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  • 1
    ISSN: 1433-0431
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Gentransfer • Gelenkknorpel • Wachstumsfaktoren • Kollagen • Matrixsynthese ; Key words ; Gene transfer • Hyaline cartilage • Growth factors • Collagen • Proteoglycan synthesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary TGFβ-1 has been shown to upregulate matrix synthesis in articular chondrocytes. TGFβ-gene transfer to chondrocytes has the potential to increase the local production of this key component within regenerating cartilage after trauma and could support the repair process in articular cartilage laesions. Primary rabbit articular chondrocytes were cultured and retrovirally transfected with the experimental TGFβ-1 and the lacZ marker gene for control purposes. After radioactive labeling of new synthesized matrix protiens results were compared with normal primary chondrocytes. After TGFβ-1 gene transfer the endogenous growth factor concentration was doubled compared to normal chondrocytes and decreased in the lacZ control group. The proteoglycan synthesis in TGFβ-1 transfected chondrocytes showed a 96 % increase compared to the basal production of normal chondrocytes. The LacZ transfected group revealed the opposite effect by a 44 % decrease. The collagen synthesis of TGFβ-1 transfected chondrocytes was 304 % compared to normal chondrocytes, predominantly type II collagen. The lacZ group collagen production was reduced by 35 %. We conclude that TGFβ-1 gene transfer overcomes the decreasing effect observed by transfection with the LacZ marker gene and increases matrix synthesis in articular chondrocytes. Genetically altered chondrocytes might improve the repair of cartilage lesions by stimulating matrix synthesis and supporting the expression of the hyaline phenotype.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung TGFβ-1 ist ein essentieller Wachstumsfaktor in der Gewebedifferenzierung und stimuliert auch die Syntheseaktivität in Knorpelzellen. Der Effekt einer Wachstumsfaktorsubstitution innerhalb eines biologischen Systems ist jedoch zeitlich stark limitiert, so dass der Transfer von Wachstumsfaktorgenen hier eine kontinuierliche lokale Bereitstellung des Zytokins ermöglichen würde und so zu verbesserten Resultaten in der Knorpelregeneration führen könnte. Gelenkknorpelzellen des Kaninchens wurden kultiviert und retroviral mit dem TGFβ-1 und dem LacZ-Gen transfiziert. Nach radioaktiver Markierung der Proteoglykan- und Kollagenneosynthese wurden die Ergebnisse der genveränderten Zellen mit unbehandelten Chondrozytenkulturen verglichen. Die TGFβ-1-Konzentration nach entsprechendem Gentransfer war im Vergleich zur unbehandelten Kontrollgruppe verdoppelt, nach LacZ-Gentransfer zeigte sich eine Reduktion der basalen TGFβ-1-Konzentration. Die Proteoglykansynthese in der TGFβ-1-Gruppe zeigte einen 96 %igen Anstieg verglichen zur normalen Knorpelzellproduktion. Bei der LacZ-Gruppe zeigte sich der gegenteilige Effekt in Form einer Reduktion der basalen Proteoglykansynthese um 44 %. Die Kollagenneosynthese in der TGFβ-1-transfizierten Gruppe betrug 304 % verglichen zur normalen Knorpelzellkultur und war um 35 % reduziert in der LacZ-Gruppe. Die Ergebnisse der TGFβ-1-transfizierten Gruppe unterschieden sich signifikant von den beiden Kontrollgruppen. Viraler Gentransfer in Chondrozyten ist möglich, jedoch werden die zellulären Syntheseleistungen beeinträchtigt. Der Transfer eines spezifischen Wachstumsfaktorgens hingegen überkompensiert diesen Effekt und bewirkt eine deutliche Steigerung in der Matrixneosynthese kultivierter Chondrozyten.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1433-044X
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Gentransfer ; Patellarsehne ; Adenovirus ; Retrovirus ; Key words Gene ; Transfer ; Patellar tendon ; Adenovi-rus ; Retrovirus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Growth factors have the potential to enhance native repair responses in ligamentous and meniscal lesions. However, methods for applying these cytokines to sites of injury for extended periods are lacking. We suggest that local transfer of genes that encode the relevant healing factors merits investigation as a potential solution to this problem. In the present study, different viral vectors and liposomes are evaluated for their ability to deliver genes to cells of ligamentous and meniscal origin. The ACL, PCL, MCL, semitendinosus tendon, patellar tendon, and menisci were harvested from New Zealand white rabbits. Cells grown from these tissues were then investigated for their susceptibility to genetic alteration by these vectors. Based upon the ability of these vectors to convert cells in culture to a lacZ(+) phenotype, adenovirus was the most effective vector in short-term experiments. However, expression was transient. Although retrovirus gave lower initial transduction efficiencies, the percentage of transduced cells could be increased by the use of the selectable marker gene neor. Cells infected with adeno-associated virus containing the neor-gene could also be selected in this way. Liposomes showed low efficiency of gene transfer and expression. In an in vivo marker study, we injected adenovirus into the rabbit patellar tendon. Transduced cells could be observed preferentially in the subsynovial layer at a declining frequency over a 6-week period. The allogeneous transplantation of retrovirally transduced fibroblasts into the patellar tendon resulted in a greater number of transduced cells. Although the number of lacZ(+) cells declined with time, positive cells were still present 6 weeks after transplantation. Furthermore, the transplanted cells, unlike cells transduced in situ with adenovirus, migrated from the injection site and integrated into the crimp of the tendon.
