Note: Solid-State Photoemission and Related Methods -- Contents -- Preface -- In Memoriam Lars Hedin (1930-2002) -- List of contributors -- 1 Electronic structure theory for ground and excited state properties of materials -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Density functional theory and the FLAPW method -- 1.2.1 Introduction -- 1.2.2 Density-functional theory -- 1.2.3 The FLAPW basis-set -- 1.3 Electronic structure theory for excited states -- 1.3.1 Band gaps and derivative discontinuities -- 1.3.2 Band gaps and nonlocal potentials -- 1.3.3 Quasiparticle calculations -- 1.3.4 Density functional theory using non-local functionals -- 1.4 Application to semiconductor materials -- 1.4.1 Bulk semiconductor materials -- 1.4.2 Semiconductor/semiconductor interfaces -- 1.4.3 Semiconductor/metal interfaces -- 1.5 Applications of the first-principles FLAPW approach to studies of magnetism -- 1.5.1 Magnetism -- 1.5.2 Magneto-crystalline anisotropy in thin films -- 1.5.3 Higher-order magneto-crystalline anisotropy -- 1.5.4 Magnetostriction -- 1.5.5 Magneto-optical effects -- 1.5.6 Magnetic circular dichroism -- References -- 2 Overview of core and valence photoemission -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Green function methods -- 2.2.1 Photoemission and the many-body problem -- 2.2.2 Green functions and one-particle Schrödinger equation -- 2.2.3 Elementary excitations in systems of interacting particles -- 2.2.4 The self-energy -- 2.2.5 Independent particle states and related methods -- 2.2.6 Perturbation expansion -- 2.2.7 Diagrams in many-body systems -- 2.2.8 Spectral representation -- 2.2.9 Photocurrent -- 2.3 Three-stepmodel versusone-stepmodel -- 2.4 Golden Rule -- 2.4.1 Linear response in the external field -- 2.4.2 Dipole approximation -- 2.5 Initial state -- 2.5.1 Core levels -- 2.5.2 Valence bands -- 2.6 Final state -- 2.6.1 Direct solution of Schrödinger equation. , 2.6.2 Multiple scattering method -- 2.7 Matrix elements: coreversusvalence levels -- 2.8 Optical effects -- 2.8.1 Resonant photoemission -- 2.8.2 Photoemission by surface optical response fields -- 2.9 Spin effects -- 2.10 Computer codes for photoelectron diffraction and spectroscopy -- References -- 3 General theory of core electron photoemission -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Theory -- 3.2.1 General considerations -- 3.2.2 A model Hamiltonian with a priori determined parameters -- 3.2.3 Extrinsic and intrinsic losses in core electron photoemission -- 3.2.4 Charge transfer and shake-down satellites -- 3.2.5 Resonant photoemission -- 3.2.6 Phonons and temperature effects -- 3.3 Concluding remarks -- References -- 4 Valence band VUV spectra -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Electrons at crystal surfaces -- 4.2.1 One-electronapproach -- 4.2.2 Many-electronapproach -- 4.3 Photoelectron spectroscopy -- 4.3.1 Band mapping (peak positions) -- 4.3.2 Electron and hole lifetimes (peak widths) -- 4.3.3 Orbital orientation (peak intensities) -- 4.3.4 EDC spectra (profiles) -- 4.4 Summary -- References -- 5 Angle-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy: From photoemission imaging to spatial resolution -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Angle-resolved photoemission -- 5.3 Experimental considerations -- 5.4 Photoemission imaging: TiTe2 as a test case -- 5.5 Three-dimensional Fermi surface mapping: NbSe2 -- 5.6 Spatial origin of photoelectrons: GaAs(110) surface states -- 5.7 Angle-resolved photoelectron nanospectroscopy -- 5.8 Conclusions -- References -- 6 Electronic states of magnetic materials -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Bandstructure of magneticmaterials -- 6.2.1 Mappingof energy bands -- 6.2.2 Ferromagneticmetals -- 6.2.3 Antiferromagnetic metals -- 6.2.4 Magnetic alloys -- 6.3 Magnetic insulators -- 6.3.1 Magnetic superconductors -- 6.3.2 Half-metals. , 6.3.3 Magnetic semiconductors -- 6.4 Phase transitions -- 6.4.1 Ferromagnets -- 6.4.2 Antiferromagnets -- 6.5 Magnetic multilayers -- 6.5.1 Quantumwell states -- 6.5.2 Oscillatory coupling -- 6.6 Magnetoelectronics -- 6.6.1 Giant magnetoresistance (GMR) and spin-polarized tunneling -- 6.6.2 Spin scattering and magnetic doping -- References -- 7 The band structure theory of LEED and photoemission -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Ultima ratio regnum: the APW method -- 7.2.1 The augmented plane waves formalism -- 7.2.2 Andersen's LAPW -- 7.2.3 The extended LAPW - k·p method -- 7.2.4 Back to plane waves -- 7.3 Electron diffraction in semi-infinite crystals -- 7.3.1 Inverse band structure problem -- 7.3.2 Matchingthe solutions at the crystal surface -- 7.3.3 Embedding -- 7.3.4 Current attenuation and current conservation -- 7.4 Is band structure a legitimate concept at high energies? -- 