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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2023-09-27
    Description: While environmental science, and ecology in particular, is working to provide better understanding to base sustainable decisions on, the way scientific understanding is developed can at times be detrimental to this cause. Locked-in debates are often unnecessarily polarised and can compromise any common goals of the opposing camps. The present paper is inspired by a resolved debate from an unrelated field of psychology where Nobel laureate David Kahneman and Garry Klein turned what seemed to be a locked-in debate into a constructive process for their fields. The present paper is also motivated by previous discourses regarding the role of thresholds in natural systems for management and governance, but its scope of analysis targets the scientific process within complex social-ecological systems in general. We identified four features of environmental science that appear to predispose for locked-in debates: (1) The strongly context-dependent behaviour of ecological systems. (2) The dominant role of single hypothesis testing. (3) The high prominence given to theory demonstration compared investigation. (4) The effect of urgent demands to inform and steer policy. This fertile ground is further cultivated by human psychological aspects as well as the structure of funding and publication systems.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , peerRev
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Environment and Resources 30 (2005), S. 441-473 
    ISSN: 1543-5938
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: We explore the social dimension that enables adaptive ecosystem-based management. The review concentrates on experiences of adaptive governance of social-ecological systems during periods of abrupt change (crisis) and investigates social sources of renewal and reorganization. Such governance connects individuals, organizations, agencies, and institutions at multiple organizational levels. Key persons provide leadership, trust, vision, meaning, and they help transform management organizations toward a learning environment. Adaptive governance systems often self-organize as social networks with teams and actor groups that draw on various knowledge systems and experiences for the development of a common understanding and policies. The emergence of "bridging organizations" seem to lower the costs of collaboration and conflict resolution, and enabling legislation and governmental policies can support self-organization while framing creativity for adaptive comanagement efforts. A resilient social-ecological system may make use of crisis as an opportunity to transform into a more desired state.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Freshwater biology 39 (1998), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2427
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: We studied trophic interactions in experimental rockpools with three different food web structures: phytoplankton and small-bodied zooplankton; phytoplankton, small-bodied zooplankton and Daphnia; and phytoplankton, small-bodied zooplankton, Daphnia and Notonecta. Nutrients, primary productivity, chlorophyll a and zooplankton species composition and biomass were measured over eight weeks.2. Daphnia had a negative impact on other zooplankton and reduced the phytoplankton biomass and primary productivity. In the absence of Daphnia, small-bodied zooplankton species were abundant, in particular cyclopoid copepods. Concentrations of dissolved nutrients were lower and the standing crop of primary producers was higher when Daphnia was absent.3. The presence of the invertebrate predator Notonecta produced a top-down effect which was similar to that reported for planktivorous fish, i.e. a selective reduction of daphnids followed by an increase of small-bodied zooplankton species and phytoplankton biomass.4. The study showed that consumer regulation of Daphnia by Notonecta and of algae by Daphnia are important, but also demonstrated that trophic level biomasses were controlled by a combination of predation and resource limitation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Aquatic ecology 32 (1998), S. 323-334 
    ISSN: 1573-5125
    Keywords: microcosm ; ecosystem-level ; productivity gradient ; zooplankton ; phytoplankton
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract I examined the effect of temperature and light on ecosystem composition was examined in a two factorial design using microcosms set up from natural rockpool communities. Furthermore I tested if the effect of temperature on different ecosystem components was dependent on the initial community composition by using communities from seven different rockpools that differed considerably in standing stocks of phytoplankton, zooplankton, zooplankton species composition, sediment mass and nutrient concentrations. Increased light caused phytoplankton biomass to decrease while zooplankton biomass and sediment dry weight was positively correlated to increased light levels. The effect of temperature on phytoplankon was largely determined by community type. Zooplankton biomass decreased with increasing temperature between 10 °C and 25 °C and this trend was not significantly different between different community types. A negative effect on zooplankton biomass was found at 7 °C in one community. I propose, that the stronger temperature sensitivity of metabolical cost for herbivorous organisms compared to algae productivity might explain the decrease in zooplankton biomass at high temperatures. I discuss how edibility of algae and grazer characteristics may influence the response of ecosystem composition to temperature.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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