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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Newark :John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated,
    Keywords: Savanna plants. ; Electronic books.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    Pages: 1 online resource (781 pages)
    Edition: 1st ed.
    ISBN: 9781119081128
    DDC: 581.748
    Language: English
    Note: Intro -- Title Page -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- Preface -- Part I Introduction -- Chapter 1 Distribution and Determinants of Savannas -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Evolutionary History of Savanna Vegetation and Fauna -- 1.3 Defining Savannas -- 1.3.1 Are Savannas Tropical Systems? -- 1.3.2 Distinguishing Savannas from Grasslands -- 1.3.3 Distinguishing Savannas from Forests -- 1.4 Global Determinants of Savannas -- 1.4.1 Mesic Transition: Points of Contention -- 1.4.1.1 The Role of Nutrients -- 1.4.1.2 Rainfall Seasonality -- 1.4.2 Mesic Transition: Toward Resolution -- 1.4.3 Mesic Transition: Unresolved Ideas -- 1.4.4 Arid Transition -- 1.4.5 Arid Transition: Toward Resolution -- 1.4.6 Determinants of Temperate Savannas -- 1.5 Functional Differences Between Savannas -- 1.5.1 Temperate vs Tropical Savannas -- 1.5.2 Functional Differences Within Tropical Savannas -- 1.6 Conclusions and the Future of Savanna Ecosystems -- References -- Chapter 2 African and Asian Savannas: Comparisons of Vegetation Composition and Drivers of Vegetation Structure and Function -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Climate and Vegetation Formations -- 2.3 Fine-Leaved and Broad-Leaved Savannas: Vegetation Structure, Composition, and Geographic Distribution -- 2.4 Role of Bottom‐Up Drivers in Regulating Vegetation Structure: Climate and Soil Nutrients -- 2.5 Role of Top‐Down Forces: Fire and Herbivory -- 2.6 African and Asian Savannas in the Anthropocene -- References -- Chapter 3 Savannas of Australia and New Guinea: Vegetation and the Functional Role of Extant and Extinct Fauna -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 The Biota of Australia's and New Guinea's Savannas -- 3.3 Climate, Landforms, and Fire -- 3.4 Human History and Impacts -- 3.5 Are Native Mammals Irrelevant? -- 3.6 Was Ecosystem Functioning Different Prior to Human Dispersal to Australia?. , 3.7 Critique of the "Nutrient Poverty/Intense Fire" Theory -- 3.8 Australia's Lost Megafauna -- 3.9 Habitat Variation and the Pleistocene Megafauna -- 3.10 Impacts of Herbivores in Australian Savannas -- 3.11 Toward a New Hypothesis of Plant-Animal Interactions in Australian Savannas -- References -- Chapter 4 South American Savannas -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Origin of South American Savannas -- 4.3 Distribution and Diversity of South American Savannas -- 4.4 Northern Savannas -- 4.4.1 Colombo-Venezuelan Llanos -- 4.4.1.1 Orinoco Llanos -- 4.4.1.2 Llanos Orientales -- 4.4.2 Gran Sabana -- 4.4.3 Rio Branco-Rupununi Savannas -- 4.4.3.1 Rio Branco Savannas -- 4.4.3.2 Rupununi Savannas -- 4.4.4 Savannas of Amapá -- 4.5 Southern Savannas -- 4.5.1 Savannas of Humaitá -- 4.5.2 Savannas of Pará -- 4.5.3 Beni Savannas -- 4.5.4 Cerrado -- 4.5.4.1 Cerrado (Sensu Stricto) -- 4.5.4.2 Cerrado Park -- 4.5.4.3 Palm Groves -- 4.5.4.4 Vereda -- 4.5.4.5 Campo Limpo ("Open Grassland") -- 4.5.4.6 Campo Sujo ("Dense Grassland") -- 4.5.4.7 Campo Rupestre ("Rocky Field") -- 4.5.5 Pantanal -- 4.5.6 Chaco -- 4.6 Effects of Water Deficit, Herbivory, and Fire on Vegetation Dynamics -- 4.6.1 Water Deficit -- 4.6.2 Herbivory -- 4.6.3 Fire -- 4.7 Climate Change, Anthropogenic Pressure, and the Future -- 4.8 Concluding Remarks -- 4.9 Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 5 Savannas of North America -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.1.1 Definitions -- 5.1.2 Climatic Patterns -- 5.2 Fire -- 5.3 Grazing -- 5.4 Biodiversity -- 5.5 Conservation -- 5.6 Oak Savannas -- 5.6.1 Central US, South-Central Canada, Northern Sierra Madre (Mexico) Oak