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Anmerkung: Front Cover -- Energy at the Surface of the Earth: An Introduction to the Energetics of Ecosystems -- Coopyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Dedication -- PREFACE -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- Chapter I. INTRODUCTION -- THE ENERGY BUDGET -- THE LOCUS OF ENERGY TRANSFORMATION -- ENERGY IN ECOSYSTEMS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter II. SURFACE CHARACTERISTICS OF ECOSYSTEMS -- ECOSYSTEM SIZE AND STRUCTURE -- FACTORS IN COUPLING OF AN ECOSYSTEM WITH THE SUN -- RADIATIVE COUPLING WITH THE ATMOSPHERE -- COUPLING OF AN ECOSYSTEM WITH THE ATMOSPHERE BY TURBULENCE -- COUPLING WITH THE SUBSTRATE -- ECOSYSTEMS AT THE ACTIVE SURFACE OF THE EARTH -- REFERENCES -- Chapter III. DIRECT SOLAR RADIATION -- NATURE AND SIGNIFICANCE OF THE SOLAR BEAM -- GEOMETRY OF THE SOLAR BEAM -- INCIDENCE OF THE SOLAR BEAM ON ECOSYSTEMS UNDER THE CHANGEABLE ATMOSPHERE -- INCIDENCE OF THE SOLAR BEAM ON ECOSYSTEMS OF DIFFERENT ATTITUDES -- SPATIAL PATTERNS AND ECOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES -- REFERENCES -- Chapter IV. DIFFUSE SOLAR RADIATION -- THE DIFFUSE FLUX GENERATED BY RAYLEIGH SCATTERING -- DIFFUSE RADIATION UNDER A HAZY ATMOSPHERE -- DIFFUSE RADIATION UNDER A CLOUDY ATMOSPHERE -- SPECTRAL COMPOSITION OF THE DIFFUSE FLUX -- VARIATIONS OVER TIME -- SPATIAL VARIATION -- REFERENCES -- Chapter V. TOTAL INCOMING SOLAR RADIATION -- THE RELATIVE CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE COMPONENT FLUXES -- FLUX DENSITIES OF TOTAL SOLAR RADIATION INCIDENT ON ECOSYSTEMS -- SPECTRAL COMPOSITION OF THE INCIDENT SOLAR FLUX -- DETERMINING THE COMBINED SOLAR FLUXES ON HORIZONTAL SURFACES -- VARIATIONS IN TOTAL SOLAR RADIATION OVER TIME -- SPATIAL DIFFERENCES IN TOTAL SOLAR RADIATION -- REFERENCES -- Chapter VI. INCOMING LONGWAVE RADIATION -- MAGNITUDE AND SIGNIFICANCE OF THE FLUX -- RADIATION UNDER A CLOUDLESS SKY -- SOURCES OF VARIATION UNDER CLOUDS -- MEASUREMENT AND ESTIMATION -- VARIATIONS OVER TIME. , SPATIAL VARIATIONS IN INCOMING LONGWAVE RADIATION -- REFERENCES -- Chapter VII. RADIANT ENERGY ABSORBED BY ECOSYSTEMS -- ECOSYSTEM CHARACTERISTICS THAT AFFECT ABSORPTION OF RADIANT ENERGY -- GEOMETRIC COMPONENTS OF RADIANT ENERGY -- SPECTRAL COMPOSITION OF RADIANT ENERGY ABSORBED BY ECOSYSTEMS -- SPECTRAL PATTERNS OF ABSORPTIVITY COEFFICIENT -- VARIATIONS IN RADIANT-ENERGY INTAKE OVER TIME -- SPATIAL PATTERNS OF ABSORBED RADIANT ENERGY -- THE TEMPERATURE-INDEPENDENT INTAKE OF ENERGY -- THE TEMPERATURE-INDEPENDENT INTAKE OF ENERGY -- REFERENCES -- Chapter VIII. SURFACE TEMPERATURE OF ECOSYSTEMS -- DEFINING SURFACE TEMPERATURE To -- SIGNIFICANCE OF SURFACE TEMPERATURE -- DETERMINING SURFACE TEMPERATURE -- VARIATIONS OVER TIME -- SPATIAL PATTERNS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter IX. LONGWAVE RADIATION EMITTED BY ECOSYSTEMS -- THE LONGWAVE FLUX -- ROLE IN ECOSYSTEM ENERGY BUDGETS -- DETERMINATION OF UPWARD LONGWAVE RADIATION -- VARIATIONS IN THE UPWARD FLUX OF LONGWAVE RADIATION -- REFERENCES -- Chapter X. RESULTANTS OF THE UPWARD AND DOWNWARD RADIATION FLUXES -- THE NET EXCHANGE OF LONGWAVE RADIATION BETWEEN ECOSYSTEM AND ATMOSPHERE -- FACTORS IN THE NET EXCHANGE OF ENERGY BY LONGWAVE RADIATION -- COMBINING ALL THE RADIATION FLUXES: THE NET ALL-WAVE DEFICIT OR SURPLUS -- VARIATIONS IN NET ALL-WAVE RADIATION OVER TIME -- SPATIAL CONTRASTS IN NET ALL-WAVE RADIATION -- REFERENCES -- Chapter XI. FIXING OF CARBON BY ECOSYSTEMS -- GROSS PRIMARY PRODUCTION -- NET PRIMARY PRODUCTION -- INFLUENCES ON PRODUCTIVITY AND TRANSLOCATION -- REFERENCES -- Chapter XII. THE RELEASE OF CARBON FIXED IN ECOSYSTEMS -- BIOLOGICAL ENERGY CONVERSIONS -- ECOSYSTEMS IN STEADY STATE -- ENERGY CONVERSION BY FIRE -- REFERENCES -- Chapter XIII. BROAD-SCALE TRANSFORMATIONS OF FOSSIL ENERGY -- FOSSIL ENERGY IN THE MANAGEMENT OF EXTENSIVELY EXPLOITED ECOSYSTEMS. , FOSSIL-ENERGY CONVERSIONS IN FARM OPERATIONS -- FOSSIL ENERGY IN ECOSYSTEMS AND MOSAICS -- ENERGY IN CIRCULATION SYSTEMS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter XIV. PHASE CHANGES OF WATER IN ECOSYSTEMS: I. FREEZING AND THAWING -- PRESENCE AND CHARACTERISTICS OF SNOW COVER IN ECOSYSTEMS -- THE ENERGY BUDGET OF MELTING SNOW COVER -- EFFECTS OF TERRAIN AND WEATHER ON THE ENERGY BUDGET -- THAWING OF SOIL AND ICE -- FREEZING -- REFERENCES -- Chapter XV. PHASE CHANGES OF WATER IN ECOSYSTEMS: II. VAPORIZATION -- ENERGY CONVERSION BY VAPORIZATION -- ECOSYSTEM CHARACTERISTICS -- ATMOSPHERIC REMOVAL OF VAPOR FROM ECOSYSTEMS -- VARIATIONS IN LATENT-HEAT CONVERSIONS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter XVI. THE FLUX OF SENSIBLE HEAT FROM ECOSYSTEMS -- ECOSYSTEM CHARACTERISTICS -- THE ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT AS A SINK OR SOURCE FOR SENSIBLE HEAT -- ECOSYSTEM-ATMOSPHERE RELATIONSHIPS -- VARIATIONS IN THE REMOVAL OF SENSIBLE HEAT FROM AN ECOSYSTEM -- SPATIAL CONTRASTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter XVII. SUBSTRATE HEAT FLUX IN TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS -- ROLE OF THE SOIL IN THE ECOSYSTEM -- THERMAL DIFFUSIVITY AND ADMITTANCE -- HEAT STORAGE IN THE DAILY CYCLE -- APERIODIC VARIATIONS -- HEAT STORAGE IN THE ANNUAL CYCLE -- SPATIAL PATTERNS OF SOIL-HEAT FLUX -- REFERENCES -- Chapter XVIII. SUBSTRATE ENERGY STORAGE IN AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS AND ITS PLACE IN THEIR ENERGY