Keywords:
Theology, Doctrinal.
;
Electronic books.
Description / Table of Contents:
Using a range of the most up to date isotope geochronology, geomathematics and orbital tuning methods, an international team of over forty researchers has built the most modern stratigraphic framework for the Precambrian and Phanerozoic. Including a wallchart, this book is an invaluable reference source for researchers and students.
Type of Medium:
Online Resource
Pages:
1 online resource (611 pages)
Edition:
1st ed.
ISBN:
9780511196928
URL:
https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/geomar/detail.action?docID=228887
DDC:
551.701
Language:
English
Note:
Cover -- Half-title -- Title -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Contents -- Contributors -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations and acronyms -- ORGANIZATIONS -- TIME SCALE PUBLICATIONS -- GEOSCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS -- SYMBOLS -- Part I Introduction -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 A GEOLOGIC TIME SCALE 2004 -- 1.2 HOW THIS BOOK IS ARRANGED -- 1.3 CONVENTIONS AND STANDARDS -- 1.3.1 Universal time -- 1.3.2 Ephemeris time -- 1.4 HISTORICAL OVERVIEW OF GEOLOGIC TIME SCALES -- 1.4.1 Arthur Holmes and age-thickness interpolations -- 1.4.2 Phanerozoic radiometric databases, statistical scales, and compilations -- 1.4.3 Paleozoic scales -- 1.4.4 Mesozoic scales -- 1.4.5 Cenozoic scales -- 2 Chronostratigraphy: linking time and rock -- 2.1 TIME AND ROCK -- 2.2 STANDARDIZATION OF THE CHRONOSTRATIGRAPHIC SCALE -- 2.2.1 History of geologic stratigraphic standardization -- 2.2.2 Global boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) -- 2.2.3 Global Standard Stratigraphic Age (GSSA) -- 2.2.4 Other considerations for choosing a GSSP -- 2.2.5 Subdividing long stages -- 2.2.6 Do GSSP boundary stratotypes simplify stratigraphic classification? -- 2.3 CASE EXAMPLES OF GSSPs -- 2.3.1 Pliocene-Pleistocene boundary -- 2.3.2 Eocene-Oligocene boundary -- 2.3.3 Permian-Triassic boundary -- 2.4 MAJOR SUBDIVISIONS OF THE GEOLOGIC TIME SCALE -- 2.4.1 Archean and Proterozoic Eons (Precambrian) -- 2.4.2 Phanerozoic Eon -- THE PALEOZOIC ERA -- THE MESOZOIC ERA -- 2.5 EXAMPLES OF STRATIGRAPHIC CHARTS AND TABLES -- Part II Concepts and methods -- 3 Biostratigraphy: time scales from graphic and quantitative methods -- 3.1 INTRODUCTION -- 3.2 GRAPHIC CORRELATION -- 3.3 CONSTRAINED OPTIMIZATION -- 3.4 RANKING AND SCALING -- 4 Earth's orbital parameters and cycle stratigraphy -- 4.1 INTRODUCTION -- 4.2 EARTH'S ORBITAL PARAMETERS -- 4.3 ORBITALLY FORCED INSOLATION.
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4.4 ORBITAL SIGNALS IN CYCLE STRATIGRAPHY -- 4.5 ESTIMATING ORBITAL CHRONOLOGIES -- 5 The geomagnetic polarity time scale -- 5.1 PRINCIPLES -- 5.1.1 Magnetic field reversals and magnetostratigraphy -- 5.1.2 Polarity intervals, zones, and chrons -- 5.1.3 Events, excursions, magnetic anomaly wiggles, and cryptochrons -- 5.2 LATE CRETACEOUS-CENOZOIC GEOMAGNETIC POLARITY TIME SCALE -- 5.2.1 C-sequence of marine magnetic anomalies and associated chron nomenclature -- 5.2.2 Calibration and ages of the Late Cretaceous-Cenozoic geomagnetic polarity time scale -- 5.3 MIDDLE JURASSIC-EARLY CRETACEOUS GEOMAGNETIC POLARITY TIME SCALE -- 5.3.1 M-sequence of marine magnetic anomalies -- 5.3.2 Constructing a composite M-sequence -- ANOMALIES M0R (BASE-APTIAN) TO M25N (BASE-KIMMERIDGIAN) -- ANOMALIES M25R (BASE-KIMMERIDGIAN) TO M41 (BATHONIAN) -- 5.3.3 Calibration and ages of the Middle Jurassic-Early Cretaceous geomagnetic polarity time scale -- AGE CONSTRAINTS ON M-SEQUENCE SCALING -- SPREADING MODEL AND AGES OF M-SEQUENCE POLARITY CHRONS -- 5.4 GEOMAGNETIC POLARITY TIME SCALE FOR MIDDLE JURASSIC AND OLDER ROCKS -- 5.4.1 Paleozoic to Middle Jurassic -- SPREADING MODEL AND AGES OF M-SEQUENCE 5.4.1 Paleozoic to Middle Jurassic -- 5.4.2 Precambrian -- 5.5 SUPERCHRONS AND POLARITY BIAS -- 5.6 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS -- 6 Radiogenic isotope geochronology -- 6.1 INTRODUCTION -- 6.2 TYPES OF UNCERTAINTIES -- 6.2.1 Decay constants, isotopic ratios, and comparison between 40Ar/39Ar and U-Pb systems -- 6.2.2 Calibration of reference materials -- 6.2.3 Changes induced by geological processes -- 6.3 DATING METHODS -- 6.3.1 U-Pb -- THERMAL IONIZATION MASS SPECTROMETRIC (TIMS) METHODS -- HIGH-RESOLUTION-SECONDARY ION MASS SPECTROMETRY (HR-SIMS) -- 6.3.2 K-Ar and 40Ar/39Ar -- K-Ar METHODS -- 40Ar/39Ar METHODS -- 6.3.3 Other methods -- 6.4 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS.