    Notes: Wachstumsfaktoren sind für jeden Wundheilungsprozeß von essentieller Bedeutung. Experimentelle Untersuchungen haben gezeigt, daß die lokale Anwendung dieser Substanzen den natürlichen Heilungsprozeß bei ligamentären Verletzungen beschleunigen kann. Die Methoden für eine effiziente klinische Anwendung sind jedoch nicht ausreichend entwickelt, um eine dauerhaft hohe Konzentration an der Verletzungsstelle zu erzielen. Eine mögliche Lösung für dieses Problem ist die Synthese von Wachstumsfaktoren durch ortsständige Zellen im Kniegelenk, die hierzu durch lokalen Gentransfer angeregt werden könnten. In einem neuen experimentellen Ansatz untersuchen wir die Möglichkeit des lokalen Gentransfers in die Patellarsehne mit dem Ziel, ortsständige Zellen zur Produktion von Wachstumsfaktoren anzuregen. In einer experimentellen Studie wurden zunächst verschiedene Vektoren untersucht, die für den Gentransfer in Fibroblasten in Frage kommen. Virale Vektoren bieten neben non-viralen Vektoren, wie z. B. Liposomen, die Möglichkeit, das Genom von Zellen zu modifizieren. Hierzu wurden Zellkulturen aus dem VKB und HKB des Kaninchens angelegt. Diesen Zellkulturen wurden dann verschiedene Vektoren zugesetzt, die ein Markergen transportieren. Transduzierte Zellen sezernierten anschließend die histochemisch nachweisbare Substanz β-Galaktosidase. Die quantitative Expression dieser Substanz wurde bestimmt. Bei diesen In-vitro-Vorversuchen zeigte sich, daß Adenoviren sämtliche Wirtszellen transduzierten, wobei die Expression der Markersubstanz zeitlich begrenzt war. Retroviren hatten einen signifikant geringeren Effekt, der sich jedoch ebenso wie bei adenoassoziierten Viren durch weitere Selektionsschritte steigern ließ. Liposome zeigten generell die geringste Wirkung. In einem In-vivo-Versuch wurden Adenoviren in die Patellarsehnen von Kaninchen injiziert. Transduzierte Zellen wurden vorwiegend in der synovialen Schicht beobachtet. Die Expression ließ während des 6-wöchigen Untersuchungszeitraums nach. In einem Ex-vivo-Versuch wurden Fibroblasten zunächst mit Retroviren in vitro transduziert, anschließend selektiert und in die Patellarsehne injiziert. Dieses Verfahren resultierte in einer zahlenmäßig größeren Expression. Im Gegensatz zu der In-situ-Transduktion mit Adenoviren konnten transduzierte Zellen entfernt von der Injektionsstelle nachgewiesen werden, wo sich diese Zellen in das Crimp-Muster der Patellarsehne integrierten.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1433-0431
    Keywords: Key words Gene-Transfer • Adenovirus • Retrovirus • ; Liposomes ; Schlüsselwörter Gentransfer • Adenovirus • Retrovirus • ; Liposome
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Eine besondere Herausforderung ist die Therapie von Verletzungen der Kapsel-Band-Strukturen sowie des Gelenkknorpels. Nicht nur die spontane Heilungsfähigkeit, sondern auch die Reparation nach konservativer oder operativer Therapie ist begrenzt. In den letzten Jahren sind daher Zytokine als Modulatoren der Heilungsvorgänge in den Blickpunkt des Interesses gerückt. In diesem Übersichtsartikel versuchen wir, den zukünftigen Stellenwert für Zytokine einzuschätzen und Konzepte für eine klinische Anwendung zu erarbeiten. Aufgrund bestehender Probleme in der Anwendung von Zytokinen führen wir das Konzept der somatischen Gentherapie in diese Überlegung ein. Wir postulieren, daß die Gentherapie zur gezielten Applikation von Wachstumsfaktoren die Behandlung zahlreicher Verletzungen verändern kann.