BUDGETS -- ECOSYSTEM STRUCTURE -- COUPLING WITH THE SUN -- COUPLING WITH THE ATMOSPHERE -- ADVECTION OF UPSTREAM HEAT OR COLD IN ECOSYSTEM ENERGY BUDGETS -- VARIATIONS IN THE ENERGY BUDGET -- REFERENCES -- Chapter XIX. POTENTIAL AND KINETIC ENERGY IN ECOSYSTEMS -- POTENTIAL ENERGY IN ECOSYSTEMS -- POTENTIAL ENERGY IN ECOSYSTEM ENVIRONMENTS -- KINETIC ENERGY OF WATER IN ECOSYSTEMS -- ATMOSPHERIC KINETIC ENERGY IN ECOSYSTEMS -- VARIATIONS OF POTENTIAL AND KINETIC ENERGY -- REFERENCES. , Chapter XX. ENERGY BUDGETS AT DIFFERENT DEPTHS IN ECOSYSTEMS -- THE ECOSYSTEM AS ENVIRONMENT OF ITS MEMBERS -- RADIANT-ENERGY ABSORPTION AT DIFFERENT LEVELS -- VENTILATION -- VERTICAL PROFILES -- SUBSTRATE ENERGY -- STRATIFICATION OF ENERGY BUDGETS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter XXI. ECOSYSTEM CONTRASTS -- THE ORIGINS OF CONTRAST -- CONTRASTS IN TEMPERATURE-INDEPENDENT FLUXES -- CONTRASTS IN SURFACE TEMPERATURE -- CONTRASTS IN EMITTED RADIATION AND ENERGY CONVERSION -- CONTRASTS IN ECOSYSTEM COUPLINGS -- CONTRASTS IN THE OUTPUTS FROM ECOSYSTEMS -- TIME VARIATIONS IN CONTRAST -- THE VARIEGATED MANTLE OF THE EARTH -- REFERENCES -- Chapter XXII. ENERGY CONVERSIONS AT NODES -- POINTS OF ENERGY CONCENTRATION -- CHARACTERISTICS OF THE URBAN INTERFACE -- MODIFIED RADIANT-ENERGY INTAKE -- FOSSIL-ENERGY AUGMENTATION -- TEMPERATURE-DEPENDENT ENERGY FLUXES -- RESPONSES OF URBAN ECOSYSTEMS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter XXIII. INTEGRATING THE ENERGY FLUXES -- MODELS OF ECOSYSTEM ENERGY BUDGETS -- EFFECTS OF CHANGES IN RADIANT-ENERGY INTAKE -- EFFECTS OF CHANGES IN SURFACE CHARACTERISTICS -- EFFECTS OF CHANGES IN ATMOSPHERIC CONDITIONS -- THE STRUCTURE OF ECOSYSTEM ENERGY BUDGETS -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- INDEX -- International Geophysics Series.

Anmerkung: Cover -- Half Title -- Dedication -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- List of Figures and Tables -- Preface and Acknowledgements -- Abbreviations used in Footnotes -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Nature of Discovery: The Attributional Model -- 3 The Beginnings of a Dispute and its Interpretation -- 4 Attributional Survey: Phase One, 1784-1830 -- 5 Keeping Account: James Watt Jr and the Filial Project -- 6 The French Connection: Arago Re-opens the Controversy -- 7 Managing the Symbols of Victorian Science: 'Gentlemen of Science' and the Water Controversy -- 8 The Advocates of Watt: Brougham, Jeffrey and Muirhead -- 9 The Defence of Cavendish: Character, Precision and Discipline -- 10 The Controversy Joined, 1840-60 -- 11 Still Waters: Attributional Survey, 1830-1900 -- 12 Conclusions -- Appendix: Attributional Survey Database -- Bibliography -- Index.