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7 Strontium isotope stratigraphy -- 7.1 INTRODUCTION -- 7.2 MATERIALS FOR STRONTIUM ISOTOPE STRATIGRAPHY -- 7.3 A GEOLOGIC TIME SCALE 2004 (GTS2004) DATABASE -- 7.3.1 Numerical ages -- 7.3.2 Fitting the database -- 7.3.3 The quality of the fit -- CONFIDENCE LIMITS ON THE LOWESS FIT -- RUBIDIUM CONTAMINATION -- 7.4 COMMENTS ON THE LOWESS FIT -- 8 Geomathematics -- 8.1 HISTORY AND OVERVIEW -- 8.1.1 Statistical estimation of chronostratigraphic boundary ages (with error bars) -- 8.1.3 Spline-curve fitting with consideration of stratigraphic uncertainty -- 8.1.4 General comments on straight-line fitting -- 8.2 PALEOZOIC APPLICATIONS -- 8.2.1 Straight-line fitting for Ordovician and Silurian ages -- 8.2.2 Straight-line fitting for Devonian ages -- AVERAGE SQUARE OF SCALED RESIDUAL ADJUSTMENT -- 8.2.3 Carboniferous-Permian -- 8.2.4 Permian-Triassic boundary -- 8.3 LATE CRETACEOUS AND PALEOGENE APPLICATIONS -- 8.3.1 Late Cretaceous -- SAMPLE-POINT DISTRIBUTION ADJUSTMENT -- ADJUSTMENT TO ACCOUNT FOR EXTERNAL VARIABILITY OF LATE CRETACEOUS 40Ar/39Ar DATES -- TOTAL ADJUSTMENT AND 2-SIGMA ERROR BAR OF STAGE DURATION -- COMPARISON TO 87Sr/86Sr CURVE -- 8.3.2 Paleogene time scale -- 8.4 CONCLUDING REMARKS -- Part III Geologic periods -- 9 The Precambrian: the Archean and Proterozoic Eons -- 9.1 INTRODUCTION -- 9.2 HISTORY AND RECOMMENDED SUBDIVISION -- 9.2.1 The Archean Eon -- 9.2.2 The Proterozoic Eon -- 9.3 NOMENCLATURE OF THE SUBDIVISIONS -- 9.3.1 Eons -- 9.3.2 Eras -- 9.3.3 Periods -- 9.4 THE NEOPROTEROZOIC -- 9.5 ISOTOPE STRATIGRAPHY IN THE PRECAMBRIAN -- 9.5.1 Strontium isotope stratigraphy -- 9.5.2 Carbon isotope stratigraphy -- 9.5.3 Oxygen isotope stratigraphy -- 9.5.4 Sulfur isotope stratigraphy -- 9.5.5 The role of isotope stratigraphy in global correlation -- 9.6 BIOSTRATIGRAPHY IN THE NEOPROTEROZOIC.