7.4.1 Target current spectroscopy of NbSe2 -- 7.4.2 Photoemission from the surface state on the Al (100) surface -- References -- 8 Time-resolved two-photon photoemission -- 8.1 Basics of two-photon photoemission -- 8.1.1 Energy diagram -- 8.1.2 Energy-resolvedspectroscopy -- 8.1.3 Time-resolvedmeasurements -- 8.1.4 Variation of photon energy -- 8.1.5 Experimental setup -- 8.2 Theoretical description of two-photon photoemission -- 8.2.1 Coupling betweenelectron and hole -- 8.2.2 Phase coherence -- 8.3 Bulk properties -- 8.3.1 Direct bulk transitions -- 8.3.2 Lifetimes of hot electrons -- 8.4 Surface properties -- 8.4.1 Surface states -- 8.4.2 Image-potential states -- 8.4.3 Adsorbate states -- 8.5 Outlook -- References -- 9 Low-energy (e,2e) spectroscopy -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Setup and basic concepts -- 9.3 Theory -- 9.3.1 Framework -- 9.3.2 Approximations and computational aspects -- 9.3.3 Selection rules -- 9.4 Prototypical spectra -- 9.5 Electron scattering dynamics. , 9.5.1 Elasticone-electronreflection -- 9.5.2 Pair diffraction and coulomb correlation -- 9.6 Valence electronic structure -- 9.6.1 Surface sensitivity and surface states -- 9.6.2 Symmetry resolution by selectionrules -- 9.7 Spin-polarized (e,2e) spectroscopy -- 9.7.1 Non-magnetic surfaces -- 9.7.2 Ferromagnetic surfaces -- References -- 10 One-photon two-electron transitions at surfaces -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 General considerations -- 10.2.1 The single-particle Green's function -- 10.2.2 The two-particle Green's function -- 10.3 Photo-induced double-electron emission -- 10.3.1 Experimental details -- 10.3.2 Pathways for the electron-pair emission -- 10.4 Numerical realizationandexperimental results -- 10.4.1 Simple model calculations -- 10.4.2 Numerical scheme with a realistic single-particle band structure -- 10.4.3 Numerical results for the angular pair correlation in Cu(001) -- 10.4.4 Energy-correlation functions -- 10.5 Conclusions -- References -- 11 Overview of surface structures -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Techniques of surface structure determination -- 11.2.1 Diffraction techniques -- 11.2.2 Scattering techniques -- 11.2.3 Microscopic and topographic techniques -- 11.3 Two-dimensional ordering -- 11.3.1 Ordering principles at surfaces -- 11.3.2 Nomenclature -- 11.4 Clean surfaces -- 11.4.1 Bulk-like lattice termination -- 11.4.2 Stepped surfaces -- 11.4.3 Relaxations -- 11.4.4 Reconstruction -- 11.4.5 Surface segregation -- 11.4.6 Quasicrystals -- 11.5 Adsorbate-covered surfaces -- 11.5.1 Physisorption -- 11.5.2 Atomic chemisorption sites and bond lengths -- 11.5.3 Atomic multilayers -- 11.5.4 Molecular adsorption -- 11.5.5 Adsorbate-induced relaxations -- 11.5.6 Adsorbate-induced reconstructions -- 11.5.7 Compound formation and surface segregation -- References. , 12 Angle resolved photoelectron spectroscopy: From traditional to two-dimensional photoelectron spectroscopy -- 12.1 Experiment - semiconductors -- 12.1.1 Photoemission from semiconductor surfaces -- 12.1.1.1 Introduction -- 12.1.1.2 Ordered overlayers on semiconductor surfaces -- 12.1.1.3 Initial stage of oxidation of the Si(111)-(7×7) surface -- 12.2 Two-dimensional photoelectron spectroscopy -- 12.2.1 Two-dimensional photoelectron diffraction stereograph -- 12.2.1.1 Display-type spherical mirror analyzer -- 12.2.1.2 Structure analysis by two-dimensional photoelectron diffraction, holography -- 12.2.1.3 Surface photoelectron diffraction -- 12.2.1.4 Bulk photoelectron diffraction -- 12.2.1.5 Photoelectron holography -- 12.2.1.6 Circularly polarized-light photoelectron diffraction -- 12.2.1.7 Peak rotation and the orbital angular momentum -- 12.2.1.8 Stereograph by circular dichroism in photoelectron angular distribution -- 12.2.1.9 Stereoscopic photographs -- 12.2.1.10 Stereo photograph of atomic arrangement -- 12.2.1.11 Stereomicroscope -- 12.2.2 Two-dimensional photoelectron spectroscopy of valence band -- 12.2.2.1 Photoelectron angular distribution from valence band -- 12.2.2.2 Determination of atomic orbitals composing Fermi surface -- 12.2.2.3 Three dimensional band dispersion of graphite -- References -- 13 Holographic surface crystallography: Substrate as reference -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Surface crystallography as a structure completion problem -- 13.3 Maximum entropy algorithm for surface crystallography -- 13.3.1 Surface X-ray diffraction -- 13.3.2 Low energy electron diffraction -- 13.4 Discussion and conclusions -- References -- 14 XAFS and related methods: Theoretical techniques -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Standard one-electron theory of X-ray spectra -- 14.2.1 Theoretical considerations -- 14.2.2 Golden rule. , 14.2.3 Green's Function formalism.