Anmerkung: Cover -- Half-title page -- Title page -- Copyright page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Figures -- Preface -- Note on texts -- Chapter 1 Introduction: centers and orientations -- The historiographical problem -- Explanations, descriptions, frameworks, and theories -- Representations of space -- Interrogating texts -- Examples: Aristotle, Epicurus, and Newton -- Reciprocal iteration -- The epistemology and the metaphysics of space -- Caveats and qualifications -- Plan of chapters -- Chapter 2 Pluribus ergo existentibus centris: explanations, descriptions, and Copernicus -- Why a new astronomy? -- The problems of astronomy -- Eudoxus, Aristotle, and Ptolemy -- The Ptolemaic compromise -- The Averroist challenge: where is the center? -- Copernicus's solution: a new center -- Averroism redux -- The explanatory consequences of descriptions: the third motion -- Conclusion: Copernicus and the Scientific Revolution -- Chapter 3 Non est motus omnino: Gilbert, verticity, and the Law of the Whole -- Gilbert's response to Copernicus -- De Magnete, Book I -- De Magnete, Book II -- Instantiations of the geographical representation of space -- De Magnete, Books III-V: magnetic motions -- De Magnete, Book VI: the earth's motions -- Diurnal rotation: a blind alley -- The third motion: verticity and the Law of the Whole -- Conclusion -- Chapter 4 Respicere sinus: Kepler, oriented space, and the ellipse -- Introduction -- Two desiderata: descriptions and explanations -- The explanatory problem: "respecting the sines" -- An explanatory mechanism: the magnetic balance -- Oriented space -- Conclusion: the need for rectilinearity -- Chapter 5 Mille movimenti circolari: from impetus to conserved curvilinear motion in Galileo -- The origins of inertial physics -- Galileo's antecedents -- De Motu -- Neutral motion -- Dialogo -- Conserved motion -- Discorsi -- Conclusion. , Chapter 6 Directions sont entre elles paralleles: Descartes and his critics on oriented space and the parallelogram rule -- Inertia and the composition of motion -- Descartes's trajectory -- Descartes's Optics -- Descartes on oriented space: physical considerations -- Descartes on oriented space: metaphysical considerations -- Descartes dis-oriented -- Fermat's orientation of the Optics -- Conclusion -- Chapter 7 Incline it to verge: Newton's spatial synthesis -- Introduction -- Hooke's query -- Newton's early thoughts on orbits -- Newton's "gross blunder" -- Application of the parallelogram rule -- The De Motu tracts and the Principia -- Centerless space -- Chapter 8 Conclusion: methodological morals -- References -- Index.

Anmerkung: Intro -- Contents -- Preface -- 1. Conjectural Knowledge -- 1.1 The Problem of Induction -- 1.2 Outline of Falsificationism -- 1.3 Conclusion -- 2. Popper's Solution of the Problem of Induction -- 2.1 Enumeration of Objections -- 2.2 Elimination of Objection -- 2.3 Conclusion -- Technical Note -- 3. A Critique of Good Reasons -- 3.1 Introduction: The Constitution of Rationalism -- 3.2 Three Independent Theses -- 3.3 The Unobtainability of Good Reasons -- 3.4 The Unusability of Good Reasons -- 3.5 The Unneccessariness of Good Reasons -- Technical Notes -- 4. Comprehensively Critical Rationalism: An Assessment -- 4.1 Bartley -- 4.2 Comprehensively Critical Rationalism -- 4.3 Criticisms of CCR -- 5. Hume: Bacon = Godel: Hilbert -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Hilbert and Godel -- 5.3 Bacon and Hume -- 5.4 Godel and Hume -- 5.5 Response to Godel -- 5.6 Four Responses to Hume -- 5.7 Three More Responses to Hume -- 5.8 Falsificationism and Some Variants -- 5.9 Two Final Responses to Hume -- 5.10 Conclusion -- 6. Three Lost Labours of Deductivism -- 6.1 Deductivism -- 6.2 Preferences among Theories -- 6.3 Scotching Skepticism -- 6.4 Cosmetic Rationalism -- 6.5 Pure Bayesianism -- Technical Note -- 7. On the Maximization of Expected Futility -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 The Requirement of Total Evidence -- 7.3 Good's Answer -- 7.4 Acquiring a Necktie -- 7.5 Criticism of Good's Answer -- 7.6 Probability Kinematics -- 7.7 Acquiring a Necktie (continued) -- 7.8 Conclusion -- 8. Diverging Distributions -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 The Logistic Function -- 8.3 The Binomial Distribution -- 8.4 A Chaotic Distribution -- 8.5 Another Chaotic Distribution -- 8.6 Scientific Objectivity -- 8.7 Approximate Distributions -- 8.8 Conclusion -- Technical Note -- 9. Objective Probabilities -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 The Frequency Interpretation of Probability. , 9.3 The Falsifiability of Probability Statements -- 9.4 The Propensity Interpretation of Probability -- 9.5 Crticisms of the Propensity Interpretation -- 9.6 Probability as Instantaneous Frequency -- 10. Truth, Truthlikeness, Approximate Truth -- 10.1 The Problem of Verisimilitude -- 10.2 Verisimilitude as an Aim -- 10.3 An Alternative Approach -- 10.4 Some Logical Notes -- 11. Impartial Truth -- Bibliography -- Index.