Savannas -- 5.6.2 California Oak Savannas -- 5.6.3 South-West (Arizona, New Mexico, Northern Mexico) Oak Savannas -- 5.6.4 Pacific Northwest Oak Savannas -- 5.6.5 East-Central US: Glades, Barrens, and Other Forest Openings. , 5.6.6 Oak-Dominated Shrub Savannas -- 5.7 Pine Savannas -- 5.7.1 South-Eastern US Pine Savannas -- 5.7.2 Rocky Mountains Pine Savannas -- 5.8 Juniper Savannas -- 5.8.1 Juniper Savannas in the Western Mountains -- 5.8.2 Eastern Red Cedar Savannas -- 5.8.3 South-Central US and Northern Sierra Madre Oriental Juniper Savannas -- 5.9 Mesquite Savannas -- 5.10 Northern and High‐Elevation Savannas -- 5.11 Shrub Savannas -- 5.12 Conclusions -- 5.13 Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 6 Socioeconomic Value of Savannas -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Land Tenure and Land Use -- 6.3 Livestock Farming -- 6.3.1 Overview -- 6.3.2 Commercial Livestock Farming -- 6.3.3 Subsistence Livestock Farming -- 6.4 Wildlife Industry -- 6.4.1 Overview -- 6.4.2 Ecotourism -- 6.4.3 Hunting -- 6.4.4 Animal Products -- 6.4.5 Game Breeding and Live Sales -- 6.5 Commercial Timber -- 6.6 Non-timber Products -- 6.6.1 Uses -- 6.6.2 Economic Value -- 6.6.2.1 Non-monetary Income -- 6.6.2.2 Cash Income -- 6.6.2.3 Environmental Income -- 6.7 Conclusion -- References -- Part II Herbivores -- Chapter 7 Ecology of Smaller Animals Associated with Savanna Woody Plants: The Value of the Finer Details -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Woody Plant Seed Herbivory -- 7.2.1 Seed Herbivores -- 7.3 Woody Plant Seed and Fruit Dispersal -- 7.3.1 Diplochory -- 7.3.1.1 Seed Dispersal by Birds -- 7.3.1.2 Invertebrate Seed Dispersal -- 7.3.2 Fruit Dispersal -- 7.4 Woody Plant Seedling Establishment -- 7.5 Leaves and Herbivory -- 7.6 Pollination and Nectarivory -- 7.7 Nutrient Cycling -- 7.8 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 8 Evolution of Large Mammal Herbivores in Savannas -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Herbivore Dietary Niches -- 8.3 Diversification of Browsers and Grazers -- 8.4 Effects of Vegetation Change -- 8.5 Herbivore Body Size -- 8.6 Pleistocene Extinctions and Contemporary Herbivore Diversity. , 8.7 Summary -- References -- Chapter 9 Browser Population-Woody Vegetation Relationships in Savannas: From Bites to Landscapes -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Factors Influencing Diet Selection -- 9.2.1 Browser Traits that Influence Foraging -- 9.2.1.1 Body Size -- 9.2.1.2 Gut Morphology -- 9.2.2 Woody Plant Traits that Influence Browsers -- 9.2.2.1 Seasonality -- 9.2.2.2 High Nutrient Levels (Positive) -- 9.2.2.3 Chemical Defenses (Negative) -- 9.2.2.4 Physical Defenses -- 9.2.2.5 Mutualisms -- 9.2.3 Herbivore Coping Mechanisms -- 9.3 Browser Impacts on Vegetation -- 9.3.1 Biomass Removal (Small and Large) -- 9.3.2 Impacts on Seeds -- 9.4 Feedback from Browsed Plants to Browsers -- 9.4.1 Lowered Food Availability -- 9.4.2 Habitat Changes -- 9.4.3 Change in Landscapes of Fear -- 9.4.4 New Growth -- 9.4.5 Nutrient Hot Spots -- 9.4.6 Browsing Lawns -- 9.5 Scaling from Bites to Browser Population Dynamics -- 9.5.1 Population Dynamics -- 9.5.2 Intake and Population Size -- 9.5.3 Food Availability, Food Quality, and Population Dynamics -- 9.5.4 Future Research -- 9.6 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 10 Predator Effects on Herbivore Dynamics and Behavior: What Mechanisms Lead to Trophic Cascades in Savannas? -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Consumptive Effects of Predation -- 10.2.1 Concepts, Theory, and Evidence from Biomes Other than Savanna -- 10.2.1.1 Additive Versus Compensatory Mortality -- 10.2.1.2 Predator Functional Response -- 10.2.1.3 Ecosystem Characteristics -- 10.2.2 Evidence from Savannas -- 10.3 Non-consumptive Effects of Predation -- 10.3.1 Concepts, Theory, and Evidence from Biomes Other than Savanna -- 10.3.1.1 Landscape Use -- 10.3.1.2 Vigilance and Grouping Strategies -- 10.3.1.3 The Importance of Food-Safety Trade-Offs -- 10.3.1.4 