Note: Cover -- Hypothalamic Integration of Energy Metabolism -- Copyright page -- List of contributors -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- Section I: Hypothalamic Integration of Energy Metabolism -- Chapter 1. The human hypothalamus in metabolic and episodic disorders -- The hypothalamus in disorders of eating and metabolism -- Disorders accompanied by disturbances in eating and metabolism -- Development of the fetal hypothalamus, birth and programing of metabolism -- Summary and conclusions -- Acknowledgment -- Appendix: The Dutch Famine 1944-1945 -- References -- Chapter 2. Synaptic plasticity mediating leptin's effect on metabolism -- Introduction -- Leptin is a key metabolic signal associated with the rapid rewiring of hypothalamic pathways -- Leptin-deficient ob/ob animals have altered synaptology and electrophysiological properties in the arcuate nucleus -- Leptin induces rapid rewiring of arcuate nucleus-feeding circuits in ob/ob mice -- What is the mechanism of action of leptin in triggering synaptic plasticity? -- Are the synaptic organization and electrophysiological properties of the hypothalamic POMC neurons altered in mice with diet-induced obesity? -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Chapter 3. The hypothalamus, hormones, and hunger: alterations in human obesity and illness -- Obesity -- Gut hormones and appetite -- Gut hormones and downstream pathways -- Prader-Willi syndrome -- Hypothalamic neuropeptides and human illness -- Functional neuroimaging of appetite -- Functional neuroimaging in obesity -- Functional neuroimaging in PWS -- Functional neuroimaging in the future -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 4. Glucocorticoids, chronic stress, and obesity -- Glucocorticoids and function in the HPA axis -- The central stress response network -- The downside of the chronic stress response -- References. , Chapter 5. Design and synthesis of (ant)-agonists that alter appetite and adiposity -- Melanocortin receptors -- Selective melanocortin receptor agonists -- In vivo efficacy of melanocortin receptor agonists -- Investigation of the site of anorectic action of melanocortin receptor agonists -- Development of NPY antagonists and their anorectic effects -- Y1 antagonists -- Y5 antagonists -- Y5 binding and receptor occupancy -- Melanocortin receptor agonists interact with NPY receptor responsive neurons -- Summary and conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 6. Monogenic human obesity syndromes -- Introduction -- Congenital leptin deficiency -- Response to leptin therapy -- Is there a heterozygous phenotype? -- Leptin receptor deficiency -- POMC -- Prohormone convertase 1 deficiency -- Human MC4R deficiency -- Summary -- References -- Section II: Hypothalamic Integration of Blood-borne Signals -- Chapter 7. The selfish brain: competition for energy resources -- Introduction -- Maintenance of glucose fluxes to the brain -- The role of the hippocampus/amygdala system in energy homeostasis -- The balance between food intake and glucose allocation -- Obesity and diabetes mellitus type 2 as a brain disease? -- Future treatment strategies for obesity and diabetes mellitus type 2 -- Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 8. Integration of metabolic stimuli in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus -- Electrophysiological properties of ARC neurons -- Modulation of synaptic inputs by active conductances -- KATP channels and central integration of humoral factors -- Future perspectives -- Abbreviations -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 9. Adipokines that link obesity and diabetes to the hypothalamus -- Adipose tissue -- Leptin -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Section III: Hypothalamic Control of Bone and Thyroid Metabolism. , Chapter 10. The circadian modulation of leptin-controlled bone formation -- Introduction -- High bone mass in circadian gene-mutant mice -- Bone has a peripheral clock -- Increased osteoblast proliferation contributes to HBM in (Per1-/- -- Per2m/m) mice -- The central control of bone formation -- The peripheral clock is a target of sympathetic signaling in osteoblasts -- Sympathetic signaling activates cell cycle clock via AP1 genes in osteoblasts -- Leptin-dependent sympathetic signaling controls AP1 and clock genes in vivo -- Discussion -- Abbreviations -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 11. Hypothalamic thyroid hormone feedback in health and disease -- Introduction -- Thyroid hormone feedback in the human hypothalamus -- Major depression and glucocorticoid treatment -- Hyperthyroidism -- Nonthyroidal illness -- Conclusion -- Acknowlegdments -- References -- Chapter 12. The TRH neuron: a hypothalamic integrator of energy metabolism -- Role of hypophysiotropic TRH neurons in energy homeostasis -- Role of nonhypophysiotropic TRH neurons in energy homeostasis -- Conclusions -- References -- Section IV: Rhythms, Sleep and Energy Metabolism -- Chapter 13. The seventeenth C.U. Ariëns Kappers Lecture: an introduction -- References -- Chapter 14. Staying awake for dinner: hypothalamic integration of sleep, feeding, and circadian rhythms -- Regulation of sleep and wakefulness: the flip-flop switch model -- Role of the orexin neurons in behavioral state regulation -- The hypothalamic integrator for circadian rhythms -- References -- Chapter 15. Circadian timing in health and disease -- The suprachiasmatic nuclei as central pacemaker -- Circadian clock genes -- Entrainment of the SCN clock -- Real-time imaging of molecular time-keeping in the SCN -- Local circadian time-keeping in peripheral tissues underpins metabolic rhythms. , Circadian timing in disease -- Circadian timing and neurodegenerative disease -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 16. Circadian time keeping: the daily ups and downs of genes, cells, and organisms -- History of circadian rhythms: from hobby gardening to feedback loops in gene expression -- A circadian clock in the test tube: protein kinases and phosphatases -- Zeitgeber time, circadian time, and jet lag -- The mammalian circadian timing system: a clock in every cell? -- Human behaviour: larks and owls -- Perspectives -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 17. The hypothalamic clock and its control of glucose homeostasis -- Introduction -- A daily rhythm in plasma glucose concentrations -- Circadian control of the autonomic nervous system -- Clinical implications -- Abbreviations -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 18. Mechanisms and functions of coupling between sleep and temperature rhythms -- Introduction -- Description of the coupling between sleep and temperature rhythms -- Possible sites of interaction in the circadian regulation of sleep and body temperature -- A modulatory role of body temperature on sleep-regulating systems -- The functional direction of coupling between sleep and increased skin temperature revisited -- An alternative function for the increase in skin blood flow -- Sleep deprivation -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 19. What can we learn from seasonal animals about the regulation of energy balance? -- Introduction -- Seasonal strategies -- A re-resetting of body weight set point -- Body weight change by altered food intake or energy expenditure? -- The role of compensatory energy balance systems -- The leptin paradox -- In search of novel systems of control -- Gene expression changes are linked to photoperiod not secondary events -- Temporal changes in gene expression. , A hypothetical model of interaction between H3R and VGF -- Perspective -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Section V: Hypothalamic Integration of ''Sensory'' Information -- Chapter 20. Organization of circadian functions: interaction with the body -- Introduction -- Circadian rhythm of SCN neurons and their anatomical organization -- Hypothalamic projections of the SCN -- SCN prepares the body for changes in activity -- Autonomic control of our organs -- An unbalanced autonomic output -- leading to disease? -- Input to the biological clock -- Transmission of metabolic information to the SCN -- Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 21. Hypoglycemia in diabetes: pathophysiological mechanisms and diurnal variation -- Introduction -- Hypoglycemia-associated autonomic failure -- Mechanisms of HAAF -- Diverse causes of HAAF -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 22. Hypothalamic integration of immune function and metabolism -- Introduction -- Summary of afferent signals -- Arcuate nucleus -- Paraventricular nucleus -- Ventromedial hypothalamus -- Lateral hypothalamic area -- Supraoptic nucleus -- Abbreviations -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Subject Index.

