Endoscopic Treatment of Fistula -- Endoscopic Treatment of Anastomotic Sinus -- Endoscopic Removal of Bezoars or Foreign Body -- SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- 13 - Endoscopic Balloon Dilation of Inflammatory Bowel Disease Strictures -- INTRODUCTION -- INDICATIONS -- TECHNIQUES -- Fluoroscopy Guidance -- Retrograde Versus Antegrade Dilation -- Graded Versus Nongraded Dilation and Duration of Insufflation -- Short Versus Long Balloons -- Visualization of Stricture During and After Dilation -- Biopsy of Stricture -- Distal Bowel and Anal Strictures -- Special Situations for Anastomotic Strictures -- Stricture With Concurrent Fistula -- Combined With Other Treatment Modalities -- FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH EFFICACY OF EBD -- Non-Crohn's Versus Crohn's Stricture -- The Length of Stricture -- Primary Versus Secondary Strictures -- The Presence of Prestenonic Lumen Dilation -- Size of Balloon -- Concurrent Inflammation and Systemic Treatment of Inflammation -- Intralesional Injection of Corticosteroids or Anti-TNF Biologics -- SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- 14 - Endoscopic Stricturotomy. , INTRODUCTION.

Note: Front Cover -- Pouchitis and Ileal Pouch Disorders: A Multidisciplinary Approach for Diagnosis and Management -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Contents -- Contributors -- Author's Biography -- Preface -- Chapter 1 Current Medical Therapies for Ulcerative Colitis -- Introduction -- Assessing Disease Severity and Response to Medical Therapy -- Aminosalicylates -- Oral Preparations -- Rectal Preparations -- Efficacy of ASA -- Corticosteroids -- Systemic Steroids -- Targeted Steroids -- Maintenance Therapy and Adverse Effects -- Antimetabolites -- Thiopurines -- Combination Therapy -- Methotrexate -- Calcineurin Inhibitors -- Intravenous CSA -- Other Formulations of CSA -- Tacrolimus -- Mammalian Target of Rapamycin Inhibitors -- Mycophenolate Motefil -- Monoclonal Antibodies to TNF- α -- Infliximab -- Other TNF Inhibitors -- Anti-integrins -- Vedolizumab -- Natalizumab -- Etrolizumab -- Smoking, Nicotine, and UC -- Induction Therapy -- Maintenance Therapy -- Altering the Microbiome in UC -- Probiotics -- Antibiotics -- Fecal Microbiota Transplantation -- Novel/Experimental Agents -- MAdCAM Inhibitors -- Janus Kinase Inhibitors -- ICAM-1 Inhibitors -- Summary and Recommendations -- References -- Further Reading -- Chapter 2 Indications and Preoperative Medical Management of Ulcerative Colitis Patients Undergoing Pouch Surgery -- Introduction -- Indications for the Ileal Pouch -- Medically Refractory UC -- UC Patients With Medicine-Associated Side Effects -- Colitis-Associated Neoplasia -- Crohn's Colitis -- Indeterminate Colitis -- Familial Adenomatous Polyposis -- Other Indications -- Periopertive Use of Anticoagulation -- Periopertive Use of Mesalamines -- Periopertive Use of Corticorticosteroids -- Periopertive Use of Immunomodulators -- Purine Analogs -- Methotrexate -- Cyclosporine A -- Periopertive Use of Antitumor Necrosis Factor Agents. , Periopertive Use of Anti-integrin Agents -- Perioperative Nutrition Support -- Perioperative Blood Transfusion -- Summary and Recommendations -- References -- Chapter 3 Preoperative Evaluation and Techniques of Colectomy and Ileal Pouch Surgery -- Introduction -- Preoperative Evaluation -- Establishing Patient Goals -- Determining Candidacy for IPAA -- Thromboembolic Issues -- Enterostomal Preparation -- Role of the Multidisciplinary IPAA Specialty