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9.7 NEOPROTEROZOIC ICE AGES AND CHRONOMETRIC CONSTRAINTS -- 9.8 SUMMARY -- 10 Toward a "natural" Precambrian time scale -- 10.1 INTRODUCTION -- 10.2 CURRENT PRECAMBRIAN SUBDIVISIONS AND PROBLEMS -- 10.3 A "NATURAL" PRECAMBRIAN TIME SCALE -- 10.3.1 The "Accretion and Differentiation" or "Genesis" Eon -- 10.3.2 The Hadean Eon -- 10.3.3 The Archean and "Transition" Eons -- 10.3.4 The Proterozoic Eon -- 10.3.5 The Ediacaran Period (base-Paleozoic?) -- 10.4 CONCLUSIONS -- 11 The Cambrian Period -- 11.1 HISTORY AND SUBDIVISIONS -- 11.1.1 Base of the Cambrian System and Paleozoic Erathem -- 11.1.2 Biostratigraphic datums with potential for global correlation -- BASE OF THE CORDYLODUS PROAVUS ZONE -- BASE OF THE GLYPTAGNOSTUS RETICULATUS ZONE, BASE OF THE PAIBIAN STAGE, LOWERMOST FURONGIAN SERIES -- BASE OF THE PTYCHAGNOSTUS PUNCTUOSUS ZONE -- BASE OF THE ACIDUSUS ATAVUS ZONE -- BASE OF THE TRIPLAGNOSTUS GIBBUS ZONE -- BASE OF THE ORYCTOCEPHALUS INDICUS ZONE -- 11.1.3 Regional Cambrian stage suites -- AUSTRALIAN CAMBRIAN STAGES -- NORTH AMERICAN CAMBRIAN STAGES -- 11.2 CAMBRIAN STRATIGRAPHY -- 11.2.1 Faunal provinces -- 11.2.2 Trilobite zones -- 11.2.3 Archaeocyathan zones -- 11.2.4 Conodont zones -- 11.2.5 Magnetostratigraphy -- 11.2.6 Chemostratigraphy -- 11.2.7 Cambrian evolutionary "explosion" -- 11.3 CAMBRIAN TIME SCALE -- 11.3.1 Age of boundaries -- 12 The Ordovician Period -- 12.1 HISTORY AND SUBDIVISIONS -- 12.1.1 Stages of the Lower Ordovician -- CAMBRIAN-ORDOVICIAN BOUNDARY AND STAGE 1: THE TREMADOCIAN -- STAGE 2 (UNNAMED) -- 12.1.2 Stages of the Middle Ordovician -- STAGE 3 (UNNAMED) -- STAGE 4: THE DARRIWILIAN -- 12.1.3 Stages of the Upper Ordovician -- STAGE 5 (UNNAMED) -- STAGE 6 (UNNAMED) -- STAGE 7: THE HIRNANTIAN -- 12.2 PREVIOUS STANDARD DIVISIONS -- 12.2.1 Tremadoc -- 12.2.2 Arenig -- 12.2.3 Llanvirn -- 12.2.4 Caradoc -- 12.2.5 Ashgill.
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12.2.6 Australasian stages -- 12.3 ORDOVICIAN STRATIGRAPHY -- 12.3.1 Biostratigraphy -- GRAPTOLITE ZONES -- CONODONT ZONES -- EVOLUTIONARY EVENTS -- 12.3.2 Magnetostratigraphy -- 12.3.3 Eustatic and climatic events -- 12.3.4 Sr isotope stratigraphy -- 12.4 ORDOVICIAN TIME SCALE -- 12.4.1 Radiometric dates -- 12.4.2 HR-SIMS (SHRIMP) dates -- 12.4.3 Calibration of stage boundaries by composite standard optimization -- 12.4.4 Age of stage boundaries -- 13 The Silurian Period -- 13.1 HISTORY AND SUBDIVISIONS -- 13.1.1 Llandovery Series -- RHUDDANIAN -- AERONIAN -- TELYCHIAN -- 13.1.2 Wenlock Series -- SHEINWOODIAN -- HOMERIAN -- 13.1.3 Ludlow Series -- GORSTIAN -- LUDFORDIAN -- 13.1.4 Pridoli Series -- 13.1.5 Other important stage classifications -- 13.2 SILURIAN STRATIGRAPHY -- 13.2.1 Biostratigraphy -- GRAPTOLITE ZONES -- CONODONT ZONES -- CHITINOZOAN ZONES -- OTHER ZONAL GROUPS -- BIOEVENTS -- 13.2.2 Physical stratigraphy -- MAGNETOSTRATIGRAPHY -- CHEMOSTRATIGRAPHY -- EUSTASY -- CLIMATIC EVENTS -- VOLCANISM AND K-BENTONITE STRATIGRAPHY -- 13.3 SILURIAN TIME SCALE -- 13.3.1 Radiometric dates -- 13.3.2 Methods to estimate relative duration of zones and stages -- 13.3.3 Calibration of stage boundaries by composite standard optimization -- 13.3.4 Age of stage boundaries -- 14 The Devonian Period -- 14.1 HISTORY AND SUBDIVISIONS -- 14.1.1 Lower Devonian Series -- LOCHKOVIAN -- PRAGIAN -- EMSIAN -- 14.1.2 Middle Devonian Series -- EIFELIAN -- GIVETIAN -- 14.1.3 Upper Devonian Series -- FRASNIAN -- FAMENNIAN -- BASE OF THE CARBONIFEROUS -- 14.2 DEVONIAN STRATIGRAPHY -- 14.2.1 Biostratigraphy -- CONODONT ZONATIONS -- AMMONOID ZONATIONS -- OSTRACOD ZONATION -- DACRYCONARID ZONATION -- SPORE AND ACRITARCH ZONATIONS -- PLANT MEGAFOSSIL ZONATION -- VERTEBRATE ZONATIONS -- 14.2.2 Physical stratigraphy -- EXTINCTION AND ANOXIA EVENT STRATIGRAPHY.
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CYCLOSTRATIGRAPHY.
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