Note: Front Cover -- Evolution of the Human Brain: From Matter to Mind -- Copyright -- Contributors -- Contents -- Preface -- Section I. Molecular and cellular mechanisms of human brain evolution -- Section II. Cerebral cortex: Neural organization and functional connectivity -- Section III. Origin and evolution of the human mind -- Section I: Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms of Human Brain Evolution -- Chapter 1: Genetics of human brain evolution -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Evolution through neurodevelopment -- 2.1. Cell number -- 2.2. Patterning and organization -- 2.3. Synaptogenesis and pruning -- 3. Evolution of brain function -- 3.1. Sensory cortex -- 3.2. Gene expression patterns -- 3.3. Language -- 4. Evolution through secondary effects -- 4.1. Physical constraints -- 4.2. Energetics -- 4.3. Gestation -- 4.4. Parental care -- 5. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 2: Genetic diversity underlying behavioral plasticity in human adaptation -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Searching for a genetic basis for the phenotype of the human brain -- 3. Gene sequence evolution in human brain evolution -- 4. Adaptation through mechanisms that minimize the effects of pleiotropy -- 5. Transcription factors contribute to variability of multiple genes -- 6. Gene expression in individual neurons -- 7. Unexpected complexities: Variability resulting from non-heritable sources -- 8. Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Section II: Cerebral Cortex: Neural Organization and Functional Connectivity -- Chapter 3: The origin and evolution of neocortex: From early mammals to modern humans -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The origin of neocortex -- 3. Early mammals -- 4. Early primates and other archontoglires -- 5. What about tarsiers? -- 6. Hominoids: Apes and humans -- References -- Chapter 4: Allometry, evolution and development of neocortex size in mammals. , 1. Introduction -- 2. Allometric patterning in brain region evolution -- 3. Relating allometric patterning to developmental processes -- 4. The allometric pattern of neocortex size evolution -- 4.1. Investigating allometry with increased analytical resolution -- 4.2. Empirical patterns -- 4.3. Overall trends in the evolutionary allometry of neocortex size -- 5. The allometric pattern of neocortical region size evolution -- 6. Conclusion: Implications for the principles of brain evolution -- References -- Chapter 5: Neurodevelopmental disorders of the prefrontal cortex in an evolutionary context -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Prefrontal cortex anatomy in an evolutionary context -- 3. Psychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders -- 4. Prefrontal cortex in Williams syndrome -- 4.1. Distribution of neurofilament immunoreactive neurons in the frontal pole of WS -- 4.2. Implications of SMI-32ir neuron distribution in WS for understanding variability in PFC organization -- 5. Future directions: Old questions with a new focus -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 6: The human connectome from an evolutionary perspective -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Mapping the human connectome -- 2.1. Connectome reconstruction -- 2.2. Network neuroscience -- 3. Conserved features of the human connectome -- 3.1. Commonalities in connectome organization -- 3.2. Proposed principles of connectome wiring -- 3.2.1. Economical wiring limits biological cost of brain networks -- 3.2.2. Costly network features support efficient brain function -- 3.2.3. A cost-efficiency tradeoff for connectome organization -- 4. Human connectome adaptations -- 4.1. Adaptations supporting complex brain function -- 4.1.1. Brain expansion and cortical plasticity -- 4.1.2. Adaptations to particular fiber bundles -- 4.1.3. Connectome-wide adaptations -- 4.2. Adaptations supporting brain expansion. , 4.2.1. Limitations on the number of connections -- 4.2.2. Optimization of connection length -- 5. Summary and outlook -- References -- Chapter 7: Evolution of cerebral asymmetry -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Hemispheric duality -- 3. Against duality -- 4. How lateralized circuits evolve -- 5. Variations in asymmetry -- 6. The search for genes -- 7. Asymmetries in nonhuman animals -- 7.1. Handedness -- 7.2. Vocalization -- 7.3. Facial movements -- 7.4. Visual asymmetries -- 7.5. Behavioral asymmetries -- 7.6. Summary -- 8. Symmetry vs. asymmetry -- 9. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 8: Life history changes accompany increased numbers of cortical neurons: A new framework for understanding human b ... -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Part I. Is the human brain special-And should body size be taken into consideration? -- 3. Part II.The human brain as a scaled-up primate brain -- 4. Part III. Life slows down with more neurons in the cerebral cortex: Implications for human evolution -- 5. Part IV.A new framework for understanding human brain evolution -- 6. Part V. Human-exclusive features that may not be -- References -- Section III: Origin and Evolution of the Human Mind -- Chapter 9: Evolution of the modern human brain -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Comparative anatomy of the modern human and chimpanzee brain -- 2.1. Identifying primitive and derived traits -- 2.2. Frontal -- 2.3. Occipital -- 2.4. Brain shape -- 2.5. Asymmetries -- 2.6. Development -- 3. Hominin taxonomy -- 4. Evidence of hominin brain morphology -- 5. Trends in the evolution of brain size in the hominin clade -- 5.1. Previous research -- 5.2. Possible reasons for the lack of consensus -- 5.3. A different approach -- 5.3.1. Estimating the mode of ECV evolution for the hominin clade -- 5.3.2. What evolutionary processes drove ECV evolution within the hominin clade?. , 5.3.3. The takeaway from Du et al. (2018) -- 6. Patterns of brain shape evolution through time in the hominin clade -- 6.1. Frontal -- 6.2. Occipital -- 6.3. Cerebellum -- 6.4. Endocranial shape -- 6.5. Asymmetries -- 6.6. Development -- 6.7. Inferring function from brain morphology -- 7. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 10: On the nature and evolution of the human mind -- 1. Brain, mind and reality -- 2. Principles of brain evolution -- 3. Cerebral cortex: Architecture and evolution -- 4. Design principles of cortical organization -- 5. Neural network wiring -- 6. Limits to human brain evolution -- 6.1. Energetic limits -- 6.2. Neural processing limits -- 7. Evolution of brain and intelligence -- 8. Brain evolution and consciousness -- 8.1. The quest for consciousness -- 8.2. Neural correlates of consciousness -- 9. Evolutionary models of mind -- 9.1. Darwin on the human mind -- 9.2. Neurobiology of mind -- 10. Human language and cognition -- 11. Concluding remarks -- References -- Chapter 11: Origin and evolution of human cognition -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Human cognition-Animal cognition -- 2.1. Tool use and tool fabrication -- 2.2. Problem solving -- 2.3. Gaze following -- 2.4. Mirror self-recognition -- 2.5. Imitation -- 2.6. Metacognition -- 2.7. Theory of mind -- 2.8. Consciousness -- 2.9. Prosociality -- 2.10. Language -- 3. Correlations between higher cognitive abilities and brain -- 3.1. Absolute and relative brain size -- 3.2. Size of the cortex -- 3.3. Number of neurons and information processing capacity -- 4. General discussion -- 5. Concluding remarks -- References -- Further reading -- Chapter 12: Origin and evolution of human consciousness -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Epistemological aspects -- 3. On the nature of consciousness -- 4. Characteristics of human consciousness -- 5. Neuroscientific theories of human consciousness. , 6. The development of consciousness in children -- 7. Contributions of neurology to the study of consciousness -- 8. Contributions of neuropsychology to the study of consciousness -- 9. Consciousness in vertebrates -- 10. Origin and characteristics of consciousness in Homo sapiens -- References -- Further reading -- Chapter 13: Origin and evolution of human speech: Emergence from a trimodal auditory, visual and vocal network -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Parallelism between the neuroanatomy of auditory and visual systems -- 2.1. The dual pathway organization of the visual system -- 2.2. Ventral and dorsal streams for speech -- 2.3. The dual pathway model revisited: What, where and when? -- 3. The ventrolateral prefrontal cortex: A convergence area for multimodal integration -- 3.1. The dorsal stream for auditory-articulatory transduction -- 3.2. Overlap of auditory and visual ventral streams for faces-voices associations -- 3.3. Homologies and differences between human and nonhuman primates -- 4. Trimodal repertoire: Phoneme, viseme, articuleme -- 4.1. A visual counterpart of vocal articulations -- 4.2. Neuronal correlates of visual speech perception -- 4.2.1. The involvement of visual and auditory cortices -- 4.2.2. The involvement of motor cortices -- 4.3. Trimodality, the missing link? -- 5. Mirror neuron system, predictive coding and imitative behaviors -- 5.1. The mirror neuron system -- 5.2. Predictive coding and imitative behaviors -- 6. Discussion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Further reading -- Back Cover.

Note: Front Cover -- Evolution of the Primate Brain: From Neuron to Behavior -- Copyright -- List of Contributors -- Preface -- Contents -- Section I: Introduction -- Chapter 1: From tetrapods to primates: Conserved developmental mechanisms in diverging ecological adaptations -- Introduction -- Nonmammalian brains and the problem of homology -- Neocortical development: The basics -- Cortical patterning -- Toward a unifying hypothesis of amniote brain evolution -- The ecological context and the elaboration of cortical networks -- Expansion of the neocortex in mammal evolution -- New tracts in the mammalian neocortex -- Primates arrive -- Increase in brain size -- Humans and language -- Discussion -- References -- Section II: Genes and development -- Chapter 2: Genetic correlates of the evolving primate brain -- Introduction -- Canonical gene evolution studies in primate perception -- Gene gain and loss -- Detecting adaptive genetic change -- Implications of genetic change -- Phenotypic change in the primate brain -- Implications of phenotypic change for genetic evolution -- Surveys of genetic evolution -- Candidate gene studies -- Nontraditional substrates of evolution -- The future of primate brain evolution genetics -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Chapter 3: Cerebral cortical development in rodents and primates -- Introduction -- Rodent and primate cortices demonstrate much heterogeneity in their radial and tangential dimensions and folding patterns -- General developmental pattern of the mammalian cerebral cortex -- Distinctions in the preplate stage between primate and rodent -- Cortical germinal zones in rodents and primates -- Intermediate progenitors amplify the output of the cortical germinal zone -- Multiple progenitor subtypes in the cortical germinal zone in mouse and human -- What is the cell lineage in rodents and primates?. , Compartmentalization of the germinal zone is not primate specific -- Is the generation of inhibitory neurons different in rodent and primate? -- Thalamocortical development and the subplate in rodents and primates -- Functional specification of the neocortex -- Lateralization in cortical representation -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 4: Embracing covariation in brain evolution: Large brains, extended development, and flexible primate social systems -- Introduction -- The social brain hypothesis -- Coordinated changes in time and size -- Variation in size and time -- Some intrinsic difficulties on the use of residuals and ratios in allometric studies -- Variation in social structure within a species -- Constancy in size and time within a species: An unusual example from human pygmies -- Constancy in brain architecture fosters variation in brain function -- Predictable relationships in brain architecture and brain size -- Causal scenarios, which depend on covariation, give development a central role -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Section III: Comparative neuroanatomy -- Chapter 5: The evolution of neocortex in primates -- Introduction -- Cortical organization in prosimian