Team -- Shared Patient Experiences -- Operative Technique of Restorative Proctocolectomy -- Deciding Among Pouch Configurations -- Stapled vs Hand-Sewn (Mucosectomy) Anastomosis -- Alternatives to IPAA -- Summary and Recommendations -- References -- Chapter 4 Risk Factors for Short- and Long-Term Complications of Ileal Pouch Surgery -- Introduction -- Risk Factors for Short-Term (30 Days) Complications -- Anastomotic Leak -- Pelvic Abscess and Sepsis -- Wound Infection -- Risk Factors for Long-Term Surgical Complications -- Pouch-Related Fistula -- Small Bowel Obstruction -- Afferent Limb Syndrome -- Efferent Limb Syndrome -- Non-CD Strictures -- The Leak at the Tip of the "J" -- Pouch Prolapse -- Pouch Sinus -- Risk Factors for Pouch Failure -- Patient Factors -- Disease Factors -- Surgical Technique Factors -- Preoperative Factors -- Postoperative Factors -- Summary and Recommendations -- References -- Chapter 5 Stoma, Mucous Fistula, Diverted Large Bowel, and Ileo-Rectal Anastomosis -- Introduction -- End Ileostomy -- Loop Ileostomy -- Complications of Ileostomy and Disease of the Neo-Small Bowel -- Post-colectomy Enteritis -- Stoma Complications -- Peristomal Cutaneous Lesions -- Occurrence of CD of NSI in Patients With Primary or Secondary Stoma After Colectomy -- Mucous Fistula -- Diverted Rectum or Hartmann Pouch -- IRA for UC -- Summary and Recommendations -- Acknowledgment -- Disclosure. , References -- Chapter 6 The Ileal Pouch for Familial Adenomatous Polyposis -- Introduction -- Indications for Surgery -- Timing of Surgery -- Surgical Options and Extent of Resection -- Colectomy and IRA -- TPC and IPAA -- Anal Mucosectomy and Hand-Sewn Anastomosis Versus Double-Stapled IPAA -- Surgical Morbidity and Functional Outcomes -- Surgical Morbidity -- Postoperative Functional Expectations -- QOL After IPAA -- Pouchitis in FAP -- Pouch Strictures -- Postoperative Surveillance After IPAA -- Chemoprevention in FAP -- Special Circumstances: Desmoid Disease and IPAA in FAP -- Summary and Recommendations -- References -- Chapter 7 Ileal Pouch in Children -- Introduction -- Indication for Colectomy in Children -- Technical Aspects of Restorative Proctocolectomy in Children -- Staged Construction of Ileal Pouch -- J- vs S- Pouch -- Mucosectomy vs Without Mucosectomy -- Hand Sewn vs Stapled Anastomoses -- The Pull-Through Techniques -- Comparison of Straight Pull-Through vs J-Pouch Ileoanal Anastomosis -- Open vs Laparoscopic Surgery -- Ileal Pouch for FAP -- Ileal Rectal Anastomosis -- Functional Outcomes of Ileal Pouch in Children -- Risk Factors for Adverse Outcomes of the Pouch -- Risk of Neoplasia of the Pouch -- General Health Maintenance of Pediatric Patients With Pouches -- Summary and Recommendations -- References -- Chapter 8 The Cleveland Classification of Ileal Pouch Disorders -- Introduction -- Surgical and Mechanical Disorders -- Anastomotic or Suture Line Leaks -- Pelvic Sepsis and Pouch Abscess -- Pouch Sinus -- Pouch Fistulae -- Strictures -- Afferent Limb Syndrome -- Efferent Limb Syndrome -- Pouch Prolapse -- Folded Pouch and Twisted Pouch -- Floppy Pouch Complex -- Infertility -- Sexual Dysfunction -- Portal and Mesenteric Vein Thrombi -- Other Surgery-Related Disorders of the Pouch -- Inflammatory Disorders -- Pouchitis. , Cuffitis -- CD of the Pouch -- Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth -- Inflammatory Polyps -- Functional Disorders of the Ileal Pouch -- Irritable Pouch Syndrome -- Dyssynergic Defecation -- Dysplasia and Neoplasia -- Metabolic and