Note: Cover -- Half-title -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Topic boxes and Case studies -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- 1 History and research approaches -- 1.1 History -- 1.1.1 Early history and taxonomy -- 1.1.2 Pioneering deep-sea expeditions -- 1.1.3 The modern era begins -- 1.2 Research approaches -- 1.2.1 Exploration -- 1.2.2 Habitat mapping -- 1.2.3 Collecting samples -- 1.2.4 Monitoring -- 1.2.5 Technologies for the future -- 2 Cold-water corals -- 2.1 Ecological categorisation of corals -- 2.2 The five cold-water coral taxa -- 2.2.1 Scleractinia -- 2.2.2 Zoanthidae -- 2.2.3 Antipatharia -- 2.2.4 Octocorallia -- 2.2.5 Stylasteridae -- 2.3 Environmental controls on cold-water coral distribution -- 2.4 Global patterns of cold-water scleractinian diversity -- 2.5 Molecular phylogeny of cold-water corals -- 2.6 Linkages and connectivity -- 3 Biology -- 3.1 Anatomy -- 3.2 Morphology -- 3.3 Food supply and nutrition -- 3.3.1 Gas seeps and the 'hydraulic theory' -- 3.3.2 Hydrography -- 3.3.3 Food particles -- 3.4 Growth rates -- 3.4.1 Growth bands and chronologies -- 3.4.2 Longevity and carbon sources -- 3.5 Ecophysiology -- 3.5.1 Respiratory physiology -- 3.5.2 Excretion and osmotic balance -- 3.5.3 Nervous and endocrine control -- 3.6 Reproduction -- 3.7 Larval biology and dispersal -- 4 Reefs and mounds -- 4.1 Reef initiation and development -- 4.2 Reef sedimentation -- 4.2.1 Matrix sediment and deposits -- 4.2.2 Deposit-based cold-water coral reef classification -- 4.3 Defining coral carbonate mounds -- 4.4 Mound development -- 4.4.1 Mound initiation -- 4.4.2 Mound growth -- 4.4.3 Accumulation rates -- 4.4.4 Climatic controls on mound growth -- 4.4.5 Diagenetic processes -- 4.4.6 Late-stage mound development and burial -- 4.5 Coral carbonate mound morphology -- 4.5.1 Mound shape -- 4.5.2 Mound dimensions. , 4.6 Global distribution of coral carbonate mounds -- 5 Habitats and ecology -- 5.1 Habitats -- 5.1.1 Reefs -- 5.1.2 Gorgonian forests and coral gardens -- 5.2 Biodiversity -- 5.2.1 Megafauna and macrofauna -- 5.2.2 Meiofauna -- 5.2.3 Microbial diversity -- 5.3 Seamounts, endemism and refugia -- 5.4 Species interactions -- 5.4.1 Symbiosis -- 5.5 Fish assemblages -- 5.6 Predictive mapping -- 6 Palaeontology -- 6.1 Triassic dawn -- 6.2 Fossil record of cold-water corals -- 6.2.1 Dendrophylliidae -- 6.2.2 Oculinidae -- 6.2.3 Caryophylliidae -- 6.3 Taphonomy -- 6.3.1 Growth of the coral framework -- 6.3.2 Breakdown of the coral framework -- 6.4 Preservation of the coral-associated fauna -- 6.4.1 Foraminifera -- 6.4.2 Porifera -- 6.4.3 Cnidaria -- 6.4.4 Annelida -- 6.4.5 Mollusca -- 6.4.6 Crustacea -- 6.4.7 Echinodermata -- 6.4.8 Bryozoa -- 6.4.9 Other groups -- 7 Corals as archives -- 7.1 Biomineralisation -- 7.1.1 Coral calcification -- 7.1.2 Vital effects -- 7.2 Temperature records -- 7.3 Water-mass history -- 7.4 Pollution and nutrient records -- 8 Impacts and conservation -- 8.1 Impacts -- 8.1.1 Fishing -- 8.1.2 Oil and gas -- 8.1.3 Mining -- 8.1.4 Climate change and ocean acidification -- 8.1.5 Coral collection -- 8.1.6 Other threats -- 8.2 Conservation -- 8.2.1 Protected areas -- 8.2.2 Monitoring -- 8.2.3 The high seas -- 8.2.4 Stewardship -- Glossary -- References -- Index.