galagos: Comparisons with other primates -- Visual cortex -- Auditory cortex -- Somatosensory cortex -- Motor cortex -- Posterior parietal sensorimotor cortex -- Prefrontal cortex -- The evolution of structural and cellular differences in cortical areas in primates -- Epilogue -- References -- Chapter 6: Lateralization of the human brain -- Introduction -- The gestural theory of language origins -- Speech as gesture -- The mirror system -- Handedness and language lateralization -- Language and praxis -- The puzzle of handedness -- Comparative perspectives -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 7: The insular cortex: A review. , Introduction -- Neuroanatomical studies -- Functional studies -- Gross morphology of the human insula -- Cytoarchitecture of the human insula -- Presentation of data -- Commentary -- The basic subdivision of the human insular cortex -- The ``anterior-posterior´´ concept -- The ``concentric´´ concept -- Once again, the studies of Rose and Brockhaus -- The studies of Bonthius et al. (2005) and Kurth et al. (2010a) -- The comparative anatomy of the insula -- Presentation of data -- Commentary -- The relation between the insular cortex and the claustrum -- Differences between the results of the comparative studies of Brodmann and Rose -- Are agranular insular cortices primitive? -- Comparison of the results of Rose´s cytoarchitectonic analysis of the insular cortex of the baboon, with those of simila -- Comparison of the insular cortex of the rhesus monkey, with that of the human -- Special neurons in the insular cortex -- Presentation of data -- Commentary -- Conclusions from the data reviewed -- The current focus on the insular spindle cells -- The architecture of the human insular cortex: synopsis and perspective -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 8: The missing link: Evolution of the primate cerebellum -- Introduction: The cerebellum and cognition -- Cerebellar structure and connectivity -- Cerebellar microcircuitry -- Comparative cerebellar anatomy in primates -- Volumetric analysis -- Anterior-posterior torque -- Cerebellar hemispheres -- Dentate and principal inferior olivary nuclei -- Lobules -- Measuring prefrontal input -- Statistical treatment of volumes -- Interpreting lateral cerebellar expansion -- Summary -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Section IV: Human brain evolution -- Chapter 9: Human prefrontal cortex: Evolution, development, and pathology -- Introduction -- Development -- Evolution. , Gross anatomical cross-species comparisons: Frontal lobe -- Comparative work on PFC subdivisions: Volumetric, DTI, and minicolumn studies -- Pathology -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 10: Minicolumn size and human cortex -- Introduction -- Encephalization and organization -- The ontogenetic column -- Minicolumns in primate evolution -- Are minicolumns in the primate order smaller than expected for their size? -- Minicolumn size and cortical organization -- Increased minicolumn size in hominids -- A time for downsizing? -- Small minicolumns in modern humans -- Concluding remarks -- References -- Chapter 11: Human brain evolution writ large and small -- Human brain evolution writ large -- Scaling regularities and the human brain writ small: Cellular distributions and morphology -- The neuroanatomy of cognitive specializations: Comparing cortical area size and neurotransmission between humans and apes -- The emergence of neuronal specializations for social cognition: VENs -- Energetics and microstructural changes in human neocortical evolution -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 12: Hominin paleoneurology: Where are we now? -- Introduction -- Brain size -- Human brains are large -- Conclusion regarding brain size -- Neocortical reorganization of sulcal patterns -- Sulcal pattern difference 1 -- Sulcal pattern difference 2 -- Current findings regarding the lunate sulcus -- The evolution of cortical sulci -- Summary and conclusion regarding sulcal patterns -- Neocortical reorganization of endocast (brain) shape -- Petalias -- Shape of the lobes -- Conclusion regarding endocast (brain) shape -- Comparative neuroanatomical studies: Implications for hominin paleoneurology -- Concluding remarks -- References -- Chapter 13: Evolution of hominin cranial ontogeny -- Introduction. , Fossil hominin evo-devo: Concepts and terminology -- Measuring cranial morphology in time and space -- Human and chimpanzee cranial ontogeny -- Skull growth -- Skull development -- Reconstructing fossil hominin cranial ontogenies -- Evolutionary modifications of cranial ontogeny in the earliest hominins -- Cranial ontogeny in the australopiths: A theme with ontogenetic variations -- Cranial ontogeny in Homo erectus -- The Neanderthals and us -- Evolved or diseased, or both?-Homo floresiensis -- Hominin cranial ontogeny and birth -- Outlook: Evolutionary developmental paleogenomics -- References -- Chapter 14: Hominins and the emergence of the modern human brain -- Introduction -- Pathology's contributions to brain evolution research -- Pathologies mark neural and genetic mechanisms -- Recognizing pathology in fossils -- Fossil hominin brain size -- Fossil hominin brain morphology -- Left-occipital right-frontal petalia -- Orbital frontal lobe shape -- Fronto-orbital sulcus -- Broca's cap -- Temporal poles -- Lunate sulcus position -- Parietal lobe expansion -- Cerebellum size -- Archeological implications for fossil brain function -- Tool-use -- Intentionality -- Handedness -- Symmetry -- Symbolism -- Neuroimaging fossil hominin archeology -- Fossil brain genetics -- Fossil brain ontogeny -- Bringing together evidence for fossil hominin brain structure and function -- Possible hominins -- Archaic hominins: Reintroducing ``Man the Toolmaker´´ -- Megadont archaic hominins: Potential parallels -- Transitional hominins: Intelligent, assuming we are related -- Premodern Homo: Making space for H. floresiensis -- Anatomically modern Homo: When ``modern´´ is not ``recent´´ -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgment -- Appendix -- References -- Section V: Theories of neural organization -- Chapter 15: Neuronal scaling rules for primate brains: The primate advantage. , Introduction.