Demographic Costs of Behavioral Adjustments -- 10.3.2 Evidence from Savannas -- 10.3.2.1 Landscape Use. , 10.3.2.2 Vigilance and Grouping Strategies -- 10.4 Cascading Effects of Consumptive and Non‐consumptive Effects of Predation on Lower Trophic Levels -- 10.5 The Times they Are A-changin': Changes in Megaherbivory, Migration Patterns, and Climate -- References -- Part III Woody Plants -- Chapter 11 Physiological Traits of Savanna Woody Species: Adaptations to Resource Availability -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Soil Nutrients and Root Responses -- 11.3 Leaf Phenology and Available Water -- 11.4 Competition for Resources -- References -- Chapter 12 Patterns and Determinants of Woody Plant Growth in Savannas -- 12.1 Introduction: The Relevance of Growth Rates -- 12.2 Determinants of Growth Rates -- 12.2.1 Seedlings -- 12.2.2 Saplings -- 12.2.3 Adults -- 12.2.4 Demographic Significance -- 12.2.4.1 Growth Trajectory -- 12.2.4.2 Size or Age of Individuals -- 12.2.4.3 Above vs Below Ground -- 12.2.4.4 Plant Part -- 12.2.4.5 Interacting Factors -- 12.2.4.6 Experimental Conditions -- 12.2.4.7 Individual vs Population Growth -- 12.2.4.8 Time and Size -- 12.2.4.9 Species -- 12.2.5 The Value of Long-Term Research -- 12.3 Modeling Growth -- 12.3.1 Insights from Published Data -- 12.3.2 Predicting Rates from Environment or Phylogeny -- 12.3.3 Deficiencies in Growth Rate Data -- 12.4 Conclusions -- 12.A Appendix: Growth Rate Data -- References -- Chapter 13 Fire and Browsers in Savannas: Traits, Interactions, and Continent-Level Patterns -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Browser and Fire Attributes -- 13.2.1 How do Fire and Browsers Compare as Consumers of Woody Plants? -- 13.2.1.1 Frequency and Seasonality -- 13.2.1.2 Selectivity, Intensity, and Scale -- 13.2.1.3 Elimination Thresholds -- 13.2.2 Plant Responses to Fire and Browsing -- 13.2.2.1 Defense Traits -- 13.2.2.2 Architecture -- 13.2.2.3 Resprouting and Bud Protection -- 13.2.2.4 Fire- and Browser-Traps. , 13.2.2.5 Reproduction and Seedling Recruitment.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Analytical chemistry 48 (1976), S. 2041-2042 
    ISSN: 1520-6882
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Journal of the American Chemical Society 92 (1970), S. 4997-4998 
    ISSN: 1520-5126
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Macmillan Magazines Ltd.
    Nature 389 (1997), S. 881-884 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] In eukaryotic cells, the Golgi apparatus receives newly synthesized proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and delivers them after covalent modification to their destination in the cell. These proteins move from the inside (cis) face to the plasma-membrane side (trans) of the Golgi, ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Naturwissenschaften 78 (1991), S. 114-120 
    ISSN: 1432-1904
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Naturwissenschaften 54 (1967), S. 146-147 
    ISSN: 1432-1904
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Insectes sociaux 12 (1965), S. 105-116 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé 1. D'après mes observations, les reines de bourdons n'ont une conduite agressive qu'au printemps. Pendant sept expériences consécutives, plusieurs reines ont été mises ensemble, pour cette raison, après la phase agressive. Au cours de six expériences, elles ont fondé des nids en commun sans toutefois donner des éclosions en totalité. 2. Les élevages ont donné satisfaction dans des cages à treillis métallique, en pleine lumière du jour. 3. Le début de l'action de la construction du nid chez les peuples polygynes a été décrit. 4. L'époque du développement de l'œuf jusqu'à l'imago est située au-dessus des valeurs moyennes connues jusqu'à ce jour. 5. Chez les peuples polygynes, une participation de travail se laissait remarquer chez les reines, en partie, chez les ouvrières, toujours. 6. Les différents résultats des expériences sont décrits en tableaux analytiques.
