Note: Cover -- Title Page -- Half Title -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Table of Contents -- Series Preface -- Preface -- The Author -- Acknowledgment -- Section I Introduction -- Introduction -- Guidelines and Interpretation of Data -- Quality Assurance and Quality Control -- References -- Section II Vitamins -- Water-Soluble Vitamins -- Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid) -- History of Vitamin C and Scurvy -- Vitamin C Deficiency -- Occurrence of Vitamin C Deficiency -- Dietary Sources of Vitamin C -- Vitamin C Functions and Metabolism -- Proline and Hydroxyproline and Vitamin C Deficiency -- Potential Pharmacological Benefits of Vitamin C -- Vitamin C Interactions -- Determination of Vitamin C in Biological Specimens -- Assessment of Vitamin C Status -- Vitamin C Concentrations in Whole Blood, Red Cells and Leucocytes and Plasma -- Urinary Excretion of Vitamin C -- Potential New Assessment Methods -- Vitamin C Toxicity and Safety -- Summary -- References -- Vitamin B-1 (Thiamin) -- History of Thiamin -- Sources of Thiamin -- Function of Thiamin -- Thiamin Deficiency -- Alcohol and Thiamin Status -- Assessment of Thiamin Nutritional Status -- Erythrocyte Transketolase Assay -- Sample Preparation and Storage -- Guides for Interpretation of Erythrocyte Transketolase Activity -- Blood Thiamin Measurements -- Urinary Excretion of Thiamin -- Toxicity -- Summary -- References -- Vitamin B-2 (Riboflavin) -- History of Riboflavin -- Riboflavin Functions -- Riboflavin Metabolism -- Riboflavin Deficiency -- Riboflavin Nutritional Assessment -- Riboflavin Analytical Methods -- Erythrocyte Glutathione Reductase Assays -- Riboflavin Toxicity -- Summary -- References -- Vitamin B-6 (Pyridoxine) -- Introduction -- Bioavailability and Source of Vitamin B-6 -- Clinical Vitamin B-6 Deficiency -- Vitamin B-6 Metabolism and Utilization. , Assessment of Vitamin B-6 Nutritional Status -- Human Studies on Vitamin B-6 Nutritional Assessment Methods -- Pyridoxal 5'-phosphate and Vitamin B-6 Assessment -- Determination of Plasma Homocysteine -- Determination of Transaminase Activities -- Tryptophan Load and Xanthurenic Acid Excretion -- Merthionine Load Test -- Urinary Excretion of 4-Pyridoxic Acid -- Urinary Excretion of Vitamin B-6 -- Vitamin B-6 Status -- Toxicity -- Summary -- References -- Folate (Folic Acid, Pteroylmonoglutamic Acid, Folacin) -- Introduction -- History of Folate -- Food Sources of Folate -- Folate Metabolism and Functions -- Occurrence of Folate Deficiency -- Folate Nutritional Status -- Factors Influencing Folate Status -- Evaluation of Folate Nutritional Status -- Determination of Plasma and Erythrocyte of Folate Concentrations -- Folate Status and Homocysteine Metabolism -- Hypersegmentation of Neutrophils -- Deoxyuridine Suppression Test (dUST) -- Formininoglutamic Acid Excretion (FIGLU Test) -- Urinary Excretion of Folate -- Folate Safety and Toxicity -- Summary -- References -- Vitamin B-12 (Cyanocobalamin, Corrinoids) -- History of Vitamin B-12 -- Function of Vitamin B-12 (Cobalamin) -- Sources of Vitamin B-12 -- Vitamin B-12 Deficiency -- Occurrence of Vitamin B-12 Deficiency -- Vegetarians/Vegans -- Nitrous Oxide and Vitamin B-12 -- Laboratory Methods for Assessment of Vitamin B-12 Status -- Factors Influencing Vitamin B-12 Status -- Interpretation of Vitamin B-12 and Folate Assessment Results -- Toxicity -- Summary -- References -- Niacin (Nicotinic Acid, Nicotinamide) -- History of Niacin -- Sources of Niacin -- Niacin Deficiency (Pellagra) -- Functions -- Methods for the Assessment of Niacin Status -- Microbiological Methods -- Chemical Methods -- High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Procedures (HPLC) -- Measurement of N'-Methyl-4-Pyridone-5-Carboxamide. , Assessment of Niacin Status -- Plasma Metabolites and Niacin Status -- Pyridine Nucleotides and Niacin Status -- Children (10 to 13 Years) -- Pregnancy -- Toxicity (Niacin) -- Summary -- References -- Pantothenic Acid -- General -- Pantothenic Acid Deficiency -- Functions -- Methods for the Determination of Pantothenic Acid -- Assessment of Pantothenic Acid Status -- Pantothenic Acid Status in Population Groups -- Toxicity -- Summary -- References -- Biotin -- Introduction -- Biotin Deficiency -- Function of Biotin -- Biotin Determination -- Biotin Assessment -- Experimental Biotin Deficiency in the Human -- Toxicity -- Summary -- References -- Fat-Soluble Vitamins -- Retinol (Vitamin A) -- Background/History/Function -- Vitamin A Sources -- Carotenoids: Nutrition and Measurement -- Vitamin A Deficiency -- Vitamin A Status -- Interactions of Vitamin A -- Assessment of Vitamin A Nutritional Status -- Biochemical Methods for the Assessment of