Note: Front Cover -- The Human Hypothalamus in Health and Disease -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Section I: Structure of the Human Hypothalamus -- Chapter 1. Anatomy of the human hypothalamus (chiasmatic and tuberal region) -- Section II: Clinical Manifestations of Hypothalamic Diseases -- Chapter 2. Endocrine functions of the hypothalamus and alterations in neuroendocrine function - focus on thyrotropin and growth hormone -- Chapter 3. Neurologic manifestations of hypothalamic disease -- Section III: Technical Potentialities and Pitfalls in the Use of Human Material -- Chapter 4. In situ hybridization histochemistry in the human hypothalamus -- Chapter 5. Receptor localization in the human hypothalamus -- Chapter 6. Human hypothalamic and pituitary neuroendocrine function during in vitro perifusion -- Chapter 7. Brain banking and the human hypothalamus - factors to match for, pitfalls and potentials -- Section IV: Biological Rhythms -- The fourth C.U. Ariëns Kappers lecture -- Chapter 8. The organization of the human circadian timing system -- Chapter 9. Prenatal development of a hypothalamic biological clock -- Chapter 10. The human hypothalamus: comparative morphometry and photoperiodic influences -- Chapter 11. Circadian rhythms and the suprachiasmatic nucleus in perinatal development, aging and Alzheimer's disease -- Section V: Development, Aging and Dementia -- Chapter 12. Ontogeny of peptides in the human hypothalamus in relation to sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) -- Chapter 13. LHRH neurons: functions and development -- Chapter 14. The human hypothalamus in relation to gender and sexual orientation -- Chapter 15. Hormonal influences on morphology and neuropeptide gene expression in the infundibular nucleus of post menopausal women. , Chapter 16. The human hypothalamo-neurohypophyseal system in relation to development, aging and Alzheimer's disease -- Chapter 17. The hypothalamic lateral tuberal nucleus: normal anatomy and changes in neurological diseases -- Chapter 18. Galanin tuberomammillary neurons in the hypothalamus in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases -- Section VI: Osmoregulation -- Chapter 19. Animal models for osmoregulatory disturbances -- Chapter 20. Autoimmune hypothalamic diabetes insipidus ("autoimmune hypothalamitis") -- Chapter 21. The molecular biology of human hereditary central diabetes insipidus -- Chapter 22. The use of linkage analysis and the Centre d'Etude Polymorphisme Humain Humain (CEPH) panel of DNA in the study of the arginine vasopressin, oxytocin and prodynorphin gene loci -- Section VII: Hypothalamus and Reproduction -- Chapter 23. Animal models for brain and pituitary gonadal disturbances -- Chapter 24. Genetic, hypothalamic and endocrine features of clinical and experimental obesity -- Chapter 25. Hypothalamic involvement in sexuality and hostility: comparative psychological aspects -- Section VIII: Hypothalamus and Stress -- Chapter 26. Re-examination of the glucocorticoid hypothesis of stress and aging -- Chapter 27. The role of corticotropin-releasing hormone in the pathogenesis of Cushing's disease, anorexia nervosa, alcoholism, affective disorders and dementia -- Chapter 28. Endogenous pyrogens in the CNS: role in the febrile response -- Section IX: Psychiatric Diseases -- Chapter 29. Endorphins and schizophrenia -- Chapter 30. Neurohypophyseal peptides and psychopathology -- Subject Index.

Note: Förderkennzeichen BMBF 45UAS1025A-C , Berichtszeitraum: 01.07.2019 bis 07.02.2020 , Unterschiede zwischen dem gedruckten Dokument und der elektronischen Ressource können nicht ausgeschlossen werden