Note: Intro -- Contents -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- List of Acronyms -- 1. From Rio to Gleneagles: Has Aid Been Greened? -- 2. Billions for the Earth? Patterns of Environmental Assistance -- 3. Who Receives Environmental Aid? Patterns of Allocation and Case Studies of Five Major Recipients -- 4. To Areas of Need, Opportunity, or Strategic Interest? Explaining Which Countries Receive Environmental Aid and Why -- 5. Which Donors Are the Greenest? Trends in Bilateral Aid and Key Donor Profiles -- 6. The Political Market for Environmental Aid: Why Some Donors Are Greener Than Others -- 7. Have the Multilaterals Been Greened? Major Trends and Cases -- 8. Outsourcing the National Interest? Delegating Environmental Aid to Multilateral Agencies -- 9. Looking to the Future of Environmental Aid -- Appendix A: The Project-Level Aid Database -- Appendix B: Aid Flows to Recipients -- Appendix C: Technical Details -- References -- Index -- A -- B -- C -- D -- E -- F -- G -- H -- I -- J -- K -- L -- M -- N -- O -- P -- Q -- R -- S -- T -- U -- V -- W -- Y -- Z.

Note: Front Cover -- Ethylene and Plant Development -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- PREFACE -- Chapter 1. ETHYLENE AND PLANT DEVELOPMENT: AN INTRODUCTION -- Introduction -- Ethylene biosynthesis and action -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 2. METABOLISM OF 1-AMINOCYCLOPROPANE-1-CARBOXYLIC ACID -- Introduction -- Metabolism of ACC to ethylene -- Metabolism of ACC to malonyl-ACC -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 3. STUDIES ON THE ENZYMES OF ETHYLENE BIOSYNTHESIS -- Introduction -- The conversion of SAM to ACC -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 4. THE OXYGEN AFFINITY OF 1-AMINOCYCLOPROPANE-1-CARBOXYLIC ACID OXIDATION IN SLICES OF BANANA FRUIT TISSUE -- Introduction -- Estimation of oxygen gradients within banana tissue slices -- Estimation of the oxygen affinity of the ethylene-forming enzyme -- ACC content of the tissue -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 5. CARBON DIOXIDE FLUX AND ETHYLENE PRODUCTION IN LEAVES -- Introduction -- Light and ethylene release -- Carbon dioxide and ethylene release -- Stomata and ethylene release -- The effects of chemical treatments -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 6. THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON ETHYLENE PRODUCTION BY PLANT TISSUES -- Introduction -- Effect of low temperature -- Effect of high temperature -- Changes in ethylene production following tissue transfer from low or high temperature -- The influence of temperature on the pathway of ethylene biosynthesis -- The mechanism of overshoot ethylene production following temperature transfer -- Physiological manifestations of temperature effects -- Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 7. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN POLLINATION, ETHYLENE PRODUCTION AND FLOWER SENESCENCE -- Introduction -- Effect of pollination on flowers -- Effect of pollination on ethylene production. , Source of the pollination-induced ethylene production -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 8. THE ETHYLENE FORMING ENZYME SYSTEM IN CARNATION FLOWERS -- Introduction -- Induction of the ethylene forming enzyme by ACC -- Induction of the ethylene forming enzyme by ethylene -- IAA-oxidase model system -- Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 9. ETHYLENE BIOSYNTHESIS IN PENICILLIUM DIGITATUM INFECTED CITRUS FRUIT -- Introduction -- Plant and fungal material -- Biochemical and physiological assays -- Development of infection -- Physiological changes associated with the infection -- Discussion -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgement -- References -- Chapter 10. ETHYLENE BINDING -- Introduction -- Isolation and properties of ethylene binding sites -- Purification and properties of solubilized binding site preparations -- Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 11. ETHYLENE BINDING IN PHASEOLUS VULGARIS L. COTYLEDONS -- Introduction -- Isolation of a cell free ethylene binding system -- Effects of cycloalkenes on the ethylene binding site -- Purification of solubilized ethylene binding system by fast protein liquid chromatography -- Purification of ethylene binding system by detergent partitioning -- References -- Chapter 12. ETHYLENE METABOLISM -- Introduction -- Key features of ethylene metabolism -- Physiological role -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 13. ETHYLENE METABOLISM IN PISUM SATIVUM L. AND VICIA FABA L -- Introduction -- Ethylene metabolism in Pisum seedlings -- Ethylene metabolism in extracts from Vicia cotyledons -- Relationship between ethylene metabolism and binding -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 14. REGULATION OF THE EXPRESSION OF TOMATO FRUIT RIPENING GENES: THE INVOLVEMENT OF ETHYLENE -- Introduction -- RNA synthesis during fruit development and ripening -- Synthesis and function of polygalacturonase. , Relationship between ethylene synthesis, the respiratory climacteric and the accumulation of polygalacturonase and its mRNA during ripening -- Cloning the ripening genes -- Discussion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 15. INDUCTION OF CELLULASE BY ETHYLENE IN AVOCADO FRUIT -- Involvement of nucleic acid and protein turnover in fruit ripening -- Concluding remarks -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 16. ETHYLENE