    Abstract: Summary 1. Bumblebee queens show an agressive behaviour only in the spring, I have observed. Therefore, several queens were brought together in seven experiments only after this agressive phase. In six of the experiments they started colonies together, but descendants did not hatch in all of them. 2. The cultures were contained in wire cages in full daylight. 3. The beginning of nestbuilding in polygyne colonies is described. 4. The time of development from egg to adult is longer than the average known until now. 5. Some of the queens were observed to show a division of labour; the workers always did so. 6. The results of the experiments are tabulated.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung 1. Hummelköniginnen besitzen nach meinen Beobachtungen nur im Frühjahr ein agressives Verhalten. In sieben Versuchen wurden mehrere Königinnen deshalb erst nach dieser agressiven Phase zusammengesetzt. In sechs Versuchen gründeten sie gemeinsam Nester, doch schlüpften nicht überall Nachkommen. 2. Die Zuchten gelangen in offenen Drahtkäfigen bei vollem Tageslicht. 3. Der Beginn der Nestbautätigkeit in den polygynen Völkern wird beschrieben. 4. Die Entwicklungszeit vom Ei bis zur Imago liegt über den bisher bekannten Durschnittswerten. 5. Eine Arbeitsteilung in den polygynen Völkern liess sich bei den Königinnen teilweise, bei den Arbeiterinnen immer erkennen. 6. Die einzelnen Versuchsergebnisse werden tabellarisch beschrieben.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Oogenesis was studied in bumblebee workers aged 1–5 days in order to discover which processes are suppressed in queenright colonies and promoted in queenless colonies. Queenless groups were started from 4 newly emerged workers. On the second day of life workers in queenless colonies have larger nuclei in their trophocytes than workers of the same age in queenright colonies; on the third day the first accessoric nuclei appear in the terminate oocytes and the length of the oocytes begins to increase rapidly. The RNA metabolism in trophocytes was studied by autoradiography. After the first day workers without a queen have a higher rate of synthesis and transport. The rate of RNA synthesis is five times higher than in workers in queenright colonies; in the latter RNA synthesis begins to decrease on the first day. Beginning on the third day, a higher protein synthesis was detected in the terminate oocytes autoradiographically. In contrast, separation of ovarian soluble proteins by disc electrophoresis indicated that, already on the first day, workers in queenless colonies have a greater protein content in their ovary than workers in queenright colonies. Already on the first day the yolk proteins are present in a higher concentration in the hemolymph of workers in queenless groups than in queenright groups. The results show that in queenright colonies the processes of oogenesis are not suppressed completely but are continuing on a lower level. During the first five days no yolk is deposited in the oocytes. Immediately after their emergence, the workers perceive the presence or absence of the queen and correspondingly, already on the first day, regulation of the synthetic processes of oogenesis takes place. These results are discussed in view of the endocrine control of oocyte development.