    Notes: Summary Soft tissue injuries often represent the greatest clinical problem. Not only do many of the most frequently injured tissues, such as the cruciate ligaments and articular cartilage, have very limited capabilities for spontaneous repair, but they also respond poorly to surgical or non-surgical intervention. In this article we try to define the role of growth factors in these conditions and to outline concepts for future treatment based upon modulation of the native repair response. We suggest that gene transfer could improve the management of such injuries, particularly when used as vehicles for the targetted delivery of growth factors.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 0340-1855
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Gentherapie ; osteoblastäre Zellen ; Retrovirus ; Interleukin-1-Rezeptorantagonist (IRAP) ; Key words Gene therapy ; osteoblastic cells ; retrovirus ; interleukin-1 receptor antagonist
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Objectives: The involvement of cytokines in degeneration and inflammation of human tissue is well established. Interleukin-1 (IL-1) is a major agent in the pathophysiology of periarticular bone resorption in rheumatoid arthritis and in osteoporosis. Because the use of recombinant cytokines and growth factors is limited due to their short half lives, techniques are needed to get a permanent release of these therapeutic proteins. The rational of this study was to show that retroviral transduction of human osteoblastic cells is possible in vitro using the marker gene LacZ and the potentially therapeutic gene encoding for human interleukin-1 receptor antagonist protein (IL-1Ra). Different transduction techniques were combined to improve the rate of transduction in vitro. Methods: Osteoblastic cells were isolated from human spongious bone and cultured in vitro. The β-galactosidase (LacZ) gene and the cDNA of IL-1Ra were introduced into the isolated cells by retrovirus mediated gene transfer. LacZ activity was determined by Xgal staining, IL-1Ra was measured quantitatively by ELISA. Results: The transfer of retroviral IL-1Ra led to IL-1Ra expression of 8614 to 10089pg IRAP/50000 cells/48h. By combining different techniques to improve transduction, the X-gal staining established a rate of transduction of 60%. Conclusion: Our results demonstrate that retroviral transduction of human osteobalstic cells is possible in vitro, and leads to high levels of the synthesized transgene product. The rate of retroviral transduction can be accelerated in vitro.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Einleitung: Interleukin-1 ist ein wichtiger Faktor in der Pathophysiologie der Osteoporose und möglicherweise der periartikulären Knochenresorption bei rheumatoider Arthritis. Die Nutzung von therapeutischen Proteinen, wie Zytokinen und Wachstumsfaktoren als neue therapeutische Modalität beinhaltet ein großes medikamentöses Potential. Die konventionelle Applikation rekombinanter Proteine ist jedoch für eine klinischen Anwendung aufgrund kurzer Halbwertzeiten ungeeignet. Fragestellung: Es sollte erstens untersucht werden, ob humane osteoblastäre Zellen in vitro retroviral transduziert werden können. Zweitens wurde getestet, ob sich die retrovirale Transduktionsrate in vitro optimieren läßt. Methode: Die untersuchten Zellpopulationen wurden aus humanen Spongiosaproben isoliert und in vitro kultiviert. Das β-Galactosidase-Gen (LacZ) und die cDNA des humanen Interleukin-I-rezeptorantagonistischen Proteins (IL-1Ra) wurden durch retroviral vermittelten Gentransfer auf die Zellkulturen übertragen. Die LacZ Aktivität wurde durch Xgal-Färbung bestimmt, IL-1Ra wurde mittels ELISA quantitativ gemessen. Ergebnisse: Die IL-1Ra-Expression erreichte Werte von 8614pg IRAP/50000 Zellen/48h bis 10089pg IRAP/50000 Zellen/48h. Unter Optimierung der Transduktionstechnik ließ sich bei der X-gal-Färbung nach retroviralem Transfer des LacZ Gens eine Transduktionsrate von 60% nachweisen. Schlußfolgerungen: Unsere Ergebnisse demonstrieren, daß eine retrovirale Transduktion von humanen osteoblastären Zellen in vitro möglich ist und zu einer reproduzierbaren Produktion der transgenen Produkte führt.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 45 (1996), S. 477-483 
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract Certain steps from the production to infection of the amphotrophic retroviral vector, MFG-LacZ, were optimized and the factors that affect retroviral titers were analyzed. Retroviral vector titers were highest when the culture supernatant was harvested 3 days after the producer cells had reached confluence. About a 2-fold increase in vector production was achieved at 32°C compared to that at 37°C. Low serum concentrations had no significant effect on the titers of virus produced by the CRIP cell line. Retroviral vectors were stable at 4°C but very unstable at 37°C and were quite sensitive to freezing and thawing. About 30%–50% of viral infectivity was lost during the thawing step and the loss was not recovered by the addition of commonly used cryoprotectants. Increase in viral exposure time for infection to target NIH3T3 cells was linearly proportional to the retroviral titer for up to 15 h. In addition, using DEAE-dextran in place of polybrene as a polycation during infection enhanced infection efficiency about 3-fold. The retrovirus was robust to simple ultrafiltration and its titer could be easily concentrated 16-fold. Taken together, our data suggest that at least a 100-fold increase in titer can be achieved with simple optimization.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 45 (1996), S. 477-483 