AND ABSCISSION -- Introduction -- The general features of abscission -- Ethylene and abscission: a historical review -- The characteristics of the response -- Ethylene sensitivity -- Ethylene and natural abscission -- Ethylene mediation of other growth regulator responses -- The mechanism of ethylene action -- Does ethylene induce abscission? -- Single or multifactor control? -- References -- Chapter 17. TARGET CELLS FOR ETHYLENE ACTION -- Introduction -- Target cells for ethylene -- Specific markers for target cells -- Summary -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 18. ETHYLENE, LATERAL BUD GROWTH AND INDOLE-3-ACETIC ACID TRANSPORT -- Introduction -- Phaseolus vulgaris-an experimental system for correlative inhibition -- Control of bud growth-ethylene in the apical region of the shoot -- Control of bud growth-ethylene in the region of lateral buds -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 19. ETHYLENE AND PETIOLE DEVELOPMENT IN AMPHIBIOUS PLANTS -- Introduction -- Effects of submergence on plant growth -- Accommodation and responses to ethylene in Ranunculus repens -- Accommodation and responses to ethylene in Nymphoides peltata -- Are there irreversible effects of ethylene on development? -- Concluding remarks -- Acknowledgement -- References -- Chapter 20. ETHYLENE AND THE RESPONSES OF PLANTS TO EXCESS WATER IN THEIR ENVIRONMENT-A REVIEW -- Introduction -- Submergence and shoot growth. , Submergence and root extension -- Soil waterlogging and responses of roots -- Environmental soil ethylene -- Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 21. ETHYLENE AND FOLIAR SENESCENCE -- Introduction -- Types of foliar senescence -- Physiological and biochemical changes during foliar senescence -- Factors affecting the rate of senescence -- Role of ethylene in leaf senescence -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 22. ETHYLENE AS AN AIR POLLUTANT -- Introduction -- Determination of ethylene levels -- Treatment of plant material -- Ambient ethylene levels -- Interaction with drought -- Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 23. SOURCES OF ETHYLENE OF HORTICULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE -- Introduction -- Ethylene as an air pollutant -- Economic losses due to ethylene air pollution -- Sources of ethylene -- Levels of ethylene in the air -- Degradation of atmospheric ethylene -- Control of ethylene pollution -- References -- Chapyrt 24. EVALUATING THE PRACTICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF ETHYLENE IN FRUIT STORAGE -- Introduction -- History -- Production of ethylene -- Sensitivity to ethylene -- The problem of practical control -- Control of ethylene accumulation -- Effects of temperature -- Carbon dioxide and oxygen effects -- Chemical treatments -- Genetic control -- Prospects -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 25. ETHYLENE IN COMMERCIAL POST-HARVEST HANDLING OF TROPICAL FRUIT -- Introduction -- Ripening and the respiratory climacteric -- Prevention and control of ripening in banana -- Improvement of visual appeal in citrus fruits -- Adoption of technology for other tropical fruits -- Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 26. RESPIRATION AND ETHYLENE PRODUCTION IN POST-HARVEST SOURSOP FRUIT (Annona muricata L.) -- Introduction -- Post-harvest gas exchange of the whole fruit -- Respiration of fruit tissue discs -- Effect of harvesting on preclimacteric respiration. , Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 27. THE EFFECT OF HEAVY METAL IONS ON TOMATO RIPENING -- Introduction -- Infiltration of intact fruit with silver thiosulphate -- Effect of silver thiosulphate on tomato ripening -- Effects of other metal ions on tomato ripening -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 28. POST-HARVEST EFFECTS OF ETHYLENE ON ORNAMENTAL PLANTS -- Introduction -- Physiological responses of flowers to ethylene -- Factors affecting sensitivity of flowers to ethylene -- Symptoms of ethylene damage -- Control of ethylene effects -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 29. SIGNIFICANCE OF ETHYLENE IN POST-HARVEST HANDLING OF VEGETABLES -- Introduction -- Sensitivity of vegetables to ethylene -- Commercial application of ethylene -- The occurrence of ethylene -- Ethylene in storage rooms -- Ethylene accumulation during transport -- Threshold values for ethylene effects -- Methods of controlling undesirable effects -- Control of ethylene in wholesale markets and retail shops -- Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 30. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ETHYLENE PRODUCTION AND PLANT GROWTH AFTER APPLICATION OF ETHYLENE RELEASING PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS -- Ethylene related plant growth regulators in agriculture -- Chemistry and mode of action of ethylene related PGRs -- Performance of ethylene related PGRs -- Plant responses in relation to ethylene evolution -- Mode of action of NF-ACC -- Discussion -- References -- Chapter 31. COMMERCIAL SCALE CATALYTIC OXIDATION OF ETHYLENE AS APPLIED TO FRUIT STORES -- Introduction -- The catalytic converter -- Ethylene removal during storage of Bramley's Seedling apples -- Effect of ethylene removal on superficial scald -- Effect of ethylene removal on fruit quality -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 32. LOW ETHYLENE CONTROLLED-ATMOSPHERE STORAGE OF MCINTOSH APPLES -- Introduction. , Storage conditions.