Systemic Complications -- Anemia -- Bone Loss -- Abnormal Vitamin B12 -- Abnormal Bile Acid Metabolism -- Nephrolithiasis -- Celiac Disease -- Summary and Recommendations -- References -- Chapter 9 Genetic Factors in the Pathogenesis of Inflammatory Pouch Disorders -- Indtroduction -- Experimental Considerations in Pouch Genetic Analyses -- Genetic Associations With Pouch Inflammatory Complications -- Acute Pouchitis -- Chronic Pouchitis and CDL Phenotype -- Alterations in Gene Expression in Pouch Inflammation -- Outcome Prognostication and Risk Management -- Summary and Recommendations -- References -- Chapter 10 Microbiota in Pouchitis and De Novo Crohn's Disease of the Ileal Pouch -- Introduction -- Primary "Idiopathic" Pouchitis -- Nonmicrobial Factors Linked to the Development of Idiopathic Pouchitis -- The Gut Microbiota -- Characterization of the Composition of the Gut Microbiota -- Microbial Ecological Diversity -- 16S rRNA Sequencing and Microbial Ecology -- The Application of High-Throughput and Data-Driven Approaches to Microbial Ecology (i.e., "Omics") -- Combining "Omics" in Systems Biology -- Microbial Taxonomy and Intestinal Disease -- Dysbiosis of the Gut Microbiome, Idiopathic Pouchitis, and a Word of Caution -- Microbial Ecological Changes Follow Stoma Reversal and Restoration of Flow of Enteric Content Into the Ileal Pouch -- Bacterial Diversity Is Altered in the Ileal Pouch -- Cellular Changes Follow Stoma Reversal and Restoration of Flow of Enteric Content Into the Ileal Pouch -- Sulphate Reducing Bacteria and Ideopathic Pouchitis -- Resolution of Idiopathic Pouchitis With Antibiotic Treatment. , Crohn's Disease of the Ileal Pouch -- Diagnosis of Crohn's Disease of the Ileal Pouch -- Etiology and Pathobiological Forms of Crohn's Disease of the Ileal Pouch -- Treatment -- Future Directions in Relation to Idiopathic Pouchitis and Crohn's Disease of the Ileal Pouch -- Summary and Recommendations -- References -- Chapter 11 Pathogenesis of Pouchitis -- Introduction -- Genetical Factors -- Role of Microbiota -- Environmental and Dietary Factors -- Smoking -- Pollution -- Medications -- Dietary Factors -- Pelvic Radiation -- Immunological Factors -- Response to Antiinflammatory Biological Agents -- Pouchitis and Extraintestinal Manifestations (EIM) -- Pouchitis and Other Immune-Mediated Disorders -- Immunogenetics and Immunoserology -- Innate Immunity -- Humoral Immunity -- Adaptive Immunity -- Inflammatory Mediators -- Tissue Ischemia and Hypoxia -- Pouchitis and Surgical Techniques -- Evidence of Tissue Ischemia and Hypoxia From Clinical Therapy -- Thromocytosis and Portal Vein Thrombosis -- Mesentry and Metabolic Factors -- Summary and Recommendations -- References -- Chapter 12 Risk Factors for Chronic Inflammatory Disorders of Ileal Pouch -- Introduction -- Risk Factors for Chronic Pouchitis -- Genetic Factors -- Interleukin-1 Receptor Antagonist Allele 2 -- NOD2/CARD15 -- Toll-Like Receptors -- TNF Allele 2 -- Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis -- Other EIMs -- Extensive Colitis and Backwash Ileitis -- Male Gender -- Young Age at UC Diagnosis or Surgery -- Nonsmoking Status -- Autoimmune Disorders -- Preoperative Use of Corticosteroids -- Preoperative Thrombocytosis -- Type of Ileal Pouch -- Postoperative Use of NSAIDs -- Serological Abnormalities -- Risk Factors for CD of the Pouch -- Family History of CD -- Preoperative Diagnosis of IC -- Smoking -- Young Age at Diagnosis or Long Duration of Having an Ileal Pouch -- Ethnicity. , The Absence of PSC.