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract  Certain steps from the production to infection of the amphotropic retroviral vector, MFG-LacZ, were optimized and the factors that affect retroviral titers were analyzed. Retroviral vector titers were highest when the culture supernatant was harvested 3 days after the producer cells had reached confluence. About a 2-fold increase in vector production was achieved at 32°C compared to that at 37°C. Low serum concentrations had no significant effect on the titers of virus produced by the CRIP cell line. Retroviral vectors were stable at 4°C but very unstable at 37°C and were quite sensitive to freezing and thawing. About 30%–50% of viral infectivity was lost during the thawing step and the loss was not recovered by the addition of commonly used cryoprotectants. Increase in viral exposure time for infection to target NIH3T3 cells was linearly proportional to the retroviral titer for up to 15 h. In addition, using DEAE–dextran in place of polybrene as a polycation during infection enhanced infection efficiency about 3-fold. The retrovirus was robust to simple ultrafiltration and its titer could be easily concentrated 16-fold. Taken together, our data suggest that at least a 100-fold increase in titer can be achieved with simple optimization.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Abdominal imaging 19 (1994), S. 540-542 
    ISSN: 1432-0509
    Keywords: Angiomyolipoma ; Liver, neoplasms ; Angiomyolipoma, US, CT and angiography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The imaging and pathological appearances of a hepatic angiomyolipoma are presented. On ultrasound (US), the mass was well-defined and echogenic. On computed tomography (CT), the lesion appeared of soft tissue density with peripheral foci of lower density. The case illustrates the difficulty of detecting the fatty content of a tumor by CT when the fatty content represents only a small portion of the lesion. Fine-needle aspiration (FNA) cytology and needle biopsy did not yield diagnostic material, and the tumor was resected.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Neuroradiology 38 (1996), S. S86 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Inflammatory pseudotumour ; Plasma cell granuloma ; Dura mater ; Meningioma ; atypical
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We present a case of plasma cell granuloma involving the dura mater with infiltration of the adjacent brain parenchyma. The radiological and pathological features of this entity are described.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Neuroradiology 38 (1996), S. S86 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Inflammatory pseudotumour ; Plasma cell granuloma ; Dura mater ; Meningioma, atypical
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We present a case of plasma cell granuloma involving the dura mater with infiltration of the adjacent brain parenchyma. The radiological and pathological features of this entity are described.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Knee surgery, sports traumatology, arthroscopy 4 (1996), S. 180-187 
    ISSN: 1433-7347
    Keywords: Gene transfer ; Growth factors ; Ligaments ; Cartilage, articular ; Menisci
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Sports Science
    Notes: Abstract For the orthopedic sports medicine physician soft tissue injuries often present the greatest clinical problems. Not only do many of the most frequently injured tissues, such as the cruciate ligaments and articular cartilage, have very limited capabilities for spontaneous repair, but they also respond poorly to surgical or nonsurgical intervention. In this article we try to define the role of growth factors in these conditions and to outline concepts for future treatment based upon modulation of the native repair response. We suggest that gene transfer could improve the management of such injuries, particularly when used as vehicles for the targeted delivery of growth factors. The concept of gene therapy in orthopedic sports medicine can be extended to include disorders that present as laxity or mechanical weakness of ligaments. We speculate that subtle genetic differences between individuals may account for those who appear to be injury prone. In these cases it is likely that genes encoding the structural macromolecules of the matrix are defective. Local gene supplementation in such cases could be useful in the future.
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