Vitamin A Status -- Methods for the Measurement of Vitamin A in Plasma or Serum -- Toxicity of Vitamin A -- Relationship of Plasma Retinol Levels to Vitamin A Status -- Summary/Comments -- References -- Vitamin D -- Introduction -- Vitamin D Metabolism -- Vitamin D Deficiency -- Vitamin D and the Elderly -- Assessment of Vitamin D Status -- Measurement of 25-Hydroxyvitamin D and 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D -- Alkaline Phosphatase -- Osteocalcin and Vitamin D -- Vitamin D Absorption Test -- Vitamin D in Saliva -- Vitamin D: Drug Interaction and Toxicity -- Assay Guidelines -- Summary -- Suggested Guidelines for Evaluating Vitamin D Status -- References -- Vitamin E (Tocopherols) -- Introduction -- Sources of Vitamin E -- Vitamin E Deficiency -- Infants and Children -- Assessment of Vitamin E Status -- Vitamin E Status: Functional Procedures -- Handling of Blood Specimens -- Vitamin E Toxicity -- Summary -- References. , Vitamin K -- Introduction -- Sources of Vitamin K -- Vitamin K Deficiency -- Blood Clotting Process -- Vitamin K and Anticoagulants -- Vitamin K-Dependent Carboxylase -- Vitamin K and Bone Formation -- Methods for the Assessment of Vitamin K Status -- Determination of Vitamin K -- Studies on the Assessment of Vitamin K Status -- Vitamin K Toxicity -- Summary -- References -- Semi- or Quasi-Vitamins -- Carnitine -- Neonates and Infants -- Carnitine Assays -- Toxicity -- Summary -- References -- Choline -- Determination of Choline -- Choline Requirements and Assessment -- Choline Toxicity -- Summary -- References -- Inositol (Myo-Inositol) -- References -- Taurine -- Assessment of Taurine Status -- Measurement of Taurine -- Summary -- References -- Section III Minerals -- Body Electrolytes -- Sodium, Potassium, and Chloride -- Assessment -- Potassium -- Sample Preparation for Sodium and Potassium Determinations -- Urine Measurements of Sodium and Potassium -- Chloride -- Toxicity -- Sodium, Potassium, and Chloride -- Summary -- References -- Macrominerals -- Calcium -- Osteoporosis -- Hypocalcemia -- Hypercalcemia -- Calcium Determination -- Bone Density Measurements and Calcium Status -- Urinary Excretion of Calcium -- Calcium Toxicity -- Summary -- References -- Phosphorus -- Hypophosphatemia -- Phosphorus Measurement -- Hyperphosphatemia -- Serum Phosphate Determination -- Toxicity -- Urinary Phosphate -- Summary -- References -- Magnesium -- Metabolism -- Magnesium Deficiency -- National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey -- Evaluation of Magnesium Status -- Tissue Magnesium Levels -- Magnesium Loading Test -- Urine Magnesium Levels -- Magnesium Toxicity -- Summary -- References -- Trace Elements -- Iron -- History of Iron Deficiency -- Dietary Sources of Iron -- Iron Deficiency and Metabolism. , Laboratory Procedures for the Assessment of Iron Status -- Factors Influencing the Interpretation of Hematological Data -- Iron Deficiency in Population Groups -- Iron Deficiency in the Elderly -- Iron Status in Volunteer Blood Donors -- Iron Assessment of Populations -- National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys -- Iron Overload/Iron Toxicity -- Summary -- References -- Iodine -- Introduction -- Iodine Deficiency -- Laboratory Procedures -- Assessment of Iodine Nutritional Status -- Iodine Excretion Guidelines -- Surveys -- Pregnancy -- Goitrogens -- Toxicity -- Summary -- References -- Zinc -- History of Zinc Essentiality -- Occurrence of Zinc Deficiency -- Zinc Essentiality and Functions -- Diet and Zinc Sources and Intakes -- Zinc Nutritional Assessment -- Toxicity -- Summary -- References -- Copper -- Metabolism -- Assessment of Copper Nutritional Status -- Other Measures -- Wilson's Disease -- Copper Toxicity -- Summary -- References -- Selenium -- Introduction -- Dietary Sources of Selenium -- Determination of Selenium -- Glutathione Peroxidase -- Platelet Glutathione Peroxidase -- Assessment of Selenium Status -- Infants and Children -- Elderly -- Adults -- Toxicity -- Summary -- References -- Manganese -- Determination of Manganese -- Toxicity of Manganese -- Summary -- References -- Chromium -- Determination of Chromium -- Toxicity of Chromium -- Summary -- References -- Molybdenum -- Determination of Molybdenum -- Molybdenum Cofactor Deficiency -- Toxicity -- Summary -- References -- Ultratrace Elements -- Arsenic, Boron, Fluorine, Nickel, Silicon, Tin, Vanadium, and Sulfur -- Arsenic -- Boron -- Fluorine -- Nickel -- Silicon -- Tin -- Vanadium -- Sulfur -- References -- Section IV Protein-Energy Malnutrition -- Protein-Energy Malnutrition -- Introduction -- Clinical Protein-Energy Malnutrition -- Anthropometric Parameters. , Biochemical Assessment of Protein-Energy Malnutrition.