Anmerkung: Front Cover -- Water at The Surface of The Earth: An Introduction to Ecosystem Hydrodynamics -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Preface -- Chapter I. Introduction -- Just What Is the Earth's Surface? -- The Budget Idea -- Water in Systems -- Water Supplied by the Atmosphere to the Earth's Surface -- Chapter II. Atmospheric Vapor Flows and Atmospheric Storms -- Water Vapor and Its Movement over the Earth's Surface -- Atmospheric Storms -- Sizes and Movement of Atmospheric Storms -- Atmospheric Storms: Causes of Variability in Rainfall -- References -- Chapter III. Point Rainfall-The Delivery of Water to an Ecosystem -- Measuring Rain and Snow -- The Dimensions of Point Rainfall -- The Frequency of Precipitation-Intensity Events -- Water Delivery to Ecosystems -- References -- Chapter IV. Hydrologic Storms -- The Area of Hydrologic Storms -- Areal Syntheses -- The Episodic Occurrence of Hydrologic Storms -- Closing -- References -- Chapter V. Large-Scale Organization of Rainfall -- Organization of Storms in Time -- Spatial Grouping of Rainfall -- Spatial Pattern of Annual Precipitation -- Areal Pattern of Long-Term Changes in Rainfall -- Associated Mass Fluxes -- Time and Space Organization of the Water Delivered to Ecosystems -- References -- Chapter VI. Reception of Water by Ecosystems -- Ecosystem Hydrodynamics -- Delivery of Rain and Snow to Vegetation -- Interception of Water by Vegetation -- Storage of Rain and Snow on Foliage during Storms -- The Outflows from Interception Storage of Rain and Snow -- Evaporation as a Mode of Outflow from Interception Storage -- Water Intercepted by Litter -- Areal Redistribution of Water by Vegetation above the Soil -- References -- Chapter VII. Water Detained on the Soil Surface -- Snow Cover -- Liquid Water on the Ground -- Outflows from Detention Storage -- References. , Chapter VIII. The Soil as Environment of Water -- Infiltration of Water into the Soil -- Influences of Vegetation on Infiltration -- Time Differences in Infiltration -- Infiltrated Water in Ecosystems -- References -- Chapter IX. Soil Moisture -- Soil-Moisture Distributions in Space -- Time Variations of Soil Moisture -- Freezing and Melting of Soil Water -- Outflows of Water from the Soil -- References -- Chapter X. Evaporation from Wet Surfaces -- Determining Evaporation Rates -- Evaporation from Deep Water Bodies -- Evaporation from Shallow Water Bodies -- Evaporation from a Wet Soil Surface -- Evaporation -- References -- Chapter XI. Evaporation from Wen-Watered Ecosystems -- Transpiration of Water from Leaves -- Evapotranspiration from Plant Communities -- Empirical Patterns of Potential Evapotranspiration -- Evaporation Differs with Ecosystems -- References -- Chapter XII. Evaporation from Drying Ecosystems -- Bare Soil Surfaces -- Evapotranspiration from a Drying Soil-Vegetation System -- Variations in Evapotranspiration over Time -- Large-Scale Patterns -- The Era of Evaporation -- References -- Chapter XIII. Water in the Local Air -- Water Vapor in the Local Air -- Visible Forms of Water in the Local Air -- Condensation of Vapor on the Underlying Surface -- References -- Chapter XIV. Percolation from Ecosystems -- Shallow Percolation -- Deeper Percolation -- Mass Transports by Percolating Water -- Significance of Percolation -- Percolation and Recharge -- References -- Chapter XV. Groundwater and Its Outflows into Local Ecosystems -- The Environments of Groundwater -- Groundwater Recharge -- The Volume of Stored Underground Water -- Mass Budgets Associated with Groundwater -- Local Outflows of Water from Underground Storage -- Artificial Outflows from Underground Storage -- Groundwater Budgets -- References. , Chapter XVI. Surface Transports from Ecosystems -- Movement of Snow -- Gravity-Powered Movement of Liquid Water -- Other Forms of Mass Transport Associated with the Flow of Water at and near the Surface -- Time Variations in Off-Site Flow -- Off-Site Flows from Ecosystems -- References -- Chapter XVII. Off-Site Yield of Ecosystems -- Outflows from Groundwater Storage -- Water Yield as Associated with Biological Yield -- Total Off-Site Movement of Water -- Total Yield -- References -- Chapter XVIII. Water in Ecosystems -- Environments of Water in Ecosystems -- Unknowns and Uncertainties in Water Budgets -- Patterns of Distribution -- Water Is Everywhere -- References -- INDEX -- International Geophysics Series.