    Abstract: Résumé L'ovogenèse d'ouvrières de BourdonsB. terrestris âgées de 1 à 5 jours a été étudiée pour découvrir les processus qui sont inhibés en présence de la reine et ceux qui sont provoqués par son absence. Le second jour de vie imaginale, les ouvrières orphelines possèdent dans les trophocytes des nucléoles plus grands que les ouvrières en présence d'une reine. Le troisième jour, des nucléoles accessoires apparaissent dans leurs ovocytes, dont la taille commence à augmenter rapidement. Le métabolisme de l'ARN a été étudié par autoradiographie. Les ouvrières orphelines ont, dès le deuxième jour, une synthèse et un transport d'ARN plus élevés dans leurs cellules nourricières. La synthèse d'ARN est cinq fois plus élevée que chez les ouvrières des sociétés avec une reine. Chez celles-ci, la synthèse d'ARN décroît dès le premier jour. C'est à partir du troisième jour que, par autoradiographie, on met en évidence une augmentation de la synthèse des protéines dans les ovocytes distaux des ouvrières orphelines. En revanche, la séparation des protéines ovariennes solubles par disc-électrophorèse montre que, dès le premier jour, ces ouvrières ont un taux de protéines plus élevé dans leurs ovaires que celles des colonies avec reine. Dans l'hémolymphe des ouvrières orphelines, la concentration des protéines destinées à la construction des ovocytes est déjà plus élevée au premier jour de la vie imaginale. Ces résultats montrent que, dans les colonies avec reine, l'ovogenèse n'est pas complètement inhibée par celle-ci, mais elle est très réduite. Le vitellus n'apparaît pas dans les ovocytes pendant les cinq premiers jours. Aussitôt après l'éclosion imaginale, les ouvrières perçoivent la présence ou l'absence de la reine et, dès le premier jour, régulent en conséquence les synthèses nécessaires au développement des ovocytes, dans leur corps gras et leurs ovaires. Le contrôle endocrinien de l'ovogenèse est discuté à la lumière de ces résultats.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Bei 1 bis 5 Tage alten Arbeiterinnen der HummelartB. terrestris wurde die Oogenese untersucht, um zu klären, welche Vorgänge bei der Eibildung im weiselrichtigen Zustand des Volkes gedrosselt sind und im weisellosen Zustand gefördert werden. Weisellose Gruppen wurden aus je 4 frischgeschlüpften Arbeiterinnen gebildet. Am 2. Lebenstag besitzen weisellose Arbeiterinnen größere Nährzellkerne als gleichaltrige weiselrichtige Arbeiterinnen, am. 3. Tag treten bei ihnen in den Oocyten akzessorische Kerne auf und es setzt starkes Längenwachstum ein. Der RNS-Stoffwechsel in den Nährzellen wurde autoradiographisch untersucht. Weisellose Arbeiterinnen besitzen vom 2. Tag an einen erhöhten RNS-Umsatz. Die RNS-Synthese ist ca. 5mal höher als bei weiselrichtigen Arbeiterinnen, bei denen die RNS-Synthese vom 1. Tage an abnimmt. Erst am 3. Tag ließ sich in den endständigen Oocyten weiselloser Arbeiterinnen autoradiographisch eine verstärkte Eiweißsynthese nachweisen. Dagegen zeigte die diskelektrophoretische Auftrennung der löslichen Ovarproteine, daß weisellose Arbeiterinnen bereits am 1. Lebenstag einen höheren Proteingehalt im Ovar besitzen als weiselrichtige Arbeiterinnen. In der Haemolymphe weiselloser Arbeiterinnen sind die dotterpflichtigen Protein-fraktionen bereits am 1. Lebenstag in höherer Konzentration vorhanden. Diese Ergebnisse zeigen, daß die Synthesen für die Eibildung im weiselrichtigen Zustand nicht völlig unterdrückt sind, sondern auf einem niedrigen Niveau ablaufen, wobei es aber in den ersten 5 Lebenstagen nicht zur Dotterbildung kommt. Gleich nach dem Schlüpfen registrieren die Arbeiterinnen den weiselrichtigen oder weisellosen Zustand des Volkes und regulieren dementsprechend die Synthesen für die Eibildung im Fettkörper und im Ovar bereits am 1. Tag. Diese Befunde werden im Hinblick auf die hormonelle Steuerung der Eireifung diskutiert.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1432-0762
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The contribution of ovaries and ovarian ecdysteroids to dominance and nest initiation was tested in foundresses of Polistes gallicus at the end of hibernation. Removal of the ovaries resulted in a significant decrease of the ecdysteroid titre in haemolymph. Dominance in ovariectomized foundresses was found to be closely correlated to the size of corpora allata. The operated wasps started nest building, but they did not show any egg-laying behaviour. We conclude that both juvenile hormone and ovarian ecdysteroids contribute to degree of dominance, and that factors other than ovary development may stimulate building.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1432-0762
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Laboratory studies on overwintered foundresses of Polistes gallicus show that differences in the endocrine activity are mainly responsible for achieving the dominance rank. Females that became dominant had either larger corpora allata or more developed ovaries than subordinate females. Body size did not contribute to dominance rank. Since a correlation exists between the length of terminal oocytes and the ecdysteroid titre in haemolymph as well as between the volume of corpora allata and the synthesis of juvenile hormone, dominant behaviour is thought to depend upon an elevated hormone titre in haemolymph. Injections of juvenile hormone (JHI) and 20-hydroxyecdysone, separately and simultaneously, significantly increased the probability that the treated female would be the dominant female of a test pair. After a hierarchy has been established, endocrine activity in subordinate foundresses is inhibited by the dominant foundress that then monopolizes reproduction.
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