Note: Intro -- CONTENTS -- Foreword -- Preface -- Contributors -- I The paleoenvironmental context -- II Distribution -- III Mapping -- IV Exogenic and endogenic controls -- V Coral Biology -- VI Diversity -- VII Environmental Archive -- VIII Conservation -- Index.

Note: Cover -- Half title -- Title page -- Copyright page -- Table of contents -- List of illustrations -- Notes on contributors -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- List of abbreviations -- 1 'Puzzling, confusing, and … vacuous': capacity building from the World Bank to climate governance -- 2 The meagre history and politics of capacity building under the UNFCCC -- 3 Has it worked elsewhere? Capacity-building efforts in development and environmental regimes -- 4 Needed: a capacity-building framework that's up to the task -- 5 Case studies of capacity building in Bangladesh, Uganda and Jamaica -- 6 Lessons learned from agency initiatives on capacity building -- 7 Universities as the central hub of capacity building -- 8 Capacity building and transparency under Paris -- 9 Conclusion: implementing the Paris framework on capacity building -- Index.

Note: Index S. [1211] - 1243

Note: "First published 2009" - Rückseite Titelblatt , Literaturverzeichnis: Seiten 277-323

Note: Includes bibliographical references and index

Note: Originally published: 2009 , Includes bibliographical references and index