Anmerkung: Front Cover -- Water at the Surface of the Earth: An Introduction to Ecosystem Hydrodynamics -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Dedication -- PREFACE -- Chapter I. Introduction -- Just What Is the Earth's Surface? -- The Budget Idea -- Water in Systems -- Water Supplied by the Atmosphere to the Earth's Surface -- Chapter II. Atmospheric Vapor Flows and Atmospheric Storms -- Water Vapor and Its Movement over the Earth's Surface -- Atmospheric Storms -- Sizes and Movement of Atmospheric Storms -- Atmospheric Storms: Causes of Variability in Rainfall -- References -- Chapter III. Point Rainfall-The Delivery of Water to an Ecosystem -- Measuring Rain and Snow -- The Dimensions of Point Rainfall -- The Frequency of Precipitation-Intensity Events -- Water Delivery to Ecosystems -- References -- Chapter IV. Hydrologie Storms -- The Area of Hydrologie Storms -- Areal Syntheses -- The Episodic Occurrence of Hydrologie Storms -- Closing -- References -- Chapter V. Large-Scale Organization of Rainfall -- Organization of Storms in Time -- Spatial Grouping of Rainfall -- Spatial Pattern of Annual Precipitation -- Areal Pattern of Long-Term Changes in Rainfall -- Associated Mass Fluxes -- Time and Space Organization of the Water Delivered to Ecosystems -- References -- Chapter VI. Reception of Water by Ecosystems -- Ecosystem Hydrodynamics -- Delivery of Rain and Snow to Vegetation -- Interception of Water by Vegetation -- Storage of Rain and Snow on Foliage during Storms -- The Outflows from Interception Storage of Rain and Snow -- Evaporation as a Mode of Outflow from Interception Storage -- Water Intercepted by Litter -- Areal Redistribution of Water by Vegetation above the Soil -- References -- Chapter VII. Water Detained on the Soil Surface -- Snow Cover -- Liquid Water on the Ground -- Outflows from Detention Storage -- References. , Chapter VIII. Infiltration of Water into the Soil of an Ecosystem -- The Soil as Environment of Water -- Infiltration of Water into the Soil -- Influences of Vegetation on Infiltration -- Time Differences in Infiltration -- Infiltrated Water in Ecosystems -- References -- Chapter IX. Soil Moisture -- Soil-Moisture Bookkeeping -- Soil-Moisture Distributions in Space -- Time Variations of Soil Moisture -- Freezing and Melting of Soil Water -- Outflows of Water from the Soil -- References -- Chapter X. Evaporation from Wet Surfaces -- Determining Evaporation Rates -- Evaporation from Deep Water Bodies -- Evaporation from Shallow Water Bodies -- Evaporation from a Wet Soil Surface -- Evaporation -- References -- Chapter XI. Evaporation from Well-Watered Ecosystems -- Transpiration of Water from Leaves -- Evapotranspiration from Plant Communities -- Empirical Patterns of Potential Evapotranspiration -- Evaporation Differs with Ecosystems -- References -- Chapter XII. Evaporation from Drying Ecosystems -- Bare Soil Surfaces -- Evapotranspiration from a Drying Soil-Vegetation System -- Variations in Evapotranspiration over Time -- Large-Scale Patterns -- The Era of Evaporation -- Reference -- Chapter XIII. Water in the Local Air -- Water Vapor in the Local Air -- Visible Forms of Water in the Local Air -- Condensation of Vapor on the Underlying Surface -- References -- Chapter XIV. Percolation from Ecosystems -- Shallow Percolation -- Deeper Percolation -- Mass Transports by Percolating Water -- Significance of Percolation -- Percolation and Recharge -- References -- Chapter XV. Groundwater and Its Outflows into Local Ecosystems -- The Environments of Groundwater -- Groundwater Recharge -- The Volume of Stored Underground Water -- Mass Budgets Associated with Groundwater -- Local Outflows of Water from Underground Storage. , Artificial Outflows from Underground Storage -- Groundwater Budgets -- References -- Chapter XVI. Surface Transports from Ecosystems -- Movement of Snow -- Gravity-Powered Movement of Liquid Water -- Other Forms of Mass Transport Associated with the Flow of Water atand near the Surface -- Time Variations in Off-Site Flow -- Off-Site Flows from Ecosystems -- References -- Chapter XVII. Off-Site Yield of Ecosystems -- OUTFLOWS FROM GROUNDWATER STORAGE -- Water Yield as Associated with Biological Yield -- Total Off-Site Movement of Water -- Total Yield -- References -- Chapter XVIII. Water in Ecosystems -- Environments of Water in Ecosystems -- Unknowns and Uncertainties in Water Budgets -- Patterns of Distribution -- Water Is Everywhere -- References -- INDEX.

Anmerkung: Front Cover -- The Wisdom of the Eye -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Introduction -- Preface -- Part I: The Eye -- Chapter 1. The Young Eye -- Chapter 2. The Image of the Adult Human Eye -- Chapter 3. Eyes of Different Animals -- Chapter 4. The Healing Eye -- Chapter 5. Refractive Errors of the Human Eye: A Sociosogic Viewpoint -- Chapter 6. Eye Communication -- Part II: The Visual Brain -- Chapter 7. Creating Visual Stories and Illusions Around the Retinal Image -- Chapter 8. Brain Sharpening of the Retinal Image -- Chapter 9. Coloring the Retinal Image -- Chapter 10. Awareness of the Retinal Image -- Index.

Anmerkung: Intro -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- 1: Introduction: The Holobiont Imperative -- 1.1 Of Complex Diseases and Animals as Complex Systems: Why Bacteria Matter -- 1.2 The Complexity of Coevolved Animal Communities Was Discovered in 1877 in Kiel, Germany -- 1.3 Looking for a Term for the Functional Entity Formed by a Host and Its Associated Microbial Symbionts -- References -- 2: Major Events in the Evolution of Planet Earth: Some Origin Stories -- 2.1 Microbes Were First: Bacteria Have Existed from Very Early in the History of Life on Earth -- 2.2 Life Did Not Take Over the Globe by Combat, But by Networking -- 2.3 The Transformation of the Biosphere at the Ediacaran-Cambrian Boundary -- 2.4 Our Bacterial Ancestry Is Reflected in Our Genomic Signature -- 2.5 Genomes of Early Emerging Metazoans, Similar to Humans, Contain a Considerable Fraction of Genes Encoding Proteins of Bacterial Origin -- 2.6 The CRISPR/CAS System as Window into Ancient Holobionts -- 2.7 Origins of Complexity: What Makes an Animal? -- 2.8 Multicellularity Requires Cooperation of Cells -- 2.9 Genomes of Early Emerging Metazoans Reveal the Origin of Animal-Specific Genes -- References -- 3: The Diversity of Animal Life: Introduction to Early Emerging Metazoans -- 3.1 How Old Are the "Early Diverging" Animal Phyla? -- 3.2 Cnidarians: The Closest Relatives of "Higher" Animals (Bilateria) -- 3.3 Sponges: One Phylum or More? -- 3.4 The "Comb Jellies": The Enigmatic Phylum Ctenophora -- 3.5 Placozoans: The Simplest Extant Animals? -- 3.6 Eyes, Nervous Systems, and Muscles -- 3.7 The Closest Unicellular Relatives of Extant Animals -- 3.8 The Paucity of Data on Symbioses Involving "Lower" Animals -- References -- 4: Phylosymbiosis: Novel Genomic Approaches Discover the Holobiont -- 4.1 Animal Life and Fitness Is Fundamental Multiorganismal. , 4.2 Phylosymbiosis and Coevolution -- 4.3 Microbiota Diversification Within a Phylogenetic Framework of Hosts: Insights from Hydra -- References -- 5: Negotiations Between Early Evolving Animals and Symbionts -- 5.1 Cnidaria Use a Variety of Molecular Pathways to Elicit Complex Immune Responses -- 5.2 How Do Cnidarians Distinguish Between Friends and Foes: Insights from Corals and Hydra -- 5.3 Selection Can Favor the Establishment of Mutualisms and Animal-Microbe Cooperation -- 5.4 Rethinking the Role of Immunity -- Conclusion -- References -- 6: Role of Symbionts in Evolutionary Processes -- 6.1 Microbes as the Forgotten Organ -- 6.2 Developmental Symbiosis -- 6.3 The Role of Symbionts in Evolutionary Processes -- 6.4 Nematostella, an Early Metazoan Model to Understand Consequences of Host-Microbe Interactions for Rapid Adaptation of a Holobiont to Changing Environmental Conditions -- 6.5 Rapid Adaptation to Changing Environmental Conditions: The Coral Probiotic Hypothesis -- 6.6 The Role of Symbionts in Speciation -- References -- 7: The Hydra Holobiont: A Tale of Several Symbiotic Lineages -- 7.1 Rationale for Studying Host-Microbe Interactions in Hydra -- 7.2 The Hydra Microbiota -- 7.3 Linking Tissue Homeostasis, Development, and the Microbiota -- 7.4 Hydra's Mucus Layer Plays a Key Role in Maintaining the Necessary Spatial Host-Microbial Segregation -- 7.5 Microbes Differ in Embryos and Adult: Embryo Protection -- 7.6 Antimicrobial Peptides Function as Host-Derived Regulators of Microbial Colonization -- 7.7 Symbiotic Interactions Between Hydra and the Unicellular Algae Chlorella -- Conclusion -- References -- 8: Corals -- 8.1 The Case of Reef Building Corals: A Complex Association Between Animal, Algal, and Bacterial Components. , 8.2 Attempts to Generalize About Coral-Microbe Interactions Are Complicated by the Evolutionary and Physiological Diversity of Corals -- 8.3 The Complexity of Coral Microbial Communities -- 8.4 Where Are the Bacteria Located? -- 8.5 Transmission Mode and Ontogeny -- 8.6 Key Components of the Coral Microbiome -- 8.7 Nitrogen-Fixing Bacteria Are Intimately Associated with Corals -- 8.8 Probiotic Microbes and Antimicrobial Peptides -- 8.9 Coral-Bacterial Interactions Modulate Local Climate Via Sulfur Metabolites -- Conclusion -- References -- 9: Bleaching as an Obvious Dysbiosis in Corals -- 9.1 The Complex Relationship Between Stress Sensitivity and the Transmission Mode and Diversity of Symbionts -- 9.2 Do Bacteria Cause Coral Bleaching? -- 9.3 Coral Disease and the Significance of Opportunistic Pathogens -- 9.4 Changes in Coral-Associated Microbial Consortia Under Stress -- 9.5 Symbiodinium as a Recent Intruder on Preexisting Coral-Bacterial Mutualisms -- 9.6 Coda: Are Coral Reefs Doomed? -- 9.6.1 The Geological Perspective: The Persistence of Coral Reefs -- 9.6.2 Impacts of Ocean Acidification on Corals -- 9.6.3 What About the Direct Impact of Thermal Stress or Elevated CO2 on Corals? -- 9.6.4 Can Corals Evolve Fast Enough to Keep Pace with the Rate of Climate Change? -- Conclusion -- References -- 10: The Hidden Impact of Viruses -- 10.1 Beneficial Viruses -- 10.2 Viral Communities in Hydra Are Species Specific and Sensitive to Stress -- 10.3 Bacteriophage Therapy in Corals? -- Conclusion -- References -- 11: Seeking a Holistic View of Early Emerging Metazoans: The Power of Modularity -- 11.1 Animals Are Mobile Ecosystems Carrying a Myriad of Microbes with Them -- 11.2 The Power of Modularity -- References